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JAIL(8) BSD System Manager's Manual JAIL(8) NAME jail -- imprison process and its descendants SYNOPSIS jail [-hi] [-n jailname] [-J jid_file] [-s securelevel] [-l -u username | -U username] path hostname [ip[,..]] command ... DESCRIPTION The jail utility imprisons a process and all future descendants. The options are as follows: -h Resolve hostname and add all IP addresses returned by the resolver to the list of ip-addresses for this prison. This may affect default address selection for outgoing IPv4 con- nections of prisons. The address first returned by the re- solver for each address family will be used as primary ad- dress. See ip-addresses further down for details. -i Output the jail identifier of the newly created jail. -n jailname Assign and administrative name to the jail that can be used for management or auditing purposes. The system will not enforce the name to be unique. -J jid_file Write a jid_file file, containing jail identifier, path, hostname, IP and command used to start the jail. -l Run program in the clean environment. The environment is discarded except for HOME, SHELL, TERM and USER. HOME and SHELL are set to the target login's default values. USER is set to the target login. TERM is imported from the current environment. The environment variables from the login class capability database for the target login are also set. -s securelevel Sets the kern.securelevel sysctl variable to the specified value inside the newly created jail. -u username The user name from host environment as whom the command should run. -U username The user name from jailed environment as whom the command should run. path Directory which is to be the root of the prison. hostname Hostname of the prison. ip-addresses None, one or more IPv4 and IPv6 addresses assigned to the prison. The first address of each address family that was assigned to the jail will be used as the source address in case source address selection on unbound sockets cannot find a better match. It is only possible to start multiple jails with the same IP address, if none of the jails has more than this single overlapping IP address assigned to itself for the address family in question. command Pathname of the program which is to be executed. Jails are typically set up using one of two philosophies: either to con- strain a specific application (possibly running with privilege), or to create a "virtual system image" running a variety of daemons and ser- vices. In both cases, a fairly complete file system install of FreeBSD is required, so as to provide the necessary command line tools, daemons, libraries, application configuration files, etc. However, for a virtual server configuration, a fair amount of additional work is required so as to configure the "boot" process. This manual page documents the configu- ration steps necessary to support either of these steps, although the configuration steps may be refined based on local requirements. Please see the jail(2) man page for further details. EXAMPLES Setting up a Jail Directory Tree To set up a jail directory tree containing an entire FreeBSD distribu- tion, the following sh(1) command script can be used: D=/here/is/the/jail cd /usr/src mkdir -p $D make world DESTDIR=$D make distribution DESTDIR=$D mount -t devfs devfs $D/dev NOTE: It is important that only appropriate device nodes in devfs be ex- posed to a jail; access to disk devices in the jail may permit processes in the jail to bypass the jail sandboxing by modifying files outside of the jail. See devfs(8) for information on how to use devfs rules to limit access to entries in the per-jail devfs. A simple devfs ruleset for jails is available as ruleset #4 in /etc/defaults/devfs.rules. In many cases this example would put far more in the jail than needed. In the other extreme case a jail might contain only one file: the exe- cutable to be run in the jail. We recommend experimentation and caution that it is a lot easier to start with a "fat" jail and remove things until it stops working, than it is to start with a "thin" jail and add things until it works. Setting Up a Jail Do what was described in Setting Up a Jail Directory Tree to build the jail directory tree. For the sake of this example, we will assume you built it in /data/jail/192.0.2.100, named for the jailed IP address. Substitute below as needed with your own directory, IP address, and host- name. Setting up the Host Environment First, you will want to set up your real system's environment to be "jail-friendly". For consistency, we will refer to the parent box as the "host environment", and to the jailed virtual machine as the "jail environment". Since jail is implemented using IP aliases, one of the first things to do is to disable IP services on the host system that lis- ten on all local IP addresses for a service. If a network service is present in the host environment that binds all available IP addresses rather than specific IP addresses, it may service requests sent to jail IP addresses if the jail did not bind the port. This means changing inetd(8) to only listen on the appropriate IP address, and so forth. Add the following to /etc/rc.conf in the host environment: sendmail_enable="NO" inetd_flags="-wW -a 192.0.2.23" rpcbind_enable="NO" 192.0.2.23 is the native IP address for the host system, in this example. Daemons that run out of inetd(8) can be easily set to use only the speci- fied host IP address. Other daemons will need to be manually config- ured--for some this is possible through the rc.conf(5) flags entries; for others it is necessary to modify per-application configuration files, or to recompile the applications. The following frequently deployed ser- vices must have their individual configuration files modified to limit the application to listening to a specific IP address: To configure sshd(8), it is necessary to modify /etc/ssh/sshd_config. To configure sendmail(8), it is necessary to modify /etc/mail/sendmail.cf. For named(8), it is necessary to modify /etc/namedb/named.conf. In addition, a number of services must be recompiled in order to run them in the host environment. This includes most applications providing ser- vices using rpc(3), such as rpcbind(8), nfsd(8), and mountd(8). In gen- eral, applications for which it is not possible to specify which IP ad- dress to bind should not be run in the host environment unless they should also service requests sent to jail IP addresses. Attempting to serve NFS from the host environment may also cause confusion, and cannot be easily reconfigured to use only specific IPs, as some NFS services are hosted directly from the kernel. Any third-party network software run- ning in the host environment should also be checked and configured so that it does not bind all IP addresses, which would result in those ser- vices' also appearing to be offered by the jail environments. Once these daemons have been disabled or fixed in the host environment, it is best to reboot so that all daemons are in a known state, to reduce the potential for confusion later (such as finding that when you send mail to a jail, and its sendmail is down, the mail is delivered to the host, etc.). Configuring the Jail Start any jail for the first time without configuring the network inter- face so that you can clean it up a little and set up accounts. As with any machine (virtual or not) you will need to set a root password, time zone, etc. Some of these steps apply only if you intend to run a full virtual server inside the jail; others apply both for constraining a par- ticular application or for running a virtual server. Start a shell in the jail: jail /data/jail/192.0.2.100 testhostname 192.0.2.100 /bin/sh Assuming no errors, you will end up with a shell prompt within the jail. You can now run /usr/sbin/sysinstall and do the post-install configura- tion to set various configuration options, or perform these actions manu- ally by editing /etc/rc.conf, etc. o Create an empty /etc/fstab to quell startup warnings about missing fstab (virtual server only) o Disable the port mapper (/etc/rc.conf: rpcbind_enable="NO") (virtual server only) o Configure /etc/resolv.conf so that name resolution within the jail will work correctly o Run newaliases(1) to quell sendmail(8) warnings. o Disable interface configuration to quell startup warnings about ifconfig(8) (network_interfaces="") (virtual server only) o Set a root password, probably different from the real host sys- tem o Set the timezone o Add accounts for users in the jail environment o Install any packages the environment requires You may also want to perform any package-specific configuration (web servers, SSH servers, etc), patch up /etc/syslog.conf so it logs as you would like, etc. If you are not using a virtual server, you may wish to modify syslogd(8) in the host environment to listen on the syslog socket in the jail environment; in this example, the syslog socket would be stored in /data/jail/192.0.2.100/var/run/log. Exit from the shell, and the jail will be shut down. Starting the Jail You are now ready to restart the jail and bring up the environment with all of its daemons and other programs. If you are running a single ap- plication in the jail, substitute the command used to start the applica- tion for /etc/rc in the examples below. To start a virtual server envi- ronment, /etc/rc is run to launch various daemons and services. To do this, first bring up the virtual host interface, and then start the jail's /etc/rc script from within the jail. NOTE: If you plan to allow untrusted users to have root access inside the jail, you may wish to consider setting the security.jail.set_hostname_allowed sysctl variable to 0. Please see the management discussion later in this document as to why this may be a good idea. If you do decide to set this variable, it must be set before starting any jails, and once each boot. ifconfig ed0 inet alias 192.0.2.100/32 mount -t procfs proc /data/jail/192.0.2.100/proc jail /data/jail/192.0.2.100 testhostname 192.0.2.100 \ /bin/sh /etc/rc A few warnings will be produced, because most sysctl(8) configuration variables cannot be set from within the jail, as they are global across all jails and the host environment. However, it should all work prop- erly. You should be able to see inetd(8), syslogd(8), and other pro- cesses running within the jail using ps(1), with the `J' flag appearing beside jailed processes. To see an active list of jails, use the jls(8) utility. You should also be able to telnet(1) to the hostname or IP ad- dress of the jailed environment, and log in using the accounts you cre- ated previously. It is possible to have jails started at boot time. Please refer to the "jail_*" variables in rc.conf(5) for more information. The rc(8) jail script provides a flexible system to start/stop jails: /etc/rc.d/jail start /etc/rc.d/jail stop /etc/rc.d/jail start myjail /etc/rc.d/jail stop myjail Managing the Jail Normal machine shutdown commands, such as halt(8), reboot(8), and shutdown(8), cannot be used successfully within the jail. To kill all processes in a jail, you may log into the jail and, as root, use one of the following commands, depending on what you want to accomplish: kill -TERM -1 kill -KILL -1 This will send the SIGTERM or SIGKILL signals to all processes in the jail from within the jail. Depending on the intended use of the jail, you may also want to run /etc/rc.shutdown from within the jail. To kill processes from outside the jail, use the jexec(8) utility in conjunction with the one of the kill(1) commands above. The /proc/pid/status file contains, as its last field, the hostname of the jail in which the process runs, or "-" to indicate that the process is not running within a jail. The ps(1) command also shows a `J' flag for processes in a jail. However, the hostname for a jail may be, by de- fault, modified from within the jail, so the /proc status entry is unre- liable by default. To disable the setting of the hostname from within a jail, set the security.jail.set_hostname_allowed sysctl variable in the host environment to 0, which will affect all jails. You can have this sysctl set on each boot using sysctl.conf(5). Just add the following line to /etc/sysctl.conf: security.jail.set_hostname_allowed=0 You can also list/kill processes based on their jail ID. To show pro- cesses and their jail ID, use the following command: ps ax -o pid,jid,args To show and then kill processes in jail number 3 use the following com- mands: pgrep -lfj 3 pkill -j 3 or: killall -j 3 Jails and File Systems It is not possible to mount(8) or umount(8) any file system inside a jail unless the file system is marked jail-friendly. See security.jail.mount_allowed in the Sysctl MIB Entries section. Multiple jails sharing the same file system can influence each other. For example a user in one jail can fill the file system also leaving no space for processes in the other jail. Trying to use quota(1) to prevent this will not work either as the file system quotas are not aware of jails but only look at the user and group IDs. This means the same user ID in two jails share the same file system quota. One would need to use one file system per jail to make this working. Sysctl MIB Entries Certain aspects of the jail containments environment may be modified from the host environment using sysctl(8) MIB variables. Currently, these variables affect all jails on the system, although in the future this functionality may be finer grained. security.jail.allow_raw_sockets This MIB entry determines whether or not prison root is allowed to create raw sockets. Setting this MIB to 1 allows utilities like ping(8) and traceroute(8) to operate inside the prison. If this MIB is set, the source IP addresses are enforced to comply with the IP address bound to the jail, regardless of whether or not the IP_HDRINCL flag has been set on the socket. Since raw sockets can be used to configure and interact with various network subsystems, extra caution should be used where privileged access to jails is given out to untrusted parties. As such, by default this option is disabled. security.jail.enforce_statfs This MIB entry determines which information processes in a jail are able to get about mount-points. It affects the behaviour of the following syscalls: statfs(2), fstatfs(2), getfsstat(2) and fhstatfs(2) (as well as similar compatibility syscalls). When set to 0, all mount-points are available without any restrictions. When set to 1, only mount-points below the jail's chroot directory are visible. In addition to that, the path to the jail's chroot direc- tory is removed from the front of their pathnames. When set to 2 (default), above syscalls can operate only on a mount-point where the jail's chroot directory is located. security.jail.set_hostname_allowed This MIB entry determines whether or not processes within a jail are allowed to change their hostname via hostname(1) or sethostname(3). In the current jail implementation, the ability to set the hostname from within the jail can impact management tools relying on the ac- curacy of jail information in /proc. As such, this should be dis- abled in environments where privileged access to jails is given out to untrusted parties. security.jail.socket_unixiproute_only The jail functionality binds an IPv4 address to each jail, and lim- its access to other network addresses in the IPv4 space that may be available in the host environment. However, jail is not currently able to limit access to other network protocol stacks that have not had jail functionality added to them. As such, by default, pro- cesses within jails may only access protocols in the following do- mains: PF_LOCAL, PF_INET, and PF_ROUTE, permitting them access to UNIX domain sockets, IPv4 addresses, and routing sockets. To enable access to other domains, this MIB variable may be set to 0. security.jail.sysvipc_allowed This MIB entry determines whether or not processes within a jail have access to System V IPC primitives. In the current jail imple- mentation, System V primitives share a single namespace across the host and jail environments, meaning that processes within a jail would be able to communicate with (and potentially interfere with) processes outside of the jail, and in other jails. As such, this functionality is disabled by default, but can be enabled by setting this MIB entry to 1. security.jail.chflags_allowed This MIB entry determines how a privileged user inside a jail will be treated by chflags(2). If zero, such users are treated as un- privileged, and are unable to set or clear system file flags; if non-zero, such users are treated as privileged, and may manipulate system file flags subject to the usual constraints on kern.securelevel. security.jail.mount_allowed This MIB entry determines if a privileged user inside a jail will be able to mount and unmount file system types marked as jail-friendly. The lsvfs(1) command can be used to find file system types available for mount from within a jail. This functionality is disabled by de- fault, but can be enabled by setting this MIB entry to 1. security.jail.jail_max_af_ips This MIB entry determines how may address per address family a prison may have. The default is 255. The read-only sysctl variable security.jail.jailed can be used to deter- mine if a process is running inside a jail (value is one) or not (value is zero). The security.jail.list MIB entry is read-only and it returns an array of struct xprison defined in <sys/jail.h>. It is recommended to use the jls(8) utility to see current active list of jails. There are currently two MIB related variables that have per-jail set- tings. Changes to these variables by a jailed process do not effect the host environment, only the jail environment. The variables are kern.securelevel and kern.hostname. SEE ALSO killall(1), lsvfs(1), newaliases(1), pgrep(1), pkill(1), ps(1), quota(1), chroot(2), jail(2), jail_attach(2), procfs(5), rc.conf(5), sysctl.conf(5), devfs(8), halt(8), inetd(8), jexec(8), jls(8), mount(8), named(8), reboot(8), rpcbind(8), sendmail(8), shutdown(8), sysctl(8), syslogd(8), umount(8) HISTORY The jail utility appeared in FreeBSD 4.0. AUTHORS The jail feature was written by Poul-Henning Kamp for R&D Associates http://www.rndassociates.com/ who contributed it to FreeBSD. Robert Watson wrote the extended documentation, found a few bugs, added a few new features, and cleaned up the userland jail environment. Bjoern A. Zeeb added multi-IP jail support for IPv4 and IPv6 based on a patch originally done by Pawel Jakub Dawidek for IPv4. BUGS Jail currently lacks the ability to allow access to specific jail infor- mation via ps(1) as opposed to procfs(5). Similarly, it might be a good idea to add an address alias flag such that daemons listening on all IPs (INADDR_ANY) will not bind on that address, which would facilitate build- ing a safe host environment such that host daemons do not impose on ser- vices offered from within jails. Currently, the simplest answer is to minimize services offered on the host, possibly limiting it to services offered from inetd(8) which is easily configurable. At the moment it is possible for a superuser inside a jail to modify the root cpuset(2) of that jail. BSD January 24, 2009 BSD
NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | EXAMPLES | SEE ALSO | HISTORY | AUTHORS | BUGS
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