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NEWFS(8) BSD System Manager's Manual NEWFS(8) NAME newfs, mount_mfs -- construct a new file system SYNOPSIS newfs [-NOU] [-S sector-size] [-T disktype] [-a maxcontig] [-b block-size] [-c cylinders] [-d rotdelay] [-e maxbpg] [-f frag-size] [-g avgfilesize] [-h avfpdir] [-i bytes] [-k skew] [-l interleave] [-m free space] [-n rotational positions] [-o optimization] [-p sectors] [-r revolutions] [-s size] [-t tracks] [-u sectors] [-v] [-x sectors] special mount_mfs [-NU] [-F file] [-T disktype] [-a maxcontig] [-b block-size] [-c cylinders] [-d rotdelay] [-e maxbpg] [-f frag-size] [-i bytes] [-m free space] [-n rotational positions] [-o options] [-s size] special node DESCRIPTION Newfs is used to initialize and clear filesystems before first use. Be- fore running newfs or mount_mfs, the disk must be labeled using disklabel(8). Newfs builds a file system on the specified special file. (We often refer to the "special file" as the "disk", although the special file need not be a physical disk. In fact, it need not even be special.) Typically the defaults are reasonable, however newfs has numerous options to allow the defaults to be selectively overridden. Mount_mfs is used to build a file system in virtual memory and then mount it on a specified node. Mount_mfs exits and the contents of the file system are lost when the file system is unmounted. If mount_mfs is sent a signal while running, for example during system shutdown, it will at- tempt to unmount its corresponding file system. The parameters to mount_mfs are the same as those to newfs. If the -T flag is specified (see below), the special file is unused. Otherwise, it is only used to read the disk label which provides a set of configuration parameters for the memory based file system. The special file is typically that of the primary swap area, since that is where the file system will be backed up when free memory gets low and the memory supporting the file system has to be paged. The following options define the general layout policies: -T disktype For backward compatibility and for mount_mfs. -F file Mount_mfs will use this file for the image of the filesystem. When mount_mfs exits, this file will be left behind. -N Cause the file system parameters to be printed out without really creating the file system. -O Create a 4.3BSD format filesystem. This options is primarily used to build root filesystems that can be understood by older boot ROMs. -T Use information for the specified disk from /etc/disktab instead of trying to get the information from a disklabel. -U Enables soft updates on the new filesystem. -a maxcontig Specify the maximum number of contiguous blocks that will be laid out before forcing a rotational delay (see the -d option). The default value is 1. See tunefs(8) for more details on how to set this option. -b block-size The block size of the file system, in bytes. It must be a power of 2. The default size is 16384 bytes, and the smallest allow- able size is 4096 bytes. The optimal block:fragment ratio is 8:1. Other ratios are possible, but are not recommended, and may produce unpredictable results. -c #cylinders/group The number of cylinders per cylinder group in a file system. The default is to compute the maximum allowed by the other parame- ters. This value is dependent on a number of other parameters, in particular the block size and the number of bytes per inode. -d rotdelay This parameter once specified the minimum time in milliseconds required to initiate another disk transfer on the same cylinder. It was used in determining the rotationally optimal layout for disk blocks within a file. Modern disks with read/write-behind achieve higher performance with this feature disabled, so this value should be left at the default value of 0 milliseconds. See tunefs(8) for more details on how to set this option. -e maxbpg Indicate the maximum number of blocks any single file can allo- cate out of a cylinder group before it is forced to begin allo- cating blocks from another cylinder group. The default is about one quarter of the total blocks in a cylinder group. See tunefs(8) for more details on how to set this option. -f frag-size The fragment size of the file system in bytes. It must be a power of two ranging in value between blocksize/8 and blocksize. The default is 2048 bytes. -g avgfilesize The expected average file size for the file system. -h avgfpdir The expected average number of files per directory on the file system. -i number of bytes per inode Specify the density of inodes in the file system. The default is to create an inode for every (4 * frag-size) bytes of data space. If fewer inodes are desired, a larger number should be used; to create more inodes a smaller number should be given. One inode is required for each distinct file, so this value effectively specifies the average file size on the file system. -m free space % The percentage of space reserved from normal users; the minimum free space threshold. The default value used is defined by MINFREE from <ufs/ffs/fs.h>, currently 8%. See tunefs(8) for more details on how to set this option. -n number of distinguished rotational positions UFS has the ability to keep track of the availability of blocks at different rotational positions, so that it could lay out the data to be picked up with minimum rotational latency. This pa- rameter specifies the default number of rotational positions to distinguish. Nowadays this value should be set to 1 (which essentially dis- ables the rotational position table) because modern drives with read-ahead and write-behind do better without the rotational po- sition table. -o optimization preference (space or time). The file system can either be instructed to try to minimize the time spent allocating blocks, or to try to mini- mize the space fragmentation on the disk. If the value of min- free (see above) is less than 8%, the default is to optimize for space; if the value of minfree is greater than or equal to 8%, the default is to optimize for time. See tunefs(8) for more de- tails on how to set this option. -s size The size of the file system in sectors. This value defaults to the size of the raw partition specified in special (in other words, newfs will use the entire partition for the file system). -v Specify that the disk does not contain any partitions, and that newfs should build a file system on the whole disk. This option is useful for synthetic disks such as vinum. The following options override the standard sizes for the disk geometry. Their default values are taken from the disk label. Changing these de- faults is useful only when using newfs to build a file system whose raw image will eventually be used on a different type of disk than the one on which it is initially created (for example on a write-once disk). Note that changing any of these values from their defaults will make it impos- sible for fsck(8) to find the alternate superblocks if the standard su- perblock is lost. -S sector-size The size of a sector in bytes (almost never anything but 512). -k sector 0 skew, per track Used to describe perturbations in the media format to compensate for a slow controller. Track skew is the offset of sector 0 on track N relative to sector 0 on track N-1 on the same cylinder. This option is of historical importance only; modern controllers are always fast enough to handle operations back-to-back. -l hardware sector interleave Used to describe perturbations in the media format to compensate for a slow controller. Interleave is physical sector interleave on each track, specified as the denominator of the ratio: sectors read/sectors passed over Thus an interleave of 1/1 implies contiguous layout, while 1/2 implies logical sector 0 is separated by one sector from logical sector 1. This option is of historical importance only; the physical sector layout of modern disks is not visible from out- side. -p spare sectors per track Spare sectors (bad sector replacements) are physical sectors that occupy space at the end of each track. They are not counted as part of the sectors/track (-u) since they are not available to the file system for data allocation. This option is of histori- cal importance only. Modern disks perform their own bad sector allocation. -r revolutions/minute The speed of the disk in revolutions per minute. This value is no longer of interest, since all the parameters which depend on it are usually disabled. -t #tracks/cylinder The number of tracks/cylinder available for data allocation by the file system. The default is 1. If zero is specified, the value from the disklabel will be used. -u sectors/track The number of sectors per track available for data allocation by the file system. The default is 4096. If zero is specified, the value from the disklabel will be used. This does not include sectors reserved at the end of each track for bad block replace- ment (see the -p option). -x spare sectors per cylinder Spare sectors (bad sector replacements) are physical sectors that occupy space at the end of the last track in the cylinder. They are deducted from the sectors/track (-u) of the last track of each cylinder since they are not available to the file system for data allocation. This option is of historical importance only. Modern disks perform their own bad sector allocation. The options to the mount_mfs command are as described for the newfs com- mand, except for the -o option. That option is as follows: -o Options are specified with a -o flag followed by a comma sepa- rated string of options. See the mount(8) man page for possible options and their meanings. EXAMPLES newfs /dev/ad3s1a Creates a new ufs file system on ad3s1a. newfs will use a block size of 16384 bytes, a fragment size of 2048 bytes and the largest possible num- ber of cylinders per group. These values tend to produce better perfor- mance for most applications than the historical defaults (8192 byte block size and 1024 byte fragment size). This large fragment size may lead to large amounts of wasted space on filesystems that contain a large number of small files. mount_mfs -s 131072 -o nosuid,nodev,nosymfollow /dev/da0s1b /tmp Mount a 64 MB large memory file system on /tmp, with mount(8) options nosuid, nodev, and nosymfollow. SEE ALSO fdformat(1), disktab(5), fs(5), camcontrol(8), disklabel(8), diskpart(8), dumpfs(8), fsck(8), mount(8), tunefs(8), vinum(8) M. McKusick, W. Joy, S. Leffler, and R. Fabry, "A Fast File System for UNIX", ACM Transactions on Computer Systems 2, 3, pp 181-197, August 1984, (reprinted in the BSD System Manager's Manual). HISTORY The newfs command appeared in 4.2BSD. BSD December 19, 2000 BSD
NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | EXAMPLES | SEE ALSO | HISTORY
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