FreeBSD Manual Pages

GCC(1) GNU GCC(1)

NAME
gcc - GNU project C and C++ compiler

SYNOPSIS
gcc [-c|-S|-E] [-std=standard]
[-g] [-pg] [-Olevel]
[-Wwarn...] [-Wpedantic]
[-Idir...] [-Ldir...]
[-Dmacro[=defn]...] [-Umacro]
[-foption...] [-mmachine-option...]
[-o outfile] [@file] infile...

Only the most useful options are listed here; see below for the
remainder. g++ accepts mostly the same options as gcc.

DESCRIPTION
When you invoke GCC, it normally does preprocessing, compilation,
assembly and linking. The "overall options" allow you to stop this
process at an intermediate stage. For example, the -c option says not
to run the linker. Then the output consists of object files output by
the assembler.

Other options are passed on to one or more stages of processing. Some
options control the preprocessor and others the compiler itself. Yet
other options control the assembler and linker; most of these are not
documented here, since you rarely need to use any of them.

Most of the command-line options that you can use with GCC are useful
for C programs; when an option is only useful with another language
(usually C++), the explanation says so explicitly. If the description
for a particular option does not mention a source language, you can use
that option with all supported languages.

The usual way to run GCC is to run the executable called gcc, or
machine-gcc when cross-compiling, or machine-gcc-version to run a
specific version of GCC. When you compile C++ programs, you should
invoke GCC as g++ instead.

The gcc program accepts options and file names as operands. Many
options have multi-letter names; therefore multiple single-letter
options may not be grouped: -dv is very different from -d -v.

You can mix options and other arguments. For the most part, the order
you use doesn't matter. Order does matter when you use several options
of the same kind; for example, if you specify -L more than once, the
directories are searched in the order specified. Also, the placement
of the -l option is significant.

Many options have long names starting with -f or with -W---for example,
-fmove-loop-invariants, -Wformat and so on. Most of these have both
positive and negative forms; the negative form of -ffoo is -fno-foo.
This manual documents only one of these two forms, whichever one is not
the default.

Some options take one or more arguments typically separated either by a
space or by the equals sign (=) from the option name. Unless
documented otherwise, an argument can be either numeric or a string.
Numeric arguments must typically be small unsigned decimal or
hexadecimal integers. Hexadecimal arguments must begin with the 0x
prefix. Arguments to options that specify a size threshold of some
sort may be arbitrarily large decimal or hexadecimal integers followed
by a byte size suffix designating a multiple of bytes such as "kB" and
"KiB" for kilobyte and kibibyte, respectively, "MB" and "MiB" for
megabyte and mebibyte, "GB" and "GiB" for gigabyte and gigibyte, and so
on. Such arguments are designated by byte-size in the following text.
Refer to the NIST, IEC, and other relevant national and international
standards for the full listing and explanation of the binary and
decimal byte size prefixes.

OPTIONS
Option Summary
Here is a summary of all the options, grouped by type. Explanations
are in the following sections.

Overall Options
-c -S -E -o file -x language -v -### --help[=class[,...]]
--target-help --version -pass-exit-codes -pipe -specs=file
-wrapper @file -ffile-prefix-map=old=new -fplugin=file
-fplugin-arg-name=arg -fdump-ada-spec[-slim]
-fada-spec-parent=unit -fdump-go-spec=file

C Language Options
-ansi -std=standard -fgnu89-inline
-fpermitted-flt-eval-methods=standard -aux-info filename
-fallow-parameterless-variadic-functions -fno-asm -fno-builtin
-fno-builtin-function -fgimple -fhosted -ffreestanding -fopenacc
-fopenacc-dim=geom -fopenmp -fopenmp-simd -fms-extensions
-fplan9-extensions -fsso-struct=endianness
-fallow-single-precision -fcond-mismatch -flax-vector-conversions
-fsigned-bitfields -fsigned-char -funsigned-bitfields
-funsigned-char

C++ Language Options
-fabi-version=n -fno-access-control -faligned-new=n
-fargs-in-order=n -fchar8_t -fcheck-new -fconstexpr-depth=n
-fconstexpr-loop-limit=n -fconstexpr-ops-limit=n
-fno-elide-constructors -fno-enforce-eh-specs -fno-gnu-keywords
-fno-implicit-templates -fno-implicit-inline-templates
-fno-implement-inlines -fms-extensions -fnew-inheriting-ctors
-fnew-ttp-matching -fno-nonansi-builtins -fnothrow-opt
-fno-operator-names -fno-optional-diags -fpermissive
-fno-pretty-templates -frepo -fno-rtti -fsized-deallocation
-ftemplate-backtrace-limit=n -ftemplate-depth=n
-fno-threadsafe-statics -fuse-cxa-atexit -fno-weak -nostdinc++
-fvisibility-inlines-hidden -fvisibility-ms-compat
-fext-numeric-literals -Wabi=n -Wabi-tag -Wconversion-null
-Wctor-dtor-privacy -Wdelete-non-virtual-dtor -Wdeprecated-copy
-Wdeprecated-copy-dtor -Wliteral-suffix -Wmultiple-inheritance
-Wno-init-list-lifetime -Wnamespaces -Wnarrowing
-Wpessimizing-move -Wredundant-move -Wnoexcept -Wnoexcept-type
-Wclass-memaccess -Wnon-virtual-dtor -Wreorder -Wregister
-Weffc++ -Wstrict-null-sentinel -Wtemplates
-Wno-non-template-friend -Wold-style-cast -Woverloaded-virtual
-Wno-pmf-conversions -Wno-class-conversion -Wno-terminate
-Wsign-promo -Wvirtual-inheritance

Objective-C and Objective-C++ Language Options
-fconstant-string-class=class-name -fgnu-runtime -fnext-runtime
-fno-nil-receivers -fobjc-abi-version=n -fobjc-call-cxx-cdtors
-fobjc-direct-dispatch -fobjc-exceptions -fobjc-gc -fobjc-nilcheck
-fobjc-std=objc1 -fno-local-ivars
-fivar-visibility=[public|protected|private|package]
-freplace-objc-classes -fzero-link -gen-decls -Wassign-intercept
-Wno-protocol -Wselector -Wstrict-selector-match
-Wundeclared-selector

Diagnostic Message Formatting Options
-fmessage-length=n -fdiagnostics-show-location=[once|every-line]
-fdiagnostics-color=[auto|never|always]
-fdiagnostics-format=[text|json] -fno-diagnostics-show-option
-fno-diagnostics-show-caret -fno-diagnostics-show-labels
-fno-diagnostics-show-line-numbers
-fdiagnostics-minimum-margin-width=width
-fdiagnostics-parseable-fixits -fdiagnostics-generate-patch
-fdiagnostics-show-template-tree -fno-elide-type -fno-show-column

Warning Options
-fsyntax-only -fmax-errors=n -Wpedantic -pedantic-errors -w
-Wextra -Wall -Waddress -Waddress-of-packed-member
-Waggregate-return -Waligned-new -Walloc-zero
-Walloc-size-larger-than=byte-size -Walloca
-Walloca-larger-than=byte-size -Wno-aggressive-loop-optimizations
-Warray-bounds -Warray-bounds=n -Wno-attributes
-Wattribute-alias=n -Wbool-compare -Wbool-operation
-Wno-builtin-declaration-mismatch -Wno-builtin-macro-redefined
-Wc90-c99-compat -Wc99-c11-compat -Wc++-compat -Wc++11-compat
-Wc++14-compat -Wc++17-compat -Wcast-align -Wcast-align=strict
-Wcast-function-type -Wcast-qual -Wchar-subscripts -Wcatch-value
-Wcatch-value=n -Wclobbered -Wcomment -Wconditionally-supported
-Wconversion -Wcoverage-mismatch -Wno-cpp -Wdangling-else
-Wdate-time -Wdelete-incomplete -Wno-attribute-warning
-Wno-deprecated -Wno-deprecated-declarations -Wno-designated-init
-Wdisabled-optimization -Wno-discarded-qualifiers
-Wno-discarded-array-qualifiers -Wno-div-by-zero
-Wdouble-promotion -Wduplicated-branches -Wduplicated-cond
-Wempty-body -Wenum-compare -Wno-endif-labels
-Wexpansion-to-defined -Werror -Werror=* -Wextra-semi
-Wfatal-errors -Wfloat-equal -Wformat -Wformat=2
-Wno-format-contains-nul -Wno-format-extra-args
-Wformat-nonliteral -Wformat-overflow=n -Wformat-security
-Wformat-signedness -Wformat-truncation=n -Wformat-y2k
-Wframe-address -Wframe-larger-than=byte-size
-Wno-free-nonheap-object -Wjump-misses-init -Whsa -Wif-not-aligned
-Wignored-qualifiers -Wignored-attributes
-Wincompatible-pointer-types -Wimplicit -Wimplicit-fallthrough
-Wimplicit-fallthrough=n -Wimplicit-function-declaration
-Wimplicit-int -Winit-self -Winline -Wno-int-conversion
-Wint-in-bool-context -Wno-int-to-pointer-cast
-Winvalid-memory-model -Wno-invalid-offsetof -Winvalid-pch
-Wlarger-than=byte-size -Wlogical-op -Wlogical-not-parentheses
-Wlong-long -Wmain -Wmaybe-uninitialized -Wmemset-elt-size
-Wmemset-transposed-args -Wmisleading-indentation
-Wmissing-attributes -Wmissing-braces -Wmissing-field-initializers
-Wmissing-format-attribute -Wmissing-include-dirs
-Wmissing-noreturn -Wmissing-profile -Wno-multichar
-Wmultistatement-macros -Wnonnull -Wnonnull-compare
-Wnormalized=[none|id|nfc|nfkc] -Wnull-dereference -Wodr
-Wno-overflow -Wopenmp-simd -Woverride-init-side-effects
-Woverlength-strings -Wpacked -Wpacked-bitfield-compat
-Wpacked-not-aligned -Wpadded -Wparentheses
-Wno-pedantic-ms-format -Wplacement-new -Wplacement-new=n
-Wpointer-arith -Wpointer-compare -Wno-pointer-to-int-cast
-Wno-pragmas -Wno-prio-ctor-dtor -Wredundant-decls -Wrestrict
-Wno-return-local-addr -Wreturn-type -Wsequence-point -Wshadow
-Wno-shadow-ivar -Wshadow=global, -Wshadow=local,
-Wshadow=compatible-local -Wshift-overflow -Wshift-overflow=n
-Wshift-count-negative -Wshift-count-overflow
-Wshift-negative-value -Wsign-compare -Wsign-conversion
-Wfloat-conversion -Wno-scalar-storage-order -Wsizeof-pointer-div
-Wsizeof-pointer-memaccess -Wsizeof-array-argument
-Wstack-protector -Wstack-usage=byte-size -Wstrict-aliasing
-Wstrict-aliasing=n -Wstrict-overflow -Wstrict-overflow=n
-Wstringop-overflow=n -Wstringop-truncation -Wsubobject-linkage
-Wsuggest-attribute=[pure|const|noreturn|format|malloc]
-Wsuggest-final-types -Wsuggest-final-methods -Wsuggest-override
-Wswitch -Wswitch-bool -Wswitch-default -Wswitch-enum
-Wswitch-unreachable -Wsync-nand -Wsystem-headers
-Wtautological-compare -Wtrampolines -Wtrigraphs -Wtype-limits
-Wundef -Wuninitialized -Wunknown-pragmas
-Wunsuffixed-float-constants -Wunused -Wunused-function
-Wunused-label -Wunused-local-typedefs -Wunused-macros
-Wunused-parameter -Wno-unused-result -Wunused-value
-Wunused-variable -Wunused-const-variable
-Wunused-const-variable=n -Wunused-but-set-parameter
-Wunused-but-set-variable -Wuseless-cast -Wvariadic-macros
-Wvector-operation-performance -Wvla -Wvla-larger-than=byte-size
-Wvolatile-register-var -Wwrite-strings
-Wzero-as-null-pointer-constant

C and Objective-C-only Warning Options
-Wbad-function-cast -Wmissing-declarations
-Wmissing-parameter-type -Wmissing-prototypes -Wnested-externs
-Wold-style-declaration -Wold-style-definition -Wstrict-prototypes
-Wtraditional -Wtraditional-conversion
-Wdeclaration-after-statement -Wpointer-sign

Debugging Options
-g -glevel -gdwarf -gdwarf-version -ggdb -grecord-gcc-switches
-gno-record-gcc-switches -gstabs -gstabs+ -gstrict-dwarf
-gno-strict-dwarf -gas-loc-support -gno-as-loc-support
-gas-locview-support -gno-as-locview-support -gcolumn-info
-gno-column-info -gstatement-frontiers -gno-statement-frontiers
-gvariable-location-views -gno-variable-location-views
-ginternal-reset-location-views -gno-internal-reset-location-views
-ginline-points -gno-inline-points -gvms -gxcoff -gxcoff+
-gz[=type] -gsplit-dwarf -gdescribe-dies -gno-describe-dies
-fdebug-prefix-map=old=new -fdebug-types-section
-fno-eliminate-unused-debug-types -femit-struct-debug-baseonly
-femit-struct-debug-reduced -femit-struct-debug-detailed[=spec-
list] -feliminate-unused-debug-symbols -femit-class-debug-always
-fno-merge-debug-strings -fno-dwarf2-cfi-asm -fvar-tracking
-fvar-tracking-assignments

Optimization Options
-faggressive-loop-optimizations -falign-functions[=n[:m:[n2[:m2]]]]
-falign-jumps[=n[:m:[n2[:m2]]]] -falign-labels[=n[:m:[n2[:m2]]]]
-falign-loops[=n[:m:[n2[:m2]]]] -fassociative-math -fauto-profile
-fauto-profile[=path] -fauto-inc-dec -fbranch-probabilities
-fbranch-target-load-optimize -fbranch-target-load-optimize2
-fbtr-bb-exclusive -fcaller-saves -fcombine-stack-adjustments
-fconserve-stack -fcompare-elim -fcprop-registers -fcrossjumping
-fcse-follow-jumps -fcse-skip-blocks -fcx-fortran-rules
-fcx-limited-range -fdata-sections -fdce -fdelayed-branch
-fdelete-null-pointer-checks -fdevirtualize
-fdevirtualize-speculatively -fdevirtualize-at-ltrans -fdse
-fearly-inlining -fipa-sra -fexpensive-optimizations
-ffat-lto-objects -ffast-math -ffinite-math-only -ffloat-store
-fexcess-precision=style -fforward-propagate -ffp-contract=style
-ffunction-sections -fgcse -fgcse-after-reload -fgcse-las
-fgcse-lm -fgraphite-identity -fgcse-sm -fhoist-adjacent-loads
-fif-conversion -fif-conversion2 -findirect-inlining
-finline-functions -finline-functions-called-once
-finline-limit=n -finline-small-functions -fipa-cp -fipa-cp-clone
-fipa-bit-cp -fipa-vrp -fipa-pta -fipa-profile -fipa-pure-const
-fipa-reference -fipa-reference-addressable -fipa-stack-alignment
-fipa-icf -fira-algorithm=algorithm -flive-patching=level
-fira-region=region -fira-hoist-pressure -fira-loop-pressure
-fno-ira-share-save-slots -fno-ira-share-spill-slots
-fisolate-erroneous-paths-dereference
-fisolate-erroneous-paths-attribute -fivopts
-fkeep-inline-functions -fkeep-static-functions
-fkeep-static-consts -flimit-function-alignment
-flive-range-shrinkage -floop-block -floop-interchange
-floop-strip-mine -floop-unroll-and-jam -floop-nest-optimize
-floop-parallelize-all -flra-remat -flto -flto-compression-level
-flto-partition=alg -fmerge-all-constants -fmerge-constants
-fmodulo-sched -fmodulo-sched-allow-regmoves
-fmove-loop-invariants -fno-branch-count-reg -fno-defer-pop
-fno-fp-int-builtin-inexact -fno-function-cse
-fno-guess-branch-probability -fno-inline -fno-math-errno
-fno-peephole -fno-peephole2 -fno-printf-return-value
-fno-sched-interblock -fno-sched-spec -fno-signed-zeros
-fno-toplevel-reorder -fno-trapping-math
-fno-zero-initialized-in-bss -fomit-frame-pointer
-foptimize-sibling-calls -fpartial-inlining -fpeel-loops
-fpredictive-commoning -fprefetch-loop-arrays -fprofile-correction
-fprofile-use -fprofile-use=path -fprofile-values
-fprofile-reorder-functions -freciprocal-math -free
-frename-registers -freorder-blocks
-freorder-blocks-algorithm=algorithm -freorder-blocks-and-partition
-freorder-functions -frerun-cse-after-loop
-freschedule-modulo-scheduled-loops -frounding-math
-fsave-optimization-record -fsched2-use-superblocks
-fsched-pressure -fsched-spec-load -fsched-spec-load-dangerous
-fsched-stalled-insns-dep[=n] -fsched-stalled-insns[=n]
-fsched-group-heuristic -fsched-critical-path-heuristic
-fsched-spec-insn-heuristic -fsched-rank-heuristic
-fsched-last-insn-heuristic -fsched-dep-count-heuristic
-fschedule-fusion -fschedule-insns -fschedule-insns2
-fsection-anchors -fselective-scheduling -fselective-scheduling2
-fsel-sched-pipelining -fsel-sched-pipelining-outer-loops
-fsemantic-interposition -fshrink-wrap -fshrink-wrap-separate
-fsignaling-nans -fsingle-precision-constant
-fsplit-ivs-in-unroller -fsplit-loops -fsplit-paths
-fsplit-wide-types -fssa-backprop -fssa-phiopt -fstdarg-opt
-fstore-merging -fstrict-aliasing -fthread-jumps -ftracer
-ftree-bit-ccp -ftree-builtin-call-dce -ftree-ccp -ftree-ch
-ftree-coalesce-vars -ftree-copy-prop -ftree-dce
-ftree-dominator-opts -ftree-dse -ftree-forwprop -ftree-fre
-fcode-hoisting -ftree-loop-if-convert -ftree-loop-im
-ftree-phiprop -ftree-loop-distribution
-ftree-loop-distribute-patterns -ftree-loop-ivcanon
-ftree-loop-linear -ftree-loop-optimize -ftree-loop-vectorize
-ftree-parallelize-loops=n -ftree-pre -ftree-partial-pre
-ftree-pta -ftree-reassoc -ftree-scev-cprop -ftree-sink
-ftree-slsr -ftree-sra -ftree-switch-conversion -ftree-tail-merge
-ftree-ter -ftree-vectorize -ftree-vrp -funconstrained-commons
-funit-at-a-time -funroll-all-loops -funroll-loops
-funsafe-math-optimizations -funswitch-loops -fipa-ra
-fvariable-expansion-in-unroller -fvect-cost-model -fvpt -fweb
-fwhole-program -fwpa -fuse-linker-plugin --param name=value -O
-O0 -O1 -O2 -O3 -Os -Ofast -Og

Program Instrumentation Options
-p -pg -fprofile-arcs --coverage -ftest-coverage
-fprofile-abs-path -fprofile-dir=path -fprofile-generate
-fprofile-generate=path -fprofile-update=method
-fprofile-filter-files=regex -fprofile-exclude-files=regex
-fsanitize=style -fsanitize-recover -fsanitize-recover=style
-fasan-shadow-offset=number -fsanitize-sections=s1,s2,...
-fsanitize-undefined-trap-on-error -fbounds-check
-fcf-protection=[full|branch|return|none] -fstack-protector
-fstack-protector-all -fstack-protector-strong
-fstack-protector-explicit -fstack-check
-fstack-limit-register=reg -fstack-limit-symbol=sym
-fno-stack-limit -fsplit-stack -fvtable-verify=[std|preinit|none]
-fvtv-counts -fvtv-debug -finstrument-functions
-finstrument-functions-exclude-function-list=sym,sym,...
-finstrument-functions-exclude-file-list=file,file,...

Preprocessor Options
-Aquestion=answer -A-question[=answer] -C -CC -Dmacro[=defn] -dD
-dI -dM -dN -dU -fdebug-cpp -fdirectives-only
-fdollars-in-identifiers -fexec-charset=charset
-fextended-identifiers -finput-charset=charset
-fmacro-prefix-map=old=new -fno-canonical-system-headers
-fpch-deps -fpch-preprocess -fpreprocessed -ftabstop=width
-ftrack-macro-expansion -fwide-exec-charset=charset
-fworking-directory -H -imacros file -include file -M -MD -MF
-MG -MM -MMD -MP -MQ -MT -no-integrated-cpp -P -pthread
-remap -traditional -traditional-cpp -trigraphs -Umacro -undef
-Wp,option -Xpreprocessor option

Assembler Options
-Wa,option -Xassembler option

Linker Options
object-file-name -fuse-ld=linker -llibrary -nostartfiles
-nodefaultlibs -nolibc -nostdlib -e entry --entry=entry -pie
-pthread -r -rdynamic -s -static -static-pie -static-libgcc
-static-libstdc++ -static-libasan -static-libtsan -static-liblsan
-static-libubsan -shared -shared-libgcc -symbolic -T script
-Wl,option -Xlinker option -u symbol -z keyword

Directory Options
-Bprefix -Idir -I- -idirafter dir -imacros file -imultilib dir
-iplugindir=dir -iprefix file -iquote dir -isysroot dir -isystem
dir -iwithprefix dir -iwithprefixbefore dir -Ldir
-no-canonical-prefixes --no-sysroot-suffix -nostdinc -nostdinc++
--sysroot=dir

Code Generation Options
-fcall-saved-reg -fcall-used-reg -ffixed-reg -fexceptions
-fnon-call-exceptions -fdelete-dead-exceptions -funwind-tables
-fasynchronous-unwind-tables -fno-gnu-unique
-finhibit-size-directive -fno-common -fno-ident
-fpcc-struct-return -fpic -fPIC -fpie -fPIE -fno-plt
-fno-jump-tables -frecord-gcc-switches -freg-struct-return
-fshort-enums -fshort-wchar -fverbose-asm -fpack-struct[=n]
-fleading-underscore -ftls-model=model -fstack-reuse=reuse_level
-ftrampolines -ftrapv -fwrapv
-fvisibility=[default|internal|hidden|protected]
-fstrict-volatile-bitfields -fsync-libcalls

Developer Options
-dletters -dumpspecs -dumpmachine -dumpversion -dumpfullversion
-fchecking -fchecking=n -fdbg-cnt-list -fdbg-cnt=counter-value-
list -fdisable-ipa-pass_name -fdisable-rtl-pass_name
-fdisable-rtl-pass-name=range-list -fdisable-tree-pass_name
-fdisable-tree-pass-name=range-list -fdump-debug -fdump-earlydebug
-fdump-noaddr -fdump-unnumbered -fdump-unnumbered-links
-fdump-final-insns[=file] -fdump-ipa-all -fdump-ipa-cgraph
-fdump-ipa-inline -fdump-lang-all -fdump-lang-switch
-fdump-lang-switch-options -fdump-lang-switch-options=filename
-fdump-passes -fdump-rtl-pass -fdump-rtl-pass=filename
-fdump-statistics -fdump-tree-all -fdump-tree-switch
-fdump-tree-switch-options -fdump-tree-switch-options=filename
-fcompare-debug[=opts] -fcompare-debug-second -fenable-kind-pass
-fenable-kind-pass=range-list -fira-verbose=n -flto-report
-flto-report-wpa -fmem-report-wpa -fmem-report
-fpre-ipa-mem-report -fpost-ipa-mem-report -fopt-info
-fopt-info-options[=file] -fprofile-report -frandom-seed=string
-fsched-verbose=n -fsel-sched-verbose -fsel-sched-dump-cfg
-fsel-sched-pipelining-verbose -fstats -fstack-usage
-ftime-report -ftime-report-details
-fvar-tracking-assignments-toggle -gtoggle
-print-file-name=library -print-libgcc-file-name
-print-multi-directory -print-multi-lib -print-multi-os-directory
-print-prog-name=program -print-search-dirs -Q -print-sysroot
-print-sysroot-headers-suffix -save-temps -save-temps=cwd
-save-temps=obj -time[=file]

Machine-Dependent Options
AArch64 Options -mabi=name -mbig-endian -mlittle-endian
-mgeneral-regs-only -mcmodel=tiny -mcmodel=small -mcmodel=large
-mstrict-align -mno-strict-align -momit-leaf-frame-pointer
-mtls-dialect=desc -mtls-dialect=traditional -mtls-size=size
-mfix-cortex-a53-835769 -mfix-cortex-a53-843419
-mlow-precision-recip-sqrt -mlow-precision-sqrt
-mlow-precision-div -mpc-relative-literal-loads
-msign-return-address=scope -mbranch-protection=none|standard|pac-
ret[+leaf]|bti -march=name -mcpu=name -mtune=name
-moverride=string -mverbose-cost-dump
-mstack-protector-guard=guard -mstack-protector-guard-reg=sysreg
-mstack-protector-guard-offset=offset -mtrack-speculation

Adapteva Epiphany Options -mhalf-reg-file -mprefer-short-insn-regs
-mbranch-cost=num -mcmove -mnops=num -msoft-cmpsf -msplit-lohi
-mpost-inc -mpost-modify -mstack-offset=num -mround-nearest
-mlong-calls -mshort-calls -msmall16 -mfp-mode=mode
-mvect-double -max-vect-align=num -msplit-vecmove-early
-m1reg-reg

AMD GCN Options -march=gpu -mtune=gpu -mstack-size=bytes

ARC Options -mbarrel-shifter -mjli-always -mcpu=cpu -mA6
-mARC600 -mA7 -mARC700 -mdpfp -mdpfp-compact -mdpfp-fast
-mno-dpfp-lrsr -mea -mno-mpy -mmul32x16 -mmul64 -matomic -mnorm
-mspfp -mspfp-compact -mspfp-fast -msimd -msoft-float -mswap
-mcrc -mdsp-packa -mdvbf -mlock -mmac-d16 -mmac-24 -mrtsc
-mswape -mtelephony -mxy -misize -mannotate-align -marclinux
-marclinux_prof -mlong-calls -mmedium-calls -msdata
-mirq-ctrl-saved -mrgf-banked-regs -mlpc-width=width -G num
-mvolatile-cache -mtp-regno=regno -malign-call -mauto-modify-reg
-mbbit-peephole -mno-brcc -mcase-vector-pcrel -mcompact-casesi
-mno-cond-exec -mearly-cbranchsi -mexpand-adddi -mindexed-loads
-mlra -mlra-priority-none -mlra-priority-compact mlra-priority-
noncompact -mmillicode -mmixed-code -mq-class -mRcq -mRcw
-msize-level=level -mtune=cpu -mmultcost=num -mcode-density-frame
-munalign-prob-threshold=probability -mmpy-option=multo -mdiv-rem
-mcode-density -mll64 -mfpu=fpu -mrf16 -mbranch-index

ARM Options -mapcs-frame -mno-apcs-frame -mabi=name
-mapcs-stack-check -mno-apcs-stack-check -mapcs-reentrant
-mno-apcs-reentrant -mgeneral-regs-only -msched-prolog
-mno-sched-prolog -mlittle-endian -mbig-endian -mbe8 -mbe32
-mfloat-abi=name -mfp16-format=name -mthumb-interwork
-mno-thumb-interwork -mcpu=name -march=name -mfpu=name
-mtune=name -mprint-tune-info -mstructure-size-boundary=n
-mabort-on-noreturn -mlong-calls -mno-long-calls -msingle-pic-base
-mno-single-pic-base -mpic-register=reg -mnop-fun-dllimport
-mpoke-function-name -mthumb -marm -mflip-thumb -mtpcs-frame
-mtpcs-leaf-frame -mcaller-super-interworking
-mcallee-super-interworking -mtp=name -mtls-dialect=dialect
-mword-relocations -mfix-cortex-m3-ldrd -munaligned-access
-mneon-for-64bits -mslow-flash-data -masm-syntax-unified
-mrestrict-it -mverbose-cost-dump -mpure-code -mcmse

AVR Options -mmcu=mcu -mabsdata -maccumulate-args
-mbranch-cost=cost -mcall-prologues -mgas-isr-prologues -mint8
-mn_flash=size -mno-interrupts -mmain-is-OS_task -mrelax -mrmw
-mstrict-X -mtiny-stack -mfract-convert-truncate -mshort-calls
-nodevicelib -Waddr-space-convert -Wmisspelled-isr

Blackfin Options -mcpu=cpu[-sirevision] -msim
-momit-leaf-frame-pointer -mno-omit-leaf-frame-pointer
-mspecld-anomaly -mno-specld-anomaly -mcsync-anomaly
-mno-csync-anomaly -mlow-64k -mno-low64k -mstack-check-l1
-mid-shared-library -mno-id-shared-library -mshared-library-id=n
-mleaf-id-shared-library -mno-leaf-id-shared-library -msep-data
-mno-sep-data -mlong-calls -mno-long-calls -mfast-fp
-minline-plt -mmulticore -mcorea -mcoreb -msdram -micplb

C6X Options -mbig-endian -mlittle-endian -march=cpu -msim
-msdata=sdata-type

CRIS Options -mcpu=cpu -march=cpu -mtune=cpu -mmax-stack-frame=n
-melinux-stacksize=n -metrax4 -metrax100 -mpdebug -mcc-init
-mno-side-effects -mstack-align -mdata-align -mconst-align
-m32-bit -m16-bit -m8-bit -mno-prologue-epilogue -mno-gotplt
-melf -maout -melinux -mlinux -sim -sim2 -mmul-bug-workaround
-mno-mul-bug-workaround

CR16 Options -mmac -mcr16cplus -mcr16c -msim -mint32 -mbit-ops
-mdata-model=model

C-SKY Options -march=arch -mcpu=cpu -mbig-endian -EB
-mlittle-endian -EL -mhard-float -msoft-float -mfpu=fpu
-mdouble-float -mfdivdu -melrw -mistack -mmp -mcp -mcache
-msecurity -mtrust -mdsp -medsp -mvdsp -mdiv -msmart
-mhigh-registers -manchor -mpushpop -mmultiple-stld -mconstpool
-mstack-size -mccrt -mbranch-cost=n -mcse-cc -msched-prolog

Darwin Options -all_load -allowable_client -arch
-arch_errors_fatal -arch_only -bind_at_load -bundle
-bundle_loader -client_name -compatibility_version
-current_version -dead_strip -dependency-file -dylib_file
-dylinker_install_name -dynamic -dynamiclib
-exported_symbols_list -filelist -flat_namespace
-force_cpusubtype_ALL -force_flat_namespace
-headerpad_max_install_names -iframework -image_base -init
-install_name -keep_private_externs -multi_module
-multiply_defined -multiply_defined_unused -noall_load
-no_dead_strip_inits_and_terms -nofixprebinding -nomultidefs
-noprebind -noseglinkedit -pagezero_size -prebind
-prebind_all_twolevel_modules -private_bundle -read_only_relocs
-sectalign -sectobjectsymbols -whyload -seg1addr -sectcreate
-sectobjectsymbols -sectorder -segaddr -segs_read_only_addr
-segs_read_write_addr -seg_addr_table -seg_addr_table_filename
-seglinkedit -segprot -segs_read_only_addr -segs_read_write_addr
-single_module -static -sub_library -sub_umbrella
-twolevel_namespace -umbrella -undefined -unexported_symbols_list
-weak_reference_mismatches -whatsloaded -F -gused -gfull
-mmacosx-version-min=version -mkernel -mone-byte-bool

DEC Alpha Options -mno-fp-regs -msoft-float -mieee
-mieee-with-inexact -mieee-conformant -mfp-trap-mode=mode
-mfp-rounding-mode=mode -mtrap-precision=mode -mbuild-constants
-mcpu=cpu-type -mtune=cpu-type -mbwx -mmax -mfix -mcix
-mfloat-vax -mfloat-ieee -mexplicit-relocs -msmall-data
-mlarge-data -msmall-text -mlarge-text -mmemory-latency=time

FR30 Options -msmall-model -mno-lsim

FT32 Options -msim -mlra -mnodiv -mft32b -mcompress -mnopm

FRV Options -mgpr-32 -mgpr-64 -mfpr-32 -mfpr-64 -mhard-float
-msoft-float -malloc-cc -mfixed-cc -mdword -mno-dword -mdouble
-mno-double -mmedia -mno-media -mmuladd -mno-muladd -mfdpic
-minline-plt -mgprel-ro -multilib-library-pic -mlinked-fp
-mlong-calls -malign-labels -mlibrary-pic -macc-4 -macc-8 -mpack
-mno-pack -mno-eflags -mcond-move -mno-cond-move
-moptimize-membar -mno-optimize-membar -mscc -mno-scc
-mcond-exec -mno-cond-exec -mvliw-branch -mno-vliw-branch
-mmulti-cond-exec -mno-multi-cond-exec -mnested-cond-exec
-mno-nested-cond-exec -mtomcat-stats -mTLS -mtls -mcpu=cpu

GNU/Linux Options -mglibc -muclibc -mmusl -mbionic -mandroid
-tno-android-cc -tno-android-ld

H8/300 Options -mrelax -mh -ms -mn -mexr -mno-exr -mint32
-malign-300

HPPA Options -march=architecture-type -mcaller-copies
-mdisable-fpregs -mdisable-indexing -mfast-indirect-calls -mgas
-mgnu-ld -mhp-ld -mfixed-range=register-range -mjump-in-delay
-mlinker-opt -mlong-calls -mlong-load-store -mno-disable-fpregs
-mno-disable-indexing -mno-fast-indirect-calls -mno-gas
-mno-jump-in-delay -mno-long-load-store -mno-portable-runtime
-mno-soft-float -mno-space-regs -msoft-float -mpa-risc-1-0
-mpa-risc-1-1 -mpa-risc-2-0 -mportable-runtime -mschedule=cpu-
type -mspace-regs -msio -mwsio -munix=unix-std -nolibdld
-static -threads

IA-64 Options -mbig-endian -mlittle-endian -mgnu-as -mgnu-ld
-mno-pic -mvolatile-asm-stop -mregister-names -msdata -mno-sdata
-mconstant-gp -mauto-pic -mfused-madd
-minline-float-divide-min-latency
-minline-float-divide-max-throughput -mno-inline-float-divide
-minline-int-divide-min-latency -minline-int-divide-max-throughput
-mno-inline-int-divide -minline-sqrt-min-latency
-minline-sqrt-max-throughput -mno-inline-sqrt -mdwarf2-asm
-mearly-stop-bits -mfixed-range=register-range -mtls-size=tls-size
-mtune=cpu-type -milp32 -mlp64 -msched-br-data-spec
-msched-ar-data-spec -msched-control-spec -msched-br-in-data-spec
-msched-ar-in-data-spec -msched-in-control-spec -msched-spec-ldc
-msched-spec-control-ldc -msched-prefer-non-data-spec-insns
-msched-prefer-non-control-spec-insns
-msched-stop-bits-after-every-cycle
-msched-count-spec-in-critical-path
-msel-sched-dont-check-control-spec -msched-fp-mem-deps-zero-cost
-msched-max-memory-insns-hard-limit -msched-max-memory-insns=max-
insns

LM32 Options -mbarrel-shift-enabled -mdivide-enabled
-mmultiply-enabled -msign-extend-enabled -muser-enabled

M32R/D Options -m32r2 -m32rx -m32r -mdebug -malign-loops
-mno-align-loops -missue-rate=number -mbranch-cost=number
-mmodel=code-size-model-type -msdata=sdata-type -mno-flush-func
-mflush-func=name -mno-flush-trap -mflush-trap=number -G num

M32C Options -mcpu=cpu -msim -memregs=number

M680x0 Options -march=arch -mcpu=cpu -mtune=tune -m68000 -m68020
-m68020-40 -m68020-60 -m68030 -m68040 -m68060 -mcpu32 -m5200
-m5206e -m528x -m5307 -m5407 -mcfv4e -mbitfield -mno-bitfield
-mc68000 -mc68020 -mnobitfield -mrtd -mno-rtd -mdiv -mno-div
-mshort -mno-short -mhard-float -m68881 -msoft-float -mpcrel
-malign-int -mstrict-align -msep-data -mno-sep-data
-mshared-library-id=n -mid-shared-library -mno-id-shared-library
-mxgot -mno-xgot -mlong-jump-table-offsets

MCore Options -mhardlit -mno-hardlit -mdiv -mno-div
-mrelax-immediates -mno-relax-immediates -mwide-bitfields
-mno-wide-bitfields -m4byte-functions -mno-4byte-functions
-mcallgraph-data -mno-callgraph-data -mslow-bytes -mno-slow-bytes
-mno-lsim -mlittle-endian -mbig-endian -m210 -m340
-mstack-increment

MeP Options -mabsdiff -mall-opts -maverage -mbased=n -mbitops
-mc=n -mclip -mconfig=name -mcop -mcop32 -mcop64 -mivc2 -mdc
-mdiv -meb -mel -mio-volatile -ml -mleadz -mm -mminmax
-mmult -mno-opts -mrepeat -ms -msatur -msdram -msim
-msimnovec -mtf -mtiny=n

MicroBlaze Options -msoft-float -mhard-float -msmall-divides
-mcpu=cpu -mmemcpy -mxl-soft-mul -mxl-soft-div -mxl-barrel-shift
-mxl-pattern-compare -mxl-stack-check -mxl-gp-opt -mno-clearbss
-mxl-multiply-high -mxl-float-convert -mxl-float-sqrt
-mbig-endian -mlittle-endian -mxl-reorder -mxl-mode-app-model
-mpic-data-is-text-relative

MIPS Options -EL -EB -march=arch -mtune=arch -mips1 -mips2
-mips3 -mips4 -mips32 -mips32r2 -mips32r3 -mips32r5 -mips32r6
-mips64 -mips64r2 -mips64r3 -mips64r5 -mips64r6 -mips16
-mno-mips16 -mflip-mips16 -minterlink-compressed
-mno-interlink-compressed -minterlink-mips16 -mno-interlink-mips16
-mabi=abi -mabicalls -mno-abicalls -mshared -mno-shared -mplt
-mno-plt -mxgot -mno-xgot -mgp32 -mgp64 -mfp32 -mfpxx -mfp64
-mhard-float -msoft-float -mno-float -msingle-float
-mdouble-float -modd-spreg -mno-odd-spreg -mabs=mode
-mnan=encoding -mdsp -mno-dsp -mdspr2 -mno-dspr2 -mmcu
-mmno-mcu -meva -mno-eva -mvirt -mno-virt -mxpa -mno-xpa -mcrc
-mno-crc -mginv -mno-ginv -mmicromips -mno-micromips -mmsa
-mno-msa -mloongson-mmi -mno-loongson-mmi -mloongson-ext
-mno-loongson-ext -mloongson-ext2 -mno-loongson-ext2 -mfpu=fpu-
type -msmartmips -mno-smartmips -mpaired-single
-mno-paired-single -mdmx -mno-mdmx -mips3d -mno-mips3d -mmt
-mno-mt -mllsc -mno-llsc -mlong64 -mlong32 -msym32 -mno-sym32
-Gnum -mlocal-sdata -mno-local-sdata -mextern-sdata
-mno-extern-sdata -mgpopt -mno-gopt -membedded-data
-mno-embedded-data -muninit-const-in-rodata
-mno-uninit-const-in-rodata -mcode-readable=setting
-msplit-addresses -mno-split-addresses -mexplicit-relocs
-mno-explicit-relocs -mcheck-zero-division
-mno-check-zero-division -mdivide-traps -mdivide-breaks
-mload-store-pairs -mno-load-store-pairs -mmemcpy -mno-memcpy
-mlong-calls -mno-long-calls -mmad -mno-mad -mimadd -mno-imadd
-mfused-madd -mno-fused-madd -nocpp -mfix-24k -mno-fix-24k
-mfix-r4000 -mno-fix-r4000 -mfix-r4400 -mno-fix-r4400
-mfix-r5900 -mno-fix-r5900 -mfix-r10000 -mno-fix-r10000
-mfix-rm7000 -mno-fix-rm7000 -mfix-vr4120 -mno-fix-vr4120
-mfix-vr4130 -mno-fix-vr4130 -mfix-sb1 -mno-fix-sb1
-mflush-func=func -mno-flush-func -mbranch-cost=num
-mbranch-likely -mno-branch-likely -mcompact-branches=policy
-mfp-exceptions -mno-fp-exceptions -mvr4130-align
-mno-vr4130-align -msynci -mno-synci -mlxc1-sxc1 -mno-lxc1-sxc1
-mmadd4 -mno-madd4 -mrelax-pic-calls -mno-relax-pic-calls
-mmcount-ra-address -mframe-header-opt -mno-frame-header-opt

MMIX Options -mlibfuncs -mno-libfuncs -mepsilon -mno-epsilon
-mabi=gnu -mabi=mmixware -mzero-extend -mknuthdiv
-mtoplevel-symbols -melf -mbranch-predict -mno-branch-predict
-mbase-addresses -mno-base-addresses -msingle-exit
-mno-single-exit

MN10300 Options -mmult-bug -mno-mult-bug -mno-am33 -mam33
-mam33-2 -mam34 -mtune=cpu-type -mreturn-pointer-on-d0 -mno-crt0
-mrelax -mliw -msetlb

Moxie Options -meb -mel -mmul.x -mno-crt0

MSP430 Options -msim -masm-hex -mmcu= -mcpu= -mlarge -msmall
-mrelax -mwarn-mcu -mcode-region= -mdata-region= -msilicon-errata=
-msilicon-errata-warn= -mhwmult= -minrt

NDS32 Options -mbig-endian -mlittle-endian -mreduced-regs
-mfull-regs -mcmov -mno-cmov -mext-perf -mno-ext-perf -mext-perf2
-mno-ext-perf2 -mext-string -mno-ext-string -mv3push -mno-v3push
-m16bit -mno-16bit -misr-vector-size=num -mcache-block-size=num
-march=arch -mcmodel=code-model -mctor-dtor -mrelax

Nios II Options -G num -mgpopt=option -mgpopt -mno-gpopt
-mgprel-sec=regexp -mr0rel-sec=regexp -mel -meb -mno-bypass-cache
-mbypass-cache -mno-cache-volatile -mcache-volatile
-mno-fast-sw-div -mfast-sw-div -mhw-mul -mno-hw-mul -mhw-mulx
-mno-hw-mulx -mno-hw-div -mhw-div -mcustom-insn=N
-mno-custom-insn -mcustom-fpu-cfg=name -mhal -msmallc
-msys-crt0=name -msys-lib=name -march=arch -mbmx -mno-bmx -mcdx
-mno-cdx

Nvidia PTX Options -m32 -m64 -mmainkernel -moptimize

OpenRISC Options -mboard=name -mnewlib -mhard-mul -mhard-div
-msoft-mul -msoft-div -mcmov -mror -msext -msfimm -mshftimm

PDP-11 Options -mfpu -msoft-float -mac0 -mno-ac0 -m40 -m45
-m10 -mint32 -mno-int16 -mint16 -mno-int32 -msplit -munix-asm
-mdec-asm -mgnu-asm -mlra

picoChip Options -mae=ae_type -mvliw-lookahead=N
-msymbol-as-address -mno-inefficient-warnings

PowerPC Options See RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.

RISC-V Options -mbranch-cost=N-instruction -mplt -mno-plt
-mabi=ABI-string -mfdiv -mno-fdiv -mdiv -mno-div -march=ISA-
string -mtune=processor-string -mpreferred-stack-boundary=num
-msmall-data-limit=N-bytes -msave-restore -mno-save-restore
-mstrict-align -mno-strict-align -mcmodel=medlow -mcmodel=medany
-mexplicit-relocs -mno-explicit-relocs -mrelax -mno-relax
-mriscv-attribute -mmo-riscv-attribute

RL78 Options -msim -mmul=none -mmul=g13 -mmul=g14 -mallregs
-mcpu=g10 -mcpu=g13 -mcpu=g14 -mg10 -mg13 -mg14
-m64bit-doubles -m32bit-doubles -msave-mduc-in-interrupts

RS/6000 and PowerPC Options -mcpu=cpu-type -mtune=cpu-type
-mcmodel=code-model -mpowerpc64 -maltivec -mno-altivec
-mpowerpc-gpopt -mno-powerpc-gpopt -mpowerpc-gfxopt
-mno-powerpc-gfxopt -mmfcrf -mno-mfcrf -mpopcntb -mno-popcntb
-mpopcntd -mno-popcntd -mfprnd -mno-fprnd -mcmpb -mno-cmpb
-mmfpgpr -mno-mfpgpr -mhard-dfp -mno-hard-dfp -mfull-toc
-mminimal-toc -mno-fp-in-toc -mno-sum-in-toc -m64 -m32
-mxl-compat -mno-xl-compat -mpe -malign-power -malign-natural
-msoft-float -mhard-float -mmultiple -mno-multiple -mupdate
-mno-update -mavoid-indexed-addresses -mno-avoid-indexed-addresses
-mfused-madd -mno-fused-madd -mbit-align -mno-bit-align
-mstrict-align -mno-strict-align -mrelocatable -mno-relocatable
-mrelocatable-lib -mno-relocatable-lib -mtoc -mno-toc -mlittle
-mlittle-endian -mbig -mbig-endian -mdynamic-no-pic -mswdiv
-msingle-pic-base -mprioritize-restricted-insns=priority
-msched-costly-dep=dependence_type -minsert-sched-nops=scheme
-mcall-aixdesc -mcall-eabi -mcall-freebsd -mcall-linux
-mcall-netbsd -mcall-openbsd -mcall-sysv -mcall-sysv-eabi
-mcall-sysv-noeabi -mtraceback=traceback_type -maix-struct-return
-msvr4-struct-return -mabi=abi-type -msecure-plt -mbss-plt
-mlongcall -mno-longcall -mpltseq -mno-pltseq
-mblock-move-inline-limit=num -mblock-compare-inline-limit=num
-mblock-compare-inline-loop-limit=num
-mstring-compare-inline-limit=num -misel -mno-isel -mvrsave
-mno-vrsave -mmulhw -mno-mulhw -mdlmzb -mno-dlmzb -mprototype
-mno-prototype -msim -mmvme -mads -myellowknife -memb -msdata
-msdata=opt -mreadonly-in-sdata -mvxworks -G num -mrecip
-mrecip=opt -mno-recip -mrecip-precision -mno-recip-precision
-mveclibabi=type -mfriz -mno-friz -mpointers-to-nested-functions
-mno-pointers-to-nested-functions -msave-toc-indirect
-mno-save-toc-indirect -mpower8-fusion -mno-mpower8-fusion
-mpower8-vector -mno-power8-vector -mcrypto -mno-crypto -mhtm
-mno-htm -mquad-memory -mno-quad-memory -mquad-memory-atomic
-mno-quad-memory-atomic -mcompat-align-parm -mno-compat-align-parm
-mfloat128 -mno-float128 -mfloat128-hardware
-mno-float128-hardware -mgnu-attribute -mno-gnu-attribute
-mstack-protector-guard=guard -mstack-protector-guard-reg=reg
-mstack-protector-guard-offset=offset

RX Options -m64bit-doubles -m32bit-doubles -fpu -nofpu -mcpu=
-mbig-endian-data -mlittle-endian-data -msmall-data -msim
-mno-sim -mas100-syntax -mno-as100-syntax -mrelax
-mmax-constant-size= -mint-register= -mpid -mallow-string-insns
-mno-allow-string-insns -mjsr -mno-warn-multiple-fast-interrupts
-msave-acc-in-interrupts

S/390 and zSeries Options -mtune=cpu-type -march=cpu-type
-mhard-float -msoft-float -mhard-dfp -mno-hard-dfp
-mlong-double-64 -mlong-double-128 -mbackchain -mno-backchain
-mpacked-stack -mno-packed-stack -msmall-exec -mno-small-exec
-mmvcle -mno-mvcle -m64 -m31 -mdebug -mno-debug -mesa -mzarch
-mhtm -mvx -mzvector -mtpf-trace -mno-tpf-trace -mfused-madd
-mno-fused-madd -mwarn-framesize -mwarn-dynamicstack -mstack-size
-mstack-guard -mhotpatch=halfwords,halfwords

Score Options -meb -mel -mnhwloop -muls -mmac -mscore5 -mscore5u
-mscore7 -mscore7d

SH Options -m1 -m2 -m2e -m2a-nofpu -m2a-single-only -m2a-single
-m2a -m3 -m3e -m4-nofpu -m4-single-only -m4-single -m4
-m4a-nofpu -m4a-single-only -m4a-single -m4a -m4al -mb -ml
-mdalign -mrelax -mbigtable -mfmovd -mrenesas -mno-renesas
-mnomacsave -mieee -mno-ieee -mbitops -misize
-minline-ic_invalidate -mpadstruct -mprefergot -musermode
-multcost=number -mdiv=strategy -mdivsi3_libfunc=name
-mfixed-range=register-range -maccumulate-outgoing-args
-matomic-model=atomic-model -mbranch-cost=num -mzdcbranch
-mno-zdcbranch -mcbranch-force-delay-slot -mfused-madd
-mno-fused-madd -mfsca -mno-fsca -mfsrra -mno-fsrra
-mpretend-cmove -mtas

Solaris 2 Options -mclear-hwcap -mno-clear-hwcap -mimpure-text
-mno-impure-text -pthreads

SPARC Options -mcpu=cpu-type -mtune=cpu-type -mcmodel=code-model
-mmemory-model=mem-model -m32 -m64 -mapp-regs -mno-app-regs
-mfaster-structs -mno-faster-structs -mflat -mno-flat -mfpu
-mno-fpu -mhard-float -msoft-float -mhard-quad-float
-msoft-quad-float -mstack-bias -mno-stack-bias -mstd-struct-return
-mno-std-struct-return -munaligned-doubles -mno-unaligned-doubles
-muser-mode -mno-user-mode -mv8plus -mno-v8plus -mvis -mno-vis
-mvis2 -mno-vis2 -mvis3 -mno-vis3 -mvis4 -mno-vis4 -mvis4b
-mno-vis4b -mcbcond -mno-cbcond -mfmaf -mno-fmaf -mfsmuld
-mno-fsmuld -mpopc -mno-popc -msubxc -mno-subxc -mfix-at697f
-mfix-ut699 -mfix-ut700 -mfix-gr712rc -mlra -mno-lra

SPU Options -mwarn-reloc -merror-reloc -msafe-dma -munsafe-dma
-mbranch-hints -msmall-mem -mlarge-mem -mstdmain
-mfixed-range=register-range -mea32 -mea64
-maddress-space-conversion -mno-address-space-conversion
-mcache-size=cache-size -matomic-updates -mno-atomic-updates

System V Options -Qy -Qn -YP,paths -Ym,dir

TILE-Gx Options -mcpu=CPU -m32 -m64 -mbig-endian
-mlittle-endian -mcmodel=code-model

TILEPro Options -mcpu=cpu -m32

V850 Options -mlong-calls -mno-long-calls -mep -mno-ep
-mprolog-function -mno-prolog-function -mspace -mtda=n -msda=n
-mzda=n -mapp-regs -mno-app-regs -mdisable-callt
-mno-disable-callt -mv850e2v3 -mv850e2 -mv850e1 -mv850es -mv850e
-mv850 -mv850e3v5 -mloop -mrelax -mlong-jumps -msoft-float
-mhard-float -mgcc-abi -mrh850-abi -mbig-switch

VAX Options -mg -mgnu -munix

Visium Options -mdebug -msim -mfpu -mno-fpu -mhard-float
-msoft-float -mcpu=cpu-type -mtune=cpu-type -msv-mode
-muser-mode

VMS Options -mvms-return-codes -mdebug-main=prefix -mmalloc64
-mpointer-size=size

VxWorks Options -mrtp -non-static -Bstatic -Bdynamic -Xbind-lazy
-Xbind-now

x86 Options -mtune=cpu-type -march=cpu-type -mtune-ctrl=feature-
list -mdump-tune-features -mno-default -mfpmath=unit
-masm=dialect -mno-fancy-math-387 -mno-fp-ret-in-387 -m80387
-mhard-float -msoft-float -mno-wide-multiply -mrtd
-malign-double -mpreferred-stack-boundary=num
-mincoming-stack-boundary=num -mcld -mcx16 -msahf -mmovbe
-mcrc32 -mrecip -mrecip=opt -mvzeroupper -mprefer-avx128
-mprefer-vector-width=opt -mmmx -msse -msse2 -msse3 -mssse3
-msse4.1 -msse4.2 -msse4 -mavx -mavx2 -mavx512f -mavx512pf
-mavx512er -mavx512cd -mavx512vl -mavx512bw -mavx512dq
-mavx512ifma -mavx512vbmi -msha -maes -mpclmul -mfsgsbase
-mrdrnd -mf16c -mfma -mpconfig -mwbnoinvd -mptwrite
-mprefetchwt1 -mclflushopt -mclwb -mxsavec -mxsaves -msse4a
-m3dnow -m3dnowa -mpopcnt -mabm -mbmi -mtbm -mfma4 -mxop
-madx -mlzcnt -mbmi2 -mfxsr -mxsave -mxsaveopt -mrtm -mhle
-mlwp -mmwaitx -mclzero -mpku -mthreads -mgfni -mvaes
-mwaitpkg -mshstk -mmanual-endbr -mforce-indirect-call
-mavx512vbmi2 -mvpclmulqdq -mavx512bitalg -mmovdiri -mmovdir64b
-mavx512vpopcntdq -mavx5124fmaps -mavx512vnni -mavx5124vnniw
-mprfchw -mrdpid -mrdseed -msgx -mcldemote -mms-bitfields
-mno-align-stringops -minline-all-stringops
-minline-stringops-dynamically -mstringop-strategy=alg
-mmemcpy-strategy=strategy -mmemset-strategy=strategy -mpush-args
-maccumulate-outgoing-args -m128bit-long-double
-m96bit-long-double -mlong-double-64 -mlong-double-80
-mlong-double-128 -mregparm=num -msseregparm -mveclibabi=type
-mvect8-ret-in-mem -mpc32 -mpc64 -mpc80 -mstackrealign
-momit-leaf-frame-pointer -mno-red-zone -mno-tls-direct-seg-refs
-mcmodel=code-model -mabi=name -maddress-mode=mode -m32 -m64
-mx32 -m16 -miamcu -mlarge-data-threshold=num -msse2avx
-mfentry -mrecord-mcount -mnop-mcount -m8bit-idiv
-minstrument-return=type -mfentry-name=name -mfentry-section=name
-mavx256-split-unaligned-load -mavx256-split-unaligned-store
-malign-data=type -mstack-protector-guard=guard
-mstack-protector-guard-reg=reg
-mstack-protector-guard-offset=offset
-mstack-protector-guard-symbol=symbol -mgeneral-regs-only
-mcall-ms2sysv-xlogues -mindirect-branch=choice
-mfunction-return=choice -mindirect-branch-register

x86 Windows Options -mconsole -mcygwin -mno-cygwin -mdll
-mnop-fun-dllimport -mthread -municode -mwin32 -mwindows
-fno-set-stack-executable

Xstormy16 Options -msim

Xtensa Options -mconst16 -mno-const16 -mfused-madd
-mno-fused-madd -mforce-no-pic -mserialize-volatile
-mno-serialize-volatile -mtext-section-literals
-mno-text-section-literals -mauto-litpools -mno-auto-litpools
-mtarget-align -mno-target-align -mlongcalls -mno-longcalls

zSeries Options See S/390 and zSeries Options.

Options Controlling the Kind of Output
Compilation can involve up to four stages: preprocessing, compilation
proper, assembly and linking, always in that order. GCC is capable of
preprocessing and compiling several files either into several assembler
input files, or into one assembler input file; then each assembler
input file produces an object file, and linking combines all the object
files (those newly compiled, and those specified as input) into an
executable file.

For any given input file, the file name suffix determines what kind of
compilation is done:

file.c
C source code that must be preprocessed.

file.i
C source code that should not be preprocessed.

file.ii
C++ source code that should not be preprocessed.

file.m
Objective-C source code. Note that you must link with the libobjc
library to make an Objective-C program work.

file.mi
Objective-C source code that should not be preprocessed.

file.mm
file.M
Objective-C++ source code. Note that you must link with the
libobjc library to make an Objective-C++ program work. Note that
.M refers to a literal capital M.

file.mii
Objective-C++ source code that should not be preprocessed.

file.h
C, C++, Objective-C or Objective-C++ header file to be turned into
a precompiled header (default), or C, C++ header file to be turned
into an Ada spec (via the -fdump-ada-spec switch).

file.cc
file.cp
file.cxx
file.cpp
file.CPP
file.c++
file.C
C++ source code that must be preprocessed. Note that in .cxx, the
last two letters must both be literally x. Likewise, .C refers to
a literal capital C.

file.mm
file.M
Objective-C++ source code that must be preprocessed.

file.mii
Objective-C++ source code that should not be preprocessed.

file.hh
file.H
file.hp
file.hxx
file.hpp
file.HPP
file.h++
file.tcc
C++ header file to be turned into a precompiled header or Ada spec.

file.f
file.for
file.ftn
Fixed form Fortran source code that should not be preprocessed.

file.F
file.FOR
file.fpp
file.FPP
file.FTN
Fixed form Fortran source code that must be preprocessed (with the
traditional preprocessor).

file.f90
file.f95
file.f03
file.f08
Free form Fortran source code that should not be preprocessed.

file.F90
file.F95
file.F03
file.F08
Free form Fortran source code that must be preprocessed (with the
traditional preprocessor).

file.go
Go source code.

file.brig
BRIG files (binary representation of HSAIL).

file.d
D source code.

file.di
D interface file.

file.dd
D documentation code (Ddoc).

file.ads
Ada source code file that contains a library unit declaration (a
declaration of a package, subprogram, or generic, or a generic
instantiation), or a library unit renaming declaration (a package,
generic, or subprogram renaming declaration). Such files are also
called specs.

file.adb
Ada source code file containing a library unit body (a subprogram
or package body). Such files are also called bodies.

file.s
Assembler code.

file.S
file.sx
Assembler code that must be preprocessed.

other
An object file to be fed straight into linking. Any file name with
no recognized suffix is treated this way.

You can specify the input language explicitly with the -x option:

-x language
Specify explicitly the language for the following input files
(rather than letting the compiler choose a default based on the
file name suffix). This option applies to all following input
files until the next -x option. Possible values for language are:

c c-header cpp-output
c++ c++-header c++-cpp-output
objective-c objective-c-header objective-c-cpp-output
objective-c++ objective-c++-header objective-c++-cpp-output
assembler assembler-with-cpp
ada
d
f77 f77-cpp-input f95 f95-cpp-input
go
brig

-x none
Turn off any specification of a language, so that subsequent files
are handled according to their file name suffixes (as they are if
-x has not been used at all).

If you only want some of the stages of compilation, you can use -x (or
filename suffixes) to tell gcc where to start, and one of the options
-c, -S, or -E to say where gcc is to stop. Note that some combinations
(for example, -x cpp-output -E) instruct gcc to do nothing at all.

-c Compile or assemble the source files, but do not link. The linking
stage simply is not done. The ultimate output is in the form of an
object file for each source file.

By default, the object file name for a source file is made by
replacing the suffix .c, .i, .s, etc., with .o.

Unrecognized input files, not requiring compilation or assembly,
are ignored.

-S Stop after the stage of compilation proper; do not assemble. The
output is in the form of an assembler code file for each non-
assembler input file specified.

By default, the assembler file name for a source file is made by
replacing the suffix .c, .i, etc., with .s.

Input files that don't require compilation are ignored.

-E Stop after the preprocessing stage; do not run the compiler proper.
The output is in the form of preprocessed source code, which is
sent to the standard output.

Input files that don't require preprocessing are ignored.

-o file
Place output in file file. This applies to whatever sort of output
is being produced, whether it be an executable file, an object
file, an assembler file or preprocessed C code.

If -o is not specified, the default is to put an executable file in
a.out, the object file for source.suffix in source.o, its assembler
file in source.s, a precompiled header file in source.suffix.gch,
and all preprocessed C source on standard output.

-v Print (on standard error output) the commands executed to run the
stages of compilation. Also print the version number of the
compiler driver program and of the preprocessor and the compiler
proper.

-###
Like -v except the commands are not executed and arguments are
quoted unless they contain only alphanumeric characters or "./-_".
This is useful for shell scripts to capture the driver-generated
command lines.

--help
Print (on the standard output) a description of the command-line
options understood by gcc. If the -v option is also specified then
--help is also passed on to the various processes invoked by gcc,
so that they can display the command-line options they accept. If
the -Wextra option has also been specified (prior to the --help
option), then command-line options that have no documentation
associated with them are also displayed.

--target-help
Print (on the standard output) a description of target-specific
command-line options for each tool. For some targets extra target-
specific information may also be printed.

--help={class|[^]qualifier}[,...]
Print (on the standard output) a description of the command-line
options understood by the compiler that fit into all specified
classes and qualifiers. These are the supported classes:

optimizers
Display all of the optimization options supported by the
compiler.

warnings
Display all of the options controlling warning messages
produced by the compiler.

target
Display target-specific options. Unlike the --target-help
option however, target-specific options of the linker and
assembler are not displayed. This is because those tools do
not currently support the extended --help= syntax.

params
Display the values recognized by the --param option.

language
Display the options supported for language, where language is
the name of one of the languages supported in this version of
GCC.

common
Display the options that are common to all languages.

These are the supported qualifiers:

undocumented
Display only those options that are undocumented.

joined
Display options taking an argument that appears after an equal
sign in the same continuous piece of text, such as:
--help=target.

separate
Display options taking an argument that appears as a separate
word following the original option, such as: -o output-file.

Thus for example to display all the undocumented target-specific
switches supported by the compiler, use:

--help=target,undocumented

The sense of a qualifier can be inverted by prefixing it with the ^
character, so for example to display all binary warning options
(i.e., ones that are either on or off and that do not take an
argument) that have a description, use:

--help=warnings,^joined,^undocumented

The argument to --help= should not consist solely of inverted
qualifiers.

Combining several classes is possible, although this usually
restricts the output so much that there is nothing to display. One
case where it does work, however, is when one of the classes is
target. For example, to display all the target-specific
optimization options, use:

--help=target,optimizers

The --help= option can be repeated on the command line. Each
successive use displays its requested class of options, skipping
those that have already been displayed. If --help is also
specified anywhere on the command line then this takes precedence
over any --help= option.

If the -Q option appears on the command line before the --help=
option, then the descriptive text displayed by --help= is changed.
Instead of describing the displayed options, an indication is given
as to whether the option is enabled, disabled or set to a specific
value (assuming that the compiler knows this at the point where the
--help= option is used).

Here is a truncated example from the ARM port of gcc:

% gcc -Q -mabi=2 --help=target -c
The following options are target specific:
-mabi= 2
-mabort-on-noreturn [disabled]
-mapcs [disabled]

The output is sensitive to the effects of previous command-line
options, so for example it is possible to find out which
optimizations are enabled at -O2 by using:

-Q -O2 --help=optimizers

Alternatively you can discover which binary optimizations are
enabled by -O3 by using:

gcc -c -Q -O3 --help=optimizers > /tmp/O3-opts
gcc -c -Q -O2 --help=optimizers > /tmp/O2-opts
diff /tmp/O2-opts /tmp/O3-opts | grep enabled

--version
Display the version number and copyrights of the invoked GCC.

-pass-exit-codes
Normally the gcc program exits with the code of 1 if any phase of
the compiler returns a non-success return code. If you specify
-pass-exit-codes, the gcc program instead returns with the
numerically highest error produced by any phase returning an error
indication. The C, C++, and Fortran front ends return 4 if an
internal compiler error is encountered.

-pipe
Use pipes rather than temporary files for communication between the
various stages of compilation. This fails to work on some systems
where the assembler is unable to read from a pipe; but the GNU
assembler has no trouble.

-specs=file
Process file after the compiler reads in the standard specs file,
in order to override the defaults which the gcc driver program uses
when determining what switches to pass to cc1, cc1plus, as, ld,
etc. More than one -specs=file can be specified on the command
line, and they are processed in order, from left to right.

-wrapper
Invoke all subcommands under a wrapper program. The name of the
wrapper program and its parameters are passed as a comma separated
list.

gcc -c t.c -wrapper gdb,--args

This invokes all subprograms of gcc under gdb --args, thus the
invocation of cc1 is gdb --args cc1 ....

-ffile-prefix-map=old=new
When compiling files residing in directory old, record any
references to them in the result of the compilation as if the files
resided in directory new instead. Specifying this option is
equivalent to specifying all the individual -f*-prefix-map options.
This can be used to make reproducible builds that are location
independent. See also -fmacro-prefix-map and -fdebug-prefix-map.

-fplugin=name.so
Load the plugin code in file name.so, assumed to be a shared object
to be dlopen'd by the compiler. The base name of the shared object
file is used to identify the plugin for the purposes of argument
parsing (See -fplugin-arg-name-key=value below). Each plugin
should define the callback functions specified in the Plugins API.

-fplugin-arg-name-key=value
Define an argument called key with a value of value for the plugin
called name.

-fdump-ada-spec[-slim]
For C and C++ source and include files, generate corresponding Ada
specs.

-fada-spec-parent=unit
In conjunction with -fdump-ada-spec[-slim] above, generate Ada
specs as child units of parent unit.

-fdump-go-spec=file
For input files in any language, generate corresponding Go
declarations in file. This generates Go "const", "type", "var",
and "func" declarations which may be a useful way to start writing
a Go interface to code written in some other language.

@file
Read command-line options from file. The options read are inserted
in place of the original @file option. If file does not exist, or
cannot be read, then the option will be treated literally, and not
removed.

Options in file are separated by whitespace. A whitespace
character may be included in an option by surrounding the entire
option in either single or double quotes. Any character (including
a backslash) may be included by prefixing the character to be
included with a backslash. The file may itself contain additional
@file options; any such options will be processed recursively.

Compiling C++ Programs
C++ source files conventionally use one of the suffixes .C, .cc, .cpp,
.CPP, .c++, .cp, or .cxx; C++ header files often use .hh, .hpp, .H, or
(for shared template code) .tcc; and preprocessed C++ files use the
suffix .ii. GCC recognizes files with these names and compiles them as
C++ programs even if you call the compiler the same way as for
compiling C programs (usually with the name gcc).

However, the use of gcc does not add the C++ library. g++ is a program
that calls GCC and automatically specifies linking against the C++
library. It treats .c, .h and .i files as C++ source files instead of
C source files unless -x is used. This program is also useful when
precompiling a C header file with a .h extension for use in C++
compilations. On many systems, g++ is also installed with the name
c++.

When you compile C++ programs, you may specify many of the same
command-line options that you use for compiling programs in any
language; or command-line options meaningful for C and related
languages; or options that are meaningful only for C++ programs.

Options Controlling C Dialect
The following options control the dialect of C (or languages derived
from C, such as C++, Objective-C and Objective-C++) that the compiler
accepts:

-ansi
In C mode, this is equivalent to -std=c90. In C++ mode, it is
equivalent to -std=c++98.

This turns off certain features of GCC that are incompatible with
ISO C90 (when compiling C code), or of standard C++ (when compiling
C++ code), such as the "asm" and "typeof" keywords, and predefined
macros such as "unix" and "vax" that identify the type of system
you are using. It also enables the undesirable and rarely used ISO
trigraph feature. For the C compiler, it disables recognition of
C++ style // comments as well as the "inline" keyword.

The alternate keywords "__asm__", "__extension__", "__inline__" and
"__typeof__" continue to work despite -ansi. You would not want to
use them in an ISO C program, of course, but it is useful to put
them in header files that might be included in compilations done
with -ansi. Alternate predefined macros such as "__unix__" and
"__vax__" are also available, with or without -ansi.

The -ansi option does not cause non-ISO programs to be rejected
gratuitously. For that, -Wpedantic is required in addition to
-ansi.

The macro "__STRICT_ANSI__" is predefined when the -ansi option is
used. Some header files may notice this macro and refrain from
declaring certain functions or defining certain macros that the ISO
standard doesn't call for; this is to avoid interfering with any
programs that might use these names for other things.

Functions that are normally built in but do not have semantics
defined by ISO C (such as "alloca" and "ffs") are not built-in
functions when -ansi is used.

-std=
Determine the language standard. This option is currently only
supported when compiling C or C++.

The compiler can accept several base standards, such as c90 or
c++98, and GNU dialects of those standards, such as gnu90 or
gnu++98. When a base standard is specified, the compiler accepts
all programs following that standard plus those using GNU
extensions that do not contradict it. For example, -std=c90 turns
off certain features of GCC that are incompatible with ISO C90,
such as the "asm" and "typeof" keywords, but not other GNU
extensions that do not have a meaning in ISO C90, such as omitting
the middle term of a "?:" expression. On the other hand, when a GNU
dialect of a standard is specified, all features supported by the
compiler are enabled, even when those features change the meaning
of the base standard. As a result, some strict-conforming programs
may be rejected. The particular standard is used by -Wpedantic to
identify which features are GNU extensions given that version of
the standard. For example -std=gnu90 -Wpedantic warns about C++
style // comments, while -std=gnu99 -Wpedantic does not.

A value for this option must be provided; possible values are

c90
c89
iso9899:1990
Support all ISO C90 programs (certain GNU extensions that
conflict with ISO C90 are disabled). Same as -ansi for C code.

iso9899:199409
ISO C90 as modified in amendment 1.

c99
c9x
iso9899:1999
iso9899:199x
ISO C99. This standard is substantially completely supported,
modulo bugs and floating-point issues (mainly but not entirely
relating to optional C99 features from Annexes F and G). See
<http://gcc.gnu.org/c99status.html> for more information. The
names c9x and iso9899:199x are deprecated.

c11
c1x
iso9899:2011
ISO C11, the 2011 revision of the ISO C standard. This
standard is substantially completely supported, modulo bugs,
floating-point issues (mainly but not entirely relating to
optional C11 features from Annexes F and G) and the optional
Annexes K (Bounds-checking interfaces) and L (Analyzability).
The name c1x is deprecated.

c17
c18
iso9899:2017
iso9899:2018
ISO C17, the 2017 revision of the ISO C standard (published in
2018). This standard is same as C11 except for corrections of
defects (all of which are also applied with -std=c11) and a new
value of "__STDC_VERSION__", and so is supported to the same
extent as C11.

c2x The next version of the ISO C standard, still under
development. The support for this version is experimental and
incomplete.

gnu90
gnu89
GNU dialect of ISO C90 (including some C99 features).

gnu99
gnu9x
GNU dialect of ISO C99. The name gnu9x is deprecated.

gnu11
gnu1x
GNU dialect of ISO C11. The name gnu1x is deprecated.

gnu17
gnu18
GNU dialect of ISO C17. This is the default for C code.

gnu2x
The next version of the ISO C standard, still under
development, plus GNU extensions. The support for this version
is experimental and incomplete.

c++98
c++03
The 1998 ISO C++ standard plus the 2003 technical corrigendum
and some additional defect reports. Same as -ansi for C++ code.

gnu++98
gnu++03
GNU dialect of -std=c++98.

c++11
c++0x
The 2011 ISO C++ standard plus amendments. The name c++0x is
deprecated.

gnu++11
gnu++0x
GNU dialect of -std=c++11. The name gnu++0x is deprecated.

c++14
c++1y
The 2014 ISO C++ standard plus amendments. The name c++1y is
deprecated.

gnu++14
gnu++1y
GNU dialect of -std=c++14. This is the default for C++ code.
The name gnu++1y is deprecated.

c++17
c++1z
The 2017 ISO C++ standard plus amendments. The name c++1z is
deprecated.

gnu++17
gnu++1z
GNU dialect of -std=c++17. The name gnu++1z is deprecated.

c++2a
The next revision of the ISO C++ standard, tentatively planned
for 2020. Support is highly experimental, and will almost
certainly change in incompatible ways in future releases.

gnu++2a
GNU dialect of -std=c++2a. Support is highly experimental, and
will almost certainly change in incompatible ways in future
releases.

-fgnu89-inline
The option -fgnu89-inline tells GCC to use the traditional GNU
semantics for "inline" functions when in C99 mode.

Using this option is roughly equivalent to adding the "gnu_inline"
function attribute to all inline functions.

The option -fno-gnu89-inline explicitly tells GCC to use the C99
semantics for "inline" when in C99 or gnu99 mode (i.e., it
specifies the default behavior). This option is not supported in
-std=c90 or -std=gnu90 mode.

The preprocessor macros "__GNUC_GNU_INLINE__" and
"__GNUC_STDC_INLINE__" may be used to check which semantics are in
effect for "inline" functions.

-fpermitted-flt-eval-methods=style
ISO/IEC TS 18661-3 defines new permissible values for
"FLT_EVAL_METHOD" that indicate that operations and constants with
a semantic type that is an interchange or extended format should be
evaluated to the precision and range of that type. These new
values are a superset of those permitted under C99/C11, which does
not specify the meaning of other positive values of
"FLT_EVAL_METHOD". As such, code conforming to C11 may not have
been written expecting the possibility of the new values.

-fpermitted-flt-eval-methods specifies whether the compiler should
allow only the values of "FLT_EVAL_METHOD" specified in C99/C11, or
the extended set of values specified in ISO/IEC TS 18661-3.

style is either "c11" or "ts-18661-3" as appropriate.

The default when in a standards compliant mode (-std=c11 or
similar) is -fpermitted-flt-eval-methods=c11. The default when in
a GNU dialect (-std=gnu11 or similar) is
-fpermitted-flt-eval-methods=ts-18661-3.

-aux-info filename
Output to the given filename prototyped declarations for all
functions declared and/or defined in a translation unit, including
those in header files. This option is silently ignored in any
language other than C.

Besides declarations, the file indicates, in comments, the origin
of each declaration (source file and line), whether the declaration
was implicit, prototyped or unprototyped (I, N for new or O for
old, respectively, in the first character after the line number and
the colon), and whether it came from a declaration or a definition
(C or F, respectively, in the following character). In the case of
function definitions, a K&R-style list of arguments followed by
their declarations is also provided, inside comments, after the
declaration.

-fallow-parameterless-variadic-functions
Accept variadic functions without named parameters.

Although it is possible to define such a function, this is not very
useful as it is not possible to read the arguments. This is only
supported for C as this construct is allowed by C++.

-fno-asm
Do not recognize "asm", "inline" or "typeof" as a keyword, so that
code can use these words as identifiers. You can use the keywords
"__asm__", "__inline__" and "__typeof__" instead. -ansi implies
-fno-asm.

In C++, this switch only affects the "typeof" keyword, since "asm"
and "inline" are standard keywords. You may want to use the
-fno-gnu-keywords flag instead, which has the same effect. In C99
mode (-std=c99 or -std=gnu99), this switch only affects the "asm"
and "typeof" keywords, since "inline" is a standard keyword in ISO
C99.

-fno-builtin
-fno-builtin-function
Don't recognize built-in functions that do not begin with
__builtin_ as prefix.

GCC normally generates special code to handle certain built-in
functions more efficiently; for instance, calls to "alloca" may
become single instructions which adjust the stack directly, and
calls to "memcpy" may become inline copy loops. The resulting code
is often both smaller and faster, but since the function calls no
longer appear as such, you cannot set a breakpoint on those calls,
nor can you change the behavior of the functions by linking with a
different library. In addition, when a function is recognized as a
built-in function, GCC may use information about that function to
warn about problems with calls to that function, or to generate
more efficient code, even if the resulting code still contains
calls to that function. For example, warnings are given with
-Wformat for bad calls to "printf" when "printf" is built in and
"strlen" is known not to modify global memory.

With the -fno-builtin-function option only the built-in function
function is disabled. function must not begin with __builtin_. If
a function is named that is not built-in in this version of GCC,
this option is ignored. There is no corresponding
-fbuiltin-function option; if you wish to enable built-in functions
selectively when using -fno-builtin or -ffreestanding, you may
define macros such as:

#define abs(n) __builtin_abs ((n))
#define strcpy(d, s) __builtin_strcpy ((d), (s))

-fgimple
Enable parsing of function definitions marked with "__GIMPLE".
This is an experimental feature that allows unit testing of GIMPLE
passes.

-fhosted
Assert that compilation targets a hosted environment. This implies
-fbuiltin. A hosted environment is one in which the entire
standard library is available, and in which "main" has a return
type of "int". Examples are nearly everything except a kernel.
This is equivalent to -fno-freestanding.

-ffreestanding
Assert that compilation targets a freestanding environment. This
implies -fno-builtin. A freestanding environment is one in which
the standard library may not exist, and program startup may not
necessarily be at "main". The most obvious example is an OS
kernel. This is equivalent to -fno-hosted.

-fopenacc
Enable handling of OpenACC directives "#pragma acc" in C/C++ and
"!$acc" in Fortran. When -fopenacc is specified, the compiler
generates accelerated code according to the OpenACC Application
Programming Interface v2.0 <https://www.openacc.org>. This option
implies -pthread, and thus is only supported on targets that have
support for -pthread.

-fopenacc-dim=geom
Specify default compute dimensions for parallel offload regions
that do not explicitly specify. The geom value is a triple of
':'-separated sizes, in order 'gang', 'worker' and, 'vector'. A
size can be omitted, to use a target-specific default value.

-fopenmp
Enable handling of OpenMP directives "#pragma omp" in C/C++ and
"!$omp" in Fortran. When -fopenmp is specified, the compiler
generates parallel code according to the OpenMP Application Program
Interface v4.5 <https://www.openmp.org>. This option implies
-pthread, and thus is only supported on targets that have support
for -pthread. -fopenmp implies -fopenmp-simd.

-fopenmp-simd
Enable handling of OpenMP's SIMD directives with "#pragma omp" in
C/C++ and "!$omp" in Fortran. Other OpenMP directives are ignored.

-fgnu-tm
When the option -fgnu-tm is specified, the compiler generates code
for the Linux variant of Intel's current Transactional Memory ABI
specification document (Revision 1.1, May 6 2009). This is an
experimental feature whose interface may change in future versions
of GCC, as the official specification changes. Please note that
not all architectures are supported for this feature.

For more information on GCC's support for transactional memory,

Note that the transactional memory feature is not supported with
non-call exceptions (-fnon-call-exceptions).

-fms-extensions
Accept some non-standard constructs used in Microsoft header files.

In C++ code, this allows member names in structures to be similar
to previous types declarations.

typedef int UOW;
struct ABC {
UOW UOW;
};

Some cases of unnamed fields in structures and unions are only
accepted with this option.

Note that this option is off for all targets but x86 targets using
ms-abi.

-fplan9-extensions
Accept some non-standard constructs used in Plan 9 code.

This enables -fms-extensions, permits passing pointers to
structures with anonymous fields to functions that expect pointers
to elements of the type of the field, and permits referring to
anonymous fields declared using a typedef. This is only
supported for C, not C++.

-fcond-mismatch
Allow conditional expressions with mismatched types in the second
and third arguments. The value of such an expression is void.
This option is not supported for C++.

-flax-vector-conversions
Allow implicit conversions between vectors with differing numbers
of elements and/or incompatible element types. This option should
not be used for new code.

-funsigned-char
Let the type "char" be unsigned, like "unsigned char".

Each kind of machine has a default for what "char" should be. It
is either like "unsigned char" by default or like "signed char" by
default.

Ideally, a portable program should always use "signed char" or
"unsigned char" when it depends on the signedness of an object.
But many programs have been written to use plain "char" and expect
it to be signed, or expect it to be unsigned, depending on the
machines they were written for. This option, and its inverse, let
you make such a program work with the opposite default.

The type "char" is always a distinct type from each of "signed
char" or "unsigned char", even though its behavior is always just
like one of those two.

-fsigned-char
Let the type "char" be signed, like "signed char".

Note that this is equivalent to -fno-unsigned-char, which is the
negative form of -funsigned-char. Likewise, the option
-fno-signed-char is equivalent to -funsigned-char.

-fsigned-bitfields
-funsigned-bitfields
-fno-signed-bitfields
-fno-unsigned-bitfields
These options control whether a bit-field is signed or unsigned,
when the declaration does not use either "signed" or "unsigned".
By default, such a bit-field is signed, because this is consistent:
the basic integer types such as "int" are signed types.

-fsso-struct=endianness
Set the default scalar storage order of structures and unions to
the specified endianness. The accepted values are big-endian,
little-endian and native for the native endianness of the target
(the default). This option is not supported for C++.

Warning: the -fsso-struct switch causes GCC to generate code that
is not binary compatible with code generated without it if the
specified endianness is not the native endianness of the target.

Options Controlling C++ Dialect
This section describes the command-line options that are only
meaningful for C++ programs. You can also use most of the GNU compiler
options regardless of what language your program is in. For example,
you might compile a file firstClass.C like this:

g++ -g -fstrict-enums -O -c firstClass.C

In this example, only -fstrict-enums is an option meant only for C++
programs; you can use the other options with any language supported by
GCC.

Some options for compiling C programs, such as -std, are also relevant
for C++ programs.

Here is a list of options that are only for compiling C++ programs:

-fabi-version=n
Use version n of the C++ ABI. The default is version 0.

Version 0 refers to the version conforming most closely to the C++
ABI specification. Therefore, the ABI obtained using version 0
will change in different versions of G++ as ABI bugs are fixed.

Version 1 is the version of the C++ ABI that first appeared in G++
3.2.

Version 2 is the version of the C++ ABI that first appeared in G++
3.4, and was the default through G++ 4.9.

Version 3 corrects an error in mangling a constant address as a
template argument.

Version 4, which first appeared in G++ 4.5, implements a standard
mangling for vector types.

Version 5, which first appeared in G++ 4.6, corrects the mangling
of attribute const/volatile on function pointer types, decltype of
a plain decl, and use of a function parameter in the declaration of
another parameter.

Version 6, which first appeared in G++ 4.7, corrects the promotion
behavior of C++11 scoped enums and the mangling of template
argument packs, const/static_cast, prefix ++ and --, and a class
scope function used as a template argument.

Version 7, which first appeared in G++ 4.8, that treats nullptr_t
as a builtin type and corrects the mangling of lambdas in default
argument scope.

Version 8, which first appeared in G++ 4.9, corrects the
substitution behavior of function types with function-cv-
qualifiers.

Version 9, which first appeared in G++ 5.2, corrects the alignment
of "nullptr_t".

Version 10, which first appeared in G++ 6.1, adds mangling of
attributes that affect type identity, such as ia32 calling
convention attributes (e.g. stdcall).

Version 11, which first appeared in G++ 7, corrects the mangling of
sizeof... expressions and operator names. For multiple entities
with the same name within a function, that are declared in
different scopes, the mangling now changes starting with the
twelfth occurrence. It also implies -fnew-inheriting-ctors.

Version 12, which first appeared in G++ 8, corrects the calling
conventions for empty classes on the x86_64 target and for classes
with only deleted copy/move constructors. It accidentally changes
the calling convention for classes with a deleted copy constructor
and a trivial move constructor.

Version 13, which first appeared in G++ 8.2, fixes the accidental
change in version 12.

See also -Wvla-larger-than=byte-size.

-Wno-alloca-larger-than
Disable -Walloca-larger-than= warnings. The option is equivalent
to -Walloca-larger-than=SIZE_MAX or larger.

-Warray-bounds
-Warray-bounds=n
This option is only active when -ftree-vrp is active (default for
-O2 and above). It warns about subscripts to arrays that are always
out of bounds. This warning is enabled by -Wall.

-Warray-bounds=1
This is the warning level of -Warray-bounds and is enabled by
-Wall; higher levels are not, and must be explicitly requested.

-Warray-bounds=2
This warning level also warns about out of bounds access for
arrays at the end of a struct and for arrays accessed through
pointers. This warning level may give a larger number of false
positives and is deactivated by default.

-Wattribute-alias=n
-Wno-attribute-alias
Warn about declarations using the "alias" and similar attributes
whose target is incompatible with the type of the alias.

-Wattribute-alias=1
The default warning level of the -Wattribute-alias option
diagnoses incompatibilities between the type of the alias
declaration and that of its target. Such incompatibilities are
typically indicative of bugs.

-Wattribute-alias=2
At this level -Wattribute-alias also diagnoses cases where the
attributes of the alias declaration are more restrictive than
the attributes applied to its target. These mismatches can
potentially result in incorrect code generation. In other
cases they may be benign and could be resolved simply by adding
the missing attribute to the target. For comparison, see the
-Wmissing-attributes option, which controls diagnostics when
the alias declaration is less restrictive than the target,
rather than more restrictive.

Attributes considered include "alloc_align", "alloc_size",
"cold", "const", "hot", "leaf", "malloc", "nonnull",
"noreturn", "nothrow", "pure", "returns_nonnull", and
"returns_twice".

-Wattribute-alias is equivalent to -Wattribute-alias=1. This is
the default. You can disable these warnings with either
-Wno-attribute-alias or -Wattribute-alias=0.

-Wbool-compare
Warn about boolean expression compared with an integer value
different from "true"/"false". For instance, the following
comparison is always false:

int n = 5;
...
if ((n > 1) == 2) { ... }

This warning is enabled by -Wall.

-Wbool-operation
Warn about suspicious operations on expressions of a boolean type.
For instance, bitwise negation of a boolean is very likely a bug in
the program. For C, this warning also warns about incrementing or
decrementing a boolean, which rarely makes sense. (In C++,
decrementing a boolean is always invalid. Incrementing a boolean
is invalid in C++17, and deprecated otherwise.)

This warning is enabled by -Wall.

-Wduplicated-branches
Warn when an if-else has identical branches. This warning detects
cases like

if (p != NULL)
return 0;
else
return 0;

It doesn't warn when both branches contain just a null statement.
This warning also warn for conditional operators:

int i = x ? *p : *p;

-Wduplicated-cond
Warn about duplicated conditions in an if-else-if chain. For
instance, warn for the following code:

if (p->q != NULL) { ... }
else if (p->q != NULL) { ... }

-Wframe-address
Warn when the __builtin_frame_address or __builtin_return_address
is called with an argument greater than 0. Such calls may return
indeterminate values or crash the program. The warning is included
in -Wall.

-Wno-discarded-qualifiers (C and Objective-C only)
Do not warn if type qualifiers on pointers are being discarded.
Typically, the compiler warns if a "const char *" variable is
passed to a function that takes a "char *" parameter. This option
can be used to suppress such a warning.

-Wno-discarded-array-qualifiers (C and Objective-C only)
Do not warn if type qualifiers on arrays which are pointer targets
are being discarded. Typically, the compiler warns if a "const int
(*)[]" variable is passed to a function that takes a "int (*)[]"
parameter. This option can be used to suppress such a warning.

-Wno-incompatible-pointer-types (C and Objective-C only)
Do not warn when there is a conversion between pointers that have
incompatible types. This warning is for cases not covered by
-Wno-pointer-sign, which warns for pointer argument passing or
assignment with different signedness.

-Wno-int-conversion (C and Objective-C only)
Do not warn about incompatible integer to pointer and pointer to
integer conversions. This warning is about implicit conversions;
for explicit conversions the warnings -Wno-int-to-pointer-cast and
-Wno-pointer-to-int-cast may be used.

-Wno-div-by-zero
Do not warn about compile-time integer division by zero. Floating-
point division by zero is not warned about, as it can be a
legitimate way of obtaining infinities and NaNs.

-Wsystem-headers
Print warning messages for constructs found in system header files.
Warnings from system headers are normally suppressed, on the
assumption that they usually do not indicate real problems and
would only make the compiler output harder to read. Using this
command-line option tells GCC to emit warnings from system headers
as if they occurred in user code. However, note that using -Wall
in conjunction with this option does not warn about unknown pragmas
in system headers---for that, -Wunknown-pragmas must also be used.

-Wtautological-compare
Warn if a self-comparison always evaluates to true or false. This
warning detects various mistakes such as:

int i = 1;
...
if (i > i) { ... }

This warning also warns about bitwise comparisons that always
evaluate to true or false, for instance:

if ((a & 16) == 10) { ... }

will always be false.

This warning is enabled by -Wall.

-Wtrampolines
Warn about trampolines generated for pointers to nested functions.
A trampoline is a small piece of data or code that is created at
run time on the stack when the address of a nested function is
taken, and is used to call the nested function indirectly. For
some targets, it is made up of data only and thus requires no
special treatment. But, for most targets, it is made up of code
and thus requires the stack to be made executable in order for the
program to work properly.

-Wfloat-equal
Warn if floating-point values are used in equality comparisons.

The idea behind this is that sometimes it is convenient (for the
programmer) to consider floating-point values as approximations to
infinitely precise real numbers. If you are doing this, then you
need to compute (by analyzing the code, or in some other way) the
maximum or likely maximum error that the computation introduces,
and allow for it when performing comparisons (and when producing
output, but that's a different problem). In particular, instead of
testing for equality, you should check to see whether the two
values have ranges that overlap; and this is done with the
relational operators, so equality comparisons are probably
mistaken.

-Wtraditional (C and Objective-C only)
Warn about certain constructs that behave differently in
traditional and ISO C. Also warn about ISO C constructs that have
no traditional C equivalent, and/or problematic constructs that
should be avoided.

* Macro parameters that appear within string literals in the
macro body. In traditional C macro replacement takes place
within string literals, but in ISO C it does not.

* In traditional C, some preprocessor directives did not exist.
Traditional preprocessors only considered a line to be a
directive if the # appeared in column 1 on the line. Therefore
-Wtraditional warns about directives that traditional C
understands but ignores because the # does not appear as the
first character on the line. It also suggests you hide
directives like "#pragma" not understood by traditional C by
indenting them. Some traditional implementations do not
recognize "#elif", so this option suggests avoiding it
altogether.

* A function-like macro that appears without arguments.

* The unary plus operator.

* The U integer constant suffix, or the F or L floating-point
constant suffixes. (Traditional C does support the L suffix on
integer constants.) Note, these suffixes appear in macros
defined in the system headers of most modern systems, e.g. the
_MIN/_MAX macros in "<limits.h>". Use of these macros in user
code might normally lead to spurious warnings, however GCC's
integrated preprocessor has enough context to avoid warning in
these cases.

* A function declared external in one block and then used after
the end of the block.

* A "switch" statement has an operand of type "long".

* A non-"static" function declaration follows a "static" one.
This construct is not accepted by some traditional C compilers.

* The ISO type of an integer constant has a different width or
signedness from its traditional type. This warning is only
issued if the base of the constant is ten. I.e. hexadecimal or
octal values, which typically represent bit patterns, are not
warned about.

* Usage of ISO string concatenation is detected.

* Initialization of automatic aggregates.

* Identifier conflicts with labels. Traditional C lacks a
separate namespace for labels.

* Initialization of unions. If the initializer is zero, the
warning is omitted. This is done under the assumption that the
zero initializer in user code appears conditioned on e.g.
"__STDC__" to avoid missing initializer warnings and relies on
default initialization to zero in the traditional C case.

* Conversions by prototypes between fixed/floating-point values
and vice versa. The absence of these prototypes when compiling
with traditional C causes serious problems. This is a subset
of the possible conversion warnings; for the full set use
-Wtraditional-conversion.

* Use of ISO C style function definitions. This warning
intentionally is not issued for prototype declarations or
variadic functions because these ISO C features appear in your
code when using libiberty's traditional C compatibility macros,
"PARAMS" and "VPARAMS". This warning is also bypassed for
nested functions because that feature is already a GCC
extension and thus not relevant to traditional C compatibility.

-Wtraditional-conversion (C and Objective-C only)
Warn if a prototype causes a type conversion that is different from
what would happen to the same argument in the absence of a
prototype. This includes conversions of fixed point to floating
and vice versa, and conversions changing the width or signedness of
a fixed-point argument except when the same as the default
promotion.

-Wdeclaration-after-statement (C and Objective-C only)
Warn when a declaration is found after a statement in a block.
This construct, known from C++, was introduced with ISO C99 and is
by default allowed in GCC. It is not supported by ISO C90.

-Wshadow
Warn whenever a local variable or type declaration shadows another
variable, parameter, type, class member (in C++), or instance
variable (in Objective-C) or whenever a built-in function is
shadowed. Note that in C++, the compiler warns if a local variable
shadows an explicit typedef, but not if it shadows a
struct/class/enum. Same as -Wshadow=global.

-Wno-shadow-ivar (Objective-C only)
Do not warn whenever a local variable shadows an instance variable
in an Objective-C method.

-Wshadow=global
The default for -Wshadow. Warns for any (global) shadowing.

-Wshadow=local
Warn when a local variable shadows another local variable or
parameter. This warning is enabled by -Wshadow=global.

-Wshadow=compatible-local
Warn when a local variable shadows another local variable or
parameter whose type is compatible with that of the shadowing
variable. In C++, type compatibility here means the type of the
shadowing variable can be converted to that of the shadowed
variable. The creation of this flag (in addition to -Wshadow=local)
is based on the idea that when a local variable shadows another one
of incompatible type, it is most likely intentional, not a bug or
typo, as shown in the following example:

for (SomeIterator i = SomeObj.begin(); i != SomeObj.end(); ++i)
{
for (int i = 0; i < N; ++i)
{
...
}
...
}

Since the two variable "i" in the example above have incompatible
types, enabling only -Wshadow=compatible-local will not emit a
warning. Because their types are incompatible, if a programmer
accidentally uses one in place of the other, type checking will
catch that and emit an error or warning. So not warning (about
shadowing) in this case will not lead to undetected bugs. Use of
this flag instead of -Wshadow=local can possibly reduce the number
of warnings triggered by intentional shadowing.

This warning is enabled by -Wshadow=local.

-Wlarger-than=byte-size
Warn whenever an object is defined whose size exceeds byte-size.
-Wlarger-than=PTRDIFF_MAX is enabled by default. Warnings
controlled by the option can be disabled either by specifying byte-
size of SIZE_MAX or more or by -Wno-larger-than.

-Wno-larger-than
Disable -Wlarger-than= warnings. The option is equivalent to
-Wlarger-than=SIZE_MAX or larger.

-Wframe-larger-than=byte-size
Warn if the size of a function frame exceeds byte-size. The
computation done to determine the stack frame size is approximate
and not conservative. The actual requirements may be somewhat
greater than byte-size even if you do not get a warning. In
addition, any space allocated via "alloca", variable-length arrays,
or related constructs is not included by the compiler when
determining whether or not to issue a warning.
-Wframe-larger-than=PTRDIFF_MAX is enabled by default. Warnings
controlled by the option can be disabled either by specifying byte-
size of SIZE_MAX or more or by -Wno-frame-larger-than.

-Wno-frame-larger-than
Disable -Wframe-larger-than= warnings. The option is equivalent to
-Wframe-larger-than=SIZE_MAX or larger.

-Wno-free-nonheap-object
Do not warn when attempting to free an object that was not
allocated on the heap.

-Wstack-usage=byte-size
Warn if the stack usage of a function might exceed byte-size. The
computation done to determine the stack usage is conservative. Any
space allocated via "alloca", variable-length arrays, or related
constructs is included by the compiler when determining whether or
not to issue a warning.

The message is in keeping with the output of -fstack-usage.

* If the stack usage is fully static but exceeds the specified
amount, it's:

warning: stack usage is 1120 bytes

* If the stack usage is (partly) dynamic but bounded, it's:

warning: stack usage might be 1648 bytes

* If the stack usage is (partly) dynamic and not bounded, it's:

warning: stack usage might be unbounded

-Wstack-usage=PTRDIFF_MAX is enabled by default. Warnings
controlled by the option can be disabled either by specifying byte-
size of SIZE_MAX or more or by -Wno-stack-usage.

-Wno-stack-usage
Disable -Wstack-usage= warnings. The option is equivalent to
-Wstack-usage=SIZE_MAX or larger.

-Wunsafe-loop-optimizations
Warn if the loop cannot be optimized because the compiler cannot
assume anything on the bounds of the loop indices. With
-funsafe-loop-optimizations warn if the compiler makes such
assumptions.

-Wno-pedantic-ms-format (MinGW targets only)
When used in combination with -Wformat and -pedantic without GNU
extensions, this option disables the warnings about non-ISO
"printf" / "scanf" format width specifiers "I32", "I64", and "I"
used on Windows targets, which depend on the MS runtime.

-Waligned-new
Warn about a new-expression of a type that requires greater
alignment than the "alignof(std::max_align_t)" but uses an
allocation function without an explicit alignment parameter. This
option is enabled by -Wall.

Normally this only warns about global allocation functions, but
-Waligned-new=all also warns about class member allocation
functions.

-Wplacement-new
-Wplacement-new=n
Warn about placement new expressions with undefined behavior, such
as constructing an object in a buffer that is smaller than the type
of the object. For example, the placement new expression below is
diagnosed because it attempts to construct an array of 64 integers
in a buffer only 64 bytes large.

char buf [64];
new (buf) int[64];

This warning is enabled by default.

-Wplacement-new=1
This is the default warning level of -Wplacement-new. At this
level the warning is not issued for some strictly undefined
constructs that GCC allows as extensions for compatibility with
legacy code. For example, the following "new" expression is
not diagnosed at this level even though it has undefined
behavior according to the C++ standard because it writes past
the end of the one-element array.

struct S { int n, a[1]; };
S *s = (S *)malloc (sizeof *s + 31 * sizeof s->a[0]);
new (s->a)int [32]();

-Wplacement-new=2
At this level, in addition to diagnosing all the same
constructs as at level 1, a diagnostic is also issued for
placement new expressions that construct an object in the last
member of structure whose type is an array of a single element
and whose size is less than the size of the object being
constructed. While the previous example would be diagnosed,
the following construct makes use of the flexible member array
extension to avoid the warning at level 2.

struct S { int n, a[]; };
S *s = (S *)malloc (sizeof *s + 32 * sizeof s->a[0]);
new (s->a)int [32]();

-Wpointer-arith
Warn about anything that depends on the "size of" a function type
or of "void". GNU C assigns these types a size of 1, for
convenience in calculations with "void *" pointers and pointers to
functions. In C++, warn also when an arithmetic operation involves
"NULL". This warning is also enabled by -Wpedantic.

-Wpointer-compare
Warn if a pointer is compared with a zero character constant. This
usually means that the pointer was meant to be dereferenced. For
example:

const char *p = foo ();
if (p == '\0')
return 42;

Note that the code above is invalid in C++11.

This warning is enabled by default.

-Wtype-limits
Warn if a comparison is always true or always false due to the
limited range of the data type, but do not warn for constant
expressions. For example, warn if an unsigned variable is compared
against zero with "<" or ">=". This warning is also enabled by
-Wextra.

-Wabsolute-value (C and Objective-C only)
Warn for calls to standard functions that compute the absolute
value of an argument when a more appropriate standard function is
available. For example, calling "abs(3.14)" triggers the warning
because the appropriate function to call to compute the absolute
value of a double argument is "fabs". The option also triggers
warnings when the argument in a call to such a function has an
unsigned type. This warning can be suppressed with an explicit
type cast and it is also enabled by -Wextra.

-Wcomment
-Wcomments
Warn whenever a comment-start sequence /* appears in a /* comment,
or whenever a backslash-newline appears in a // comment. This
warning is enabled by -Wall.

-Wtrigraphs
Warn if any trigraphs are encountered that might change the meaning
of the program. Trigraphs within comments are not warned about,
except those that would form escaped newlines.

This option is implied by -Wall. If -Wall is not given, this
option is still enabled unless trigraphs are enabled. To get
trigraph conversion without warnings, but get the other -Wall
warnings, use -trigraphs -Wall -Wno-trigraphs.

-Wundef
Warn if an undefined identifier is evaluated in an "#if" directive.
Such identifiers are replaced with zero.

-Wexpansion-to-defined
Warn whenever defined is encountered in the expansion of a macro
(including the case where the macro is expanded by an #if
directive). Such usage is not portable. This warning is also
enabled by -Wpedantic and -Wextra.

-Wunused-macros
Warn about macros defined in the main file that are unused. A
macro is used if it is expanded or tested for existence at least
once. The preprocessor also warns if the macro has not been used
at the time it is redefined or undefined.

Built-in macros, macros defined on the command line, and macros
defined in include files are not warned about.

Note: If a macro is actually used, but only used in skipped
conditional blocks, then the preprocessor reports it as unused. To
avoid the warning in such a case, you might improve the scope of
the macro's definition by, for example, moving it into the first
skipped block. Alternatively, you could provide a dummy use with
something like:

#if defined the_macro_causing_the_warning
#endif

-Wno-endif-labels
Do not warn whenever an "#else" or an "#endif" are followed by
text. This sometimes happens in older programs with code of the
form

#if FOO
...
#else FOO
...
#endif FOO

The second and third "FOO" should be in comments. This warning is
on by default.

-Wbad-function-cast (C and Objective-C only)
Warn when a function call is cast to a non-matching type. For
example, warn if a call to a function returning an integer type is
cast to a pointer type.

-Wc90-c99-compat (C and Objective-C only)
Warn about features not present in ISO C90, but present in ISO C99.
For instance, warn about use of variable length arrays, "long long"
type, "bool" type, compound literals, designated initializers, and
so on. This option is independent of the standards mode. Warnings
are disabled in the expression that follows "__extension__".

-Wc99-c11-compat (C and Objective-C only)
Warn about features not present in ISO C99, but present in ISO C11.
For instance, warn about use of anonymous structures and unions,
"_Atomic" type qualifier, "_Thread_local" storage-class specifier,
"_Alignas" specifier, "Alignof" operator, "_Generic" keyword, and
so on. This option is independent of the standards mode. Warnings
are disabled in the expression that follows "__extension__".

-Wc++-compat (C and Objective-C only)
Warn about ISO C constructs that are outside of the common subset
of ISO C and ISO C++, e.g. request for implicit conversion from
"void *" to a pointer to non-"void" type.

-Wc++11-compat (C++ and Objective-C++ only)
Warn about C++ constructs whose meaning differs between ISO C++
1998 and ISO C++ 2011, e.g., identifiers in ISO C++ 1998 that are
keywords in ISO C++ 2011. This warning turns on -Wnarrowing and is
enabled by -Wall.

-Wc++14-compat (C++ and Objective-C++ only)
Warn about C++ constructs whose meaning differs between ISO C++
2011 and ISO C++ 2014. This warning is enabled by -Wall.

-Wc++17-compat (C++ and Objective-C++ only)
Warn about C++ constructs whose meaning differs between ISO C++
2014 and ISO C++ 2017. This warning is enabled by -Wall.

-Wcast-qual
Warn whenever a pointer is cast so as to remove a type qualifier
from the target type. For example, warn if a "const char *" is
cast to an ordinary "char *".

Also warn when making a cast that introduces a type qualifier in an
unsafe way. For example, casting "char **" to "const char **" is
unsafe, as in this example:

/* p is char ** value. */
const char **q = (const char **) p;
/* Assignment of readonly string to const char * is OK. */
*q = "string";
/* Now char** pointer points to read-only memory. */
**p = 'b';

-Wcast-align
Warn whenever a pointer is cast such that the required alignment of
the target is increased. For example, warn if a "char *" is cast
to an "int *" on machines where integers can only be accessed at
two- or four-byte boundaries.

-Wcast-align=strict
Warn whenever a pointer is cast such that the required alignment of
the target is increased. For example, warn if a "char *" is cast
to an "int *" regardless of the target machine.

-Wcast-function-type
Warn when a function pointer is cast to an incompatible function
pointer. In a cast involving function types with a variable
argument list only the types of initial arguments that are provided
are considered. Any parameter of pointer-type matches any other
pointer-type. Any benign differences in integral types are
ignored, like "int" vs. "long" on ILP32 targets. Likewise type
qualifiers are ignored. The function type "void (*) (void)" is
special and matches everything, which can be used to suppress this
warning. In a cast involving pointer to member types this warning
warns whenever the type cast is changing the pointer to member
type. This warning is enabled by -Wextra.

-Wwrite-strings
When compiling C, give string constants the type "const
char[length]" so that copying the address of one into a non-"const"
"char *" pointer produces a warning. These warnings help you find
at compile time code that can try to write into a string constant,
but only if you have been very careful about using "const" in
declarations and prototypes. Otherwise, it is just a nuisance.
This is why we did not make -Wall request these warnings.

When compiling C++, warn about the deprecated conversion from
string literals to "char *". This warning is enabled by default
for C++ programs.

-Wcatch-value
-Wcatch-value=n (C++ and Objective-C++ only)
Warn about catch handlers that do not catch via reference. With
-Wcatch-value=1 (or -Wcatch-value for short) warn about polymorphic
class types that are caught by value. With -Wcatch-value=2 warn
about all class types that are caught by value. With
-Wcatch-value=3 warn about all types that are not caught by
reference. -Wcatch-value is enabled by -Wall.

-Wclobbered
Warn for variables that might be changed by "longjmp" or "vfork".
This warning is also enabled by -Wextra.

-Wconditionally-supported (C++ and Objective-C++ only)
Warn for conditionally-supported (C++11 [intro.defs]) constructs.

-Wconversion
Warn for implicit conversions that may alter a value. This includes
conversions between real and integer, like "abs (x)" when "x" is
"double"; conversions between signed and unsigned, like "unsigned
ui = -1"; and conversions to smaller types, like "sqrtf (M_PI)". Do
not warn for explicit casts like "abs ((int) x)" and "ui =
(unsigned) -1", or if the value is not changed by the conversion
like in "abs (2.0)". Warnings about conversions between signed and
unsigned integers can be disabled by using -Wno-sign-conversion.

For C++, also warn for confusing overload resolution for user-
defined conversions; and conversions that never use a type
conversion operator: conversions to "void", the same type, a base
class or a reference to them. Warnings about conversions between
signed and unsigned integers are disabled by default in C++ unless
-Wsign-conversion is explicitly enabled.

-Wno-conversion-null (C++ and Objective-C++ only)
Do not warn for conversions between "NULL" and non-pointer types.
-Wconversion-null is enabled by default.

-Wzero-as-null-pointer-constant (C++ and Objective-C++ only)
Warn when a literal 0 is used as null pointer constant. This can
be useful to facilitate the conversion to "nullptr" in C++11.

-Wsubobject-linkage (C++ and Objective-C++ only)
Warn if a class type has a base or a field whose type uses the
anonymous namespace or depends on a type with no linkage. If a
type A depends on a type B with no or internal linkage, defining it
in multiple translation units would be an ODR violation because the
meaning of B is different in each translation unit. If A only
appears in a single translation unit, the best way to silence the
warning is to give it internal linkage by putting it in an
anonymous namespace as well. The compiler doesn't give this
warning for types defined in the main .C file, as those are
unlikely to have multiple definitions. -Wsubobject-linkage is
enabled by default.

-Wdangling-else
Warn about constructions where there may be confusion to which "if"
statement an "else" branch belongs. Here is an example of such a
case:

{
if (a)
if (b)
foo ();
else
bar ();
}

In C/C++, every "else" branch belongs to the innermost possible
"if" statement, which in this example is "if (b)". This is often
not what the programmer expected, as illustrated in the above
example by indentation the programmer chose. When there is the
potential for this confusion, GCC issues a warning when this flag
is specified. To eliminate the warning, add explicit braces around
the innermost "if" statement so there is no way the "else" can
belong to the enclosing "if". The resulting code looks like this:

{
if (a)
{
if (b)
foo ();
else
bar ();
}
}

This warning is enabled by -Wparentheses.

-Wdate-time
Warn when macros "__TIME__", "__DATE__" or "__TIMESTAMP__" are
encountered as they might prevent bit-wise-identical reproducible
compilations.

-Wdelete-incomplete (C++ and Objective-C++ only)
Warn when deleting a pointer to incomplete type, which may cause
undefined behavior at runtime. This warning is enabled by default.

-Wuseless-cast (C++ and Objective-C++ only)
Warn when an expression is casted to its own type.

-Wempty-body
Warn if an empty body occurs in an "if", "else" or "do while"
statement. This warning is also enabled by -Wextra.

-Wenum-compare
Warn about a comparison between values of different enumerated
types. In C++ enumerated type mismatches in conditional
expressions are also diagnosed and the warning is enabled by
default. In C this warning is enabled by -Wall.

-Wextra-semi (C++, Objective-C++ only)
Warn about redundant semicolon after in-class function definition.

-Wjump-misses-init (C, Objective-C only)
Warn if a "goto" statement or a "switch" statement jumps forward
across the initialization of a variable, or jumps backward to a
label after the variable has been initialized. This only warns
about variables that are initialized when they are declared. This
warning is only supported for C and Objective-C; in C++ this sort
of branch is an error in any case.

-Wjump-misses-init is included in -Wc++-compat. It can be disabled
with the -Wno-jump-misses-init option.

-Wsign-compare
Warn when a comparison between signed and unsigned values could
produce an incorrect result when the signed value is converted to
unsigned. In C++, this warning is also enabled by -Wall. In C, it
is also enabled by -Wextra.

-Wsign-conversion
Warn for implicit conversions that may change the sign of an
integer value, like assigning a signed integer expression to an
unsigned integer variable. An explicit cast silences the warning.
In C, this option is enabled also by -Wconversion.

-Wfloat-conversion
Warn for implicit conversions that reduce the precision of a real
value. This includes conversions from real to integer, and from
higher precision real to lower precision real values. This option
is also enabled by -Wconversion.

-Wno-scalar-storage-order
Do not warn on suspicious constructs involving reverse scalar
storage order.

-Wsized-deallocation (C++ and Objective-C++ only)
Warn about a definition of an unsized deallocation function

void operator delete (void *) noexcept;
void operator delete[] (void *) noexcept;

without a definition of the corresponding sized deallocation
function

void operator delete (void *, std::size_t) noexcept;
void operator delete[] (void *, std::size_t) noexcept;

or vice versa. Enabled by -Wextra along with -fsized-deallocation.

-Wsizeof-pointer-div
Warn for suspicious divisions of two sizeof expressions that divide
the pointer size by the element size, which is the usual way to
compute the array size but won't work out correctly with pointers.
This warning warns e.g. about "sizeof (ptr) / sizeof (ptr[0])" if
"ptr" is not an array, but a pointer. This warning is enabled by
-Wall.

-Wsizeof-pointer-memaccess
Warn for suspicious length parameters to certain string and memory
built-in functions if the argument uses "sizeof". This warning
triggers for example for "memset (ptr, 0, sizeof (ptr));" if "ptr"
is not an array, but a pointer, and suggests a possible fix, or
about "memcpy (&foo, ptr, sizeof (&foo));".
-Wsizeof-pointer-memaccess also warns about calls to bounded string
copy functions like "strncat" or "strncpy" that specify as the
bound a "sizeof" expression of the source array. For example, in
the following function the call to "strncat" specifies the size of
the source string as the bound. That is almost certainly a mistake
and so the call is diagnosed.

void make_file (const char *name)
{
char path[PATH_MAX];
strncpy (path, name, sizeof path - 1);
strncat (path, ".text", sizeof ".text");
...
}

The -Wsizeof-pointer-memaccess option is enabled by -Wall.

-Wsizeof-array-argument
Warn when the "sizeof" operator is applied to a parameter that is
declared as an array in a function definition. This warning is
enabled by default for C and C++ programs.

-Wmemset-elt-size
Warn for suspicious calls to the "memset" built-in function, if the
first argument references an array, and the third argument is a
number equal to the number of elements, but not equal to the size
of the array in memory. This indicates that the user has omitted a
multiplication by the element size. This warning is enabled by
-Wall.

-Wmemset-transposed-args
Warn for suspicious calls to the "memset" built-in function where
the second argument is not zero and the third argument is zero.
For example, the call "memset (buf, sizeof buf, 0)" is diagnosed
because "memset (buf, 0, sizeof buf)" was meant instead. The
diagnostic is only emitted if the third argument is a literal zero.
Otherwise, if it is an expression that is folded to zero, or a cast
of zero to some type, it is far less likely that the arguments have
been mistakenly transposed and no warning is emitted. This warning
is enabled by -Wall.

-Waddress
Warn about suspicious uses of memory addresses. These include using
the address of a function in a conditional expression, such as
"void func(void); if (func)", and comparisons against the memory
address of a string literal, such as "if (x == "abc")". Such uses
typically indicate a programmer error: the address of a function
always evaluates to true, so their use in a conditional usually
indicate that the programmer forgot the parentheses in a function
call; and comparisons against string literals result in unspecified
behavior and are not portable in C, so they usually indicate that
the programmer intended to use "strcmp". This warning is enabled
by -Wall.

-Waddress-of-packed-member
Warn when the address of packed member of struct or union is taken,
which usually results in an unaligned pointer value. This is
enabled by default.

-Wlogical-op
Warn about suspicious uses of logical operators in expressions.
This includes using logical operators in contexts where a bit-wise
operator is likely to be expected. Also warns when the operands of
a logical operator are the same:

extern int a;
if (a < 0 && a < 0) { ... }

-Wlogical-not-parentheses
Warn about logical not used on the left hand side operand of a
comparison. This option does not warn if the right operand is
considered to be a boolean expression. Its purpose is to detect
suspicious code like the following:

int a;
...
if (!a > 1) { ... }

It is possible to suppress the warning by wrapping the LHS into
parentheses:

if ((!a) > 1) { ... }

This warning is enabled by -Wall.

-Waggregate-return
Warn if any functions that return structures or unions are defined
or called. (In languages where you can return an array, this also
elicits a warning.)

-Wno-aggressive-loop-optimizations
Warn if in a loop with constant number of iterations the compiler
detects undefined behavior in some statement during one or more of
the iterations.

-Wno-attributes
Do not warn if an unexpected "__attribute__" is used, such as
unrecognized attributes, function attributes applied to variables,
etc. This does not stop errors for incorrect use of supported
attributes.

-Wno-builtin-declaration-mismatch
Warn if a built-in function is declared with an incompatible
signature or as a non-function, or when a built-in function
declared with a type that does not include a prototype is called
with arguments whose promoted types do not match those expected by
the function. When -Wextra is specified, also warn when a built-in
function that takes arguments is declared without a prototype. The
-Wno-builtin-declaration-mismatch warning is enabled by default.
To avoid the warning include the appropriate header to bring the
prototypes of built-in functions into scope.

For example, the call to "memset" below is diagnosed by the warning
because the function expects a value of type "size_t" as its
argument but the type of 32 is "int". With -Wextra, the
declaration of the function is diagnosed as well.

extern void* memset ();
void f (void *d)
{
memset (d, '\0', 32);
}

-Wno-builtin-macro-redefined
Do not warn if certain built-in macros are redefined. This
suppresses warnings for redefinition of "__TIMESTAMP__",
"__TIME__", "__DATE__", "__FILE__", and "__BASE_FILE__".

-Wstrict-prototypes (C and Objective-C only)
Warn if a function is declared or defined without specifying the
argument types. (An old-style function definition is permitted
without a warning if preceded by a declaration that specifies the
argument types.)

-Wold-style-declaration (C and Objective-C only)
Warn for obsolescent usages, according to the C Standard, in a
declaration. For example, warn if storage-class specifiers like
"static" are not the first things in a declaration. This warning
is also enabled by -Wextra.

-Wold-style-definition (C and Objective-C only)
Warn if an old-style function definition is used. A warning is
given even if there is a previous prototype.

-Wmissing-parameter-type (C and Objective-C only)
A function parameter is declared without a type specifier in
K&R-style functions:

void foo(bar) { }

This warning is also enabled by -Wextra.

-Wmissing-prototypes (C and Objective-C only)
Warn if a global function is defined without a previous prototype
declaration. This warning is issued even if the definition itself
provides a prototype. Use this option to detect global functions
that do not have a matching prototype declaration in a header file.
This option is not valid for C++ because all function declarations
provide prototypes and a non-matching declaration declares an
overload rather than conflict with an earlier declaration. Use
-Wmissing-declarations to detect missing declarations in C++.

-Wmissing-declarations
Warn if a global function is defined without a previous
declaration. Do so even if the definition itself provides a
prototype. Use this option to detect global functions that are not
declared in header files. In C, no warnings are issued for
functions with previous non-prototype declarations; use
-Wmissing-prototypes to detect missing prototypes. In C++, no
warnings are issued for function templates, or for inline
functions, or for functions in anonymous namespaces.

-Wmissing-field-initializers
Warn if a structure's initializer has some fields missing. For
example, the following code causes such a warning, because "x.h" is
implicitly zero:

struct s { int f, g, h; };
struct s x = { 3, 4 };

This option does not warn about designated initializers, so the
following modification does not trigger a warning:

struct s { int f, g, h; };
struct s x = { .f = 3, .g = 4 };

In C this option does not warn about the universal zero initializer
{ 0 }:

struct s { int f, g, h; };
struct s x = { 0 };

Likewise, in C++ this option does not warn about the empty { }
initializer, for example:

struct s { int f, g, h; };
s x = { };

This warning is included in -Wextra. To get other -Wextra warnings
without this one, use -Wextra -Wno-missing-field-initializers.

-Wno-multichar
Do not warn if a multicharacter constant ('FOOF') is used. Usually
they indicate a typo in the user's code, as they have
implementation-defined values, and should not be used in portable
code.

-Wnormalized=[none|id|nfc|nfkc]
In ISO C and ISO C++, two identifiers are different if they are
different sequences of characters. However, sometimes when
characters outside the basic ASCII character set are used, you can
have two different character sequences that look the same. To
avoid confusion, the ISO 10646 standard sets out some normalization
rules which when applied ensure that two sequences that look the
same are turned into the same sequence. GCC can warn you if you
are using identifiers that have not been normalized; this option
controls that warning.

There are four levels of warning supported by GCC. The default is
-Wnormalized=nfc, which warns about any identifier that is not in
the ISO 10646 "C" normalized form, NFC. NFC is the recommended
form for most uses. It is equivalent to -Wnormalized.

Unfortunately, there are some characters allowed in identifiers by
ISO C and ISO C++ that, when turned into NFC, are not allowed in
identifiers. That is, there's no way to use these symbols in
portable ISO C or C++ and have all your identifiers in NFC.
-Wnormalized=id suppresses the warning for these characters. It is
hoped that future versions of the standards involved will correct
this, which is why this option is not the default.

You can switch the warning off for all characters by writing
-Wnormalized=none or -Wno-normalized. You should only do this if
you are using some other normalization scheme (like "D"), because
otherwise you can easily create bugs that are literally impossible
to see.

Some characters in ISO 10646 have distinct meanings but look
identical in some fonts or display methodologies, especially once
formatting has been applied. For instance "\u207F", "SUPERSCRIPT
LATIN SMALL LETTER N", displays just like a regular "n" that has
been placed in a superscript. ISO 10646 defines the NFKC
normalization scheme to convert all these into a standard form as
well, and GCC warns if your code is not in NFKC if you use
-Wnormalized=nfkc. This warning is comparable to warning about
every identifier that contains the letter O because it might be
confused with the digit 0, and so is not the default, but may be
useful as a local coding convention if the programming environment
cannot be fixed to display these characters distinctly.

-Wno-attribute-warning
Do not warn about usage of functions declared with "warning"
attribute. By default, this warning is enabled.
-Wno-attribute-warning can be used to disable the warning or
-Wno-error=attribute-warning can be used to disable the error when
compiled with -Werror flag.

-Wno-deprecated
Do not warn about usage of deprecated features.

-Wno-deprecated-declarations
Do not warn about uses of functions, variables, and types marked as
deprecated by using the "deprecated" attribute.

-Wno-overflow
Do not warn about compile-time overflow in constant expressions.

-Wno-odr
Warn about One Definition Rule violations during link-time
optimization. Requires -flto-odr-type-merging to be enabled.
Enabled by default.

-Wopenmp-simd
Warn if the vectorizer cost model overrides the OpenMP simd
directive set by user. The -fsimd-cost-model=unlimited option can
be used to relax the cost model.

-Woverride-init (C and Objective-C only)
Warn if an initialized field without side effects is overridden
when using designated initializers.

This warning is included in -Wextra. To get other -Wextra warnings
without this one, use -Wextra -Wno-override-init.

-Woverride-init-side-effects (C and Objective-C only)
Warn if an initialized field with side effects is overridden when
using designated initializers. This warning is enabled by default.

-Wpacked
Warn if a structure is given the packed attribute, but the packed
attribute has no effect on the layout or size of the structure.
Such structures may be mis-aligned for little benefit. For
instance, in this code, the variable "f.x" in "struct bar" is
misaligned even though "struct bar" does not itself have the packed
attribute:

struct foo {
int x;
char a, b, c, d;
} __attribute__((packed));
struct bar {
char z;
struct foo f;
};

-Wpacked-bitfield-compat
The 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3 series of GCC ignore the "packed" attribute on
bit-fields of type "char". This has been fixed in GCC 4.4 but the
change can lead to differences in the structure layout. GCC
informs you when the offset of such a field has changed in GCC 4.4.
For example there is no longer a 4-bit padding between field "a"
and "b" in this structure:

struct foo
{
char a:4;
char b:8;
} __attribute__ ((packed));

This warning is enabled by default. Use
-Wno-packed-bitfield-compat to disable this warning.

-Wpacked-not-aligned (C, C++, Objective-C and Objective-C++ only)
Warn if a structure field with explicitly specified alignment in a
packed struct or union is misaligned. For example, a warning will
be issued on "struct S", like, "warning: alignment 1 of 'struct S'
is less than 8", in this code:

struct __attribute__ ((aligned (8))) S8 { char a[8]; };
struct __attribute__ ((packed)) S {
struct S8 s8;
};

This warning is enabled by -Wall.

-Wpadded
Warn if padding is included in a structure, either to align an
element of the structure or to align the whole structure.
Sometimes when this happens it is possible to rearrange the fields
of the structure to reduce the padding and so make the structure
smaller.

-Wredundant-decls
Warn if anything is declared more than once in the same scope, even
in cases where multiple declaration is valid and changes nothing.

-Wno-restrict
Warn when an object referenced by a "restrict"-qualified parameter
(or, in C++, a "__restrict"-qualified parameter) is aliased by
another argument, or when copies between such objects overlap. For
example, the call to the "strcpy" function below attempts to
truncate the string by replacing its initial characters with the
last four. However, because the call writes the terminating NUL
into "a[4]", the copies overlap and the call is diagnosed.

void foo (void)
{
char a[] = "abcd1234";
strcpy (a, a + 4);
...
}

The -Wrestrict option detects some instances of simple overlap even
without optimization but works best at -O2 and above. It is
included in -Wall.

-Wnested-externs (C and Objective-C only)
Warn if an "extern" declaration is encountered within a function.

-Wno-inherited-variadic-ctor
Suppress warnings about use of C++11 inheriting constructors when
the base class inherited from has a C variadic constructor; the
warning is on by default because the ellipsis is not inherited.

-Winline
Warn if a function that is declared as inline cannot be inlined.
Even with this option, the compiler does not warn about failures to
inline functions declared in system headers.

The compiler uses a variety of heuristics to determine whether or
not to inline a function. For example, the compiler takes into
account the size of the function being inlined and the amount of
inlining that has already been done in the current function.
Therefore, seemingly insignificant changes in the source program
can cause the warnings produced by -Winline to appear or disappear.

-Wno-invalid-offsetof (C++ and Objective-C++ only)
Suppress warnings from applying the "offsetof" macro to a non-POD
type. According to the 2014 ISO C++ standard, applying "offsetof"
to a non-standard-layout type is undefined. In existing C++
implementations, however, "offsetof" typically gives meaningful
results. This flag is for users who are aware that they are
writing nonportable code and who have deliberately chosen to ignore
the warning about it.

The restrictions on "offsetof" may be relaxed in a future version
of the C++ standard.

-Wint-in-bool-context
Warn for suspicious use of integer values where boolean values are
expected, such as conditional expressions (?:) using non-boolean
integer constants in boolean context, like "if (a <= b ? 2 : 3)".
Or left shifting of signed integers in boolean context, like "for
(a = 0; 1 << a; a++);". Likewise for all kinds of multiplications
regardless of the data type. This warning is enabled by -Wall.

-Wno-int-to-pointer-cast
Suppress warnings from casts to pointer type of an integer of a
different size. In C++, casting to a pointer type of smaller size
is an error. Wint-to-pointer-cast is enabled by default.

-Wno-pointer-to-int-cast (C and Objective-C only)
Suppress warnings from casts from a pointer to an integer type of a
different size.

-Winvalid-pch
Warn if a precompiled header is found in the search path but cannot
be used.

-Wlong-long
Warn if "long long" type is used. This is enabled by either
-Wpedantic or -Wtraditional in ISO C90 and C++98 modes. To inhibit
the warning messages, use -Wno-long-long.

-Wvariadic-macros
Warn if variadic macros are used in ISO C90 mode, or if the GNU
alternate syntax is used in ISO C99 mode. This is enabled by
either -Wpedantic or -Wtraditional. To inhibit the warning
messages, use -Wno-variadic-macros.

-Wvarargs
Warn upon questionable usage of the macros used to handle variable
arguments like "va_start". This is default. To inhibit the
warning messages, use -Wno-varargs.

-Wvector-operation-performance
Warn if vector operation is not implemented via SIMD capabilities
of the architecture. Mainly useful for the performance tuning.
Vector operation can be implemented "piecewise", which means that
the scalar operation is performed on every vector element; "in
parallel", which means that the vector operation is implemented
using scalars of wider type, which normally is more performance
efficient; and "as a single scalar", which means that vector fits
into a scalar type.

-Wno-virtual-move-assign
Suppress warnings about inheriting from a virtual base with a non-
trivial C++11 move assignment operator. This is dangerous because
if the virtual base is reachable along more than one path, it is
moved multiple times, which can mean both objects end up in the
moved-from state. If the move assignment operator is written to
avoid moving from a moved-from object, this warning can be
disabled.

-Wvla
Warn if a variable-length array is used in the code. -Wno-vla
prevents the -Wpedantic warning of the variable-length array.

-Wvla-larger-than=byte-size
If this option is used, the compiler will warn for declarations of
variable-length arrays whose size is either unbounded, or bounded
by an argument that allows the array size to exceed byte-size
bytes. This is similar to how -Walloca-larger-than=byte-size
works, but with variable-length arrays.

Note that GCC may optimize small variable-length arrays of a known
value into plain arrays, so this warning may not get triggered for
such arrays.

-Wvla-larger-than=PTRDIFF_MAX is enabled by default but is
typically only effective when -ftree-vrp is active (default for -O2
and above).

See also -Walloca-larger-than=byte-size.

-Wno-vla-larger-than
Disable -Wvla-larger-than= warnings. The option is equivalent to
-Wvla-larger-than=SIZE_MAX or larger.

-Wvolatile-register-var
Warn if a register variable is declared volatile. The volatile
modifier does not inhibit all optimizations that may eliminate
reads and/or writes to register variables. This warning is enabled
by -Wall.

-Wdisabled-optimization
Warn if a requested optimization pass is disabled. This warning
does not generally indicate that there is anything wrong with your
code; it merely indicates that GCC's optimizers are unable to
handle the code effectively. Often, the problem is that your code
is too big or too complex; GCC refuses to optimize programs when
the optimization itself is likely to take inordinate amounts of
time.

-Wpointer-sign (C and Objective-C only)
Warn for pointer argument passing or assignment with different
signedness. This option is only supported for C and Objective-C.
It is implied by -Wall and by -Wpedantic, which can be disabled
with -Wno-pointer-sign.

-Wstack-protector
This option is only active when -fstack-protector is active. It
warns about functions that are not protected against stack
smashing.

-Woverlength-strings
Warn about string constants that are longer than the "minimum
maximum" length specified in the C standard. Modern compilers
generally allow string constants that are much longer than the
standard's minimum limit, but very portable programs should avoid
using longer strings.

The limit applies after string constant concatenation, and does not
count the trailing NUL. In C90, the limit was 509 characters; in
C99, it was raised to 4095. C++98 does not specify a normative
minimum maximum, so we do not diagnose overlength strings in C++.

This option is implied by -Wpedantic, and can be disabled with
-Wno-overlength-strings.

-Wunsuffixed-float-constants (C and Objective-C only)
Issue a warning for any floating constant that does not have a
suffix. When used together with -Wsystem-headers it warns about
such constants in system header files. This can be useful when
preparing code to use with the "FLOAT_CONST_DECIMAL64" pragma from
the decimal floating-point extension to C99.

-Wno-designated-init (C and Objective-C only)
Suppress warnings when a positional initializer is used to
initialize a structure that has been marked with the
"designated_init" attribute.

-Whsa
Issue a warning when HSAIL cannot be emitted for the compiled
function or OpenMP construct.

Options for Debugging Your Program
To tell GCC to emit extra information for use by a debugger, in almost
all cases you need only to add -g to your other options.

GCC allows you to use -g with -O. The shortcuts taken by optimized
code may occasionally be surprising: some variables you declared may
not exist at all; flow of control may briefly move where you did not
expect it; some statements may not be executed because they compute
constant results or their values are already at hand; some statements
may execute in different places because they have been moved out of
loops. Nevertheless it is possible to debug optimized output. This
makes it reasonable to use the optimizer for programs that might have
bugs.

If you are not using some other optimization option, consider using -Og
with -g. With no -O option at all, some compiler passes that collect
information useful for debugging do not run at all, so that -Og may
result in a better debugging experience.

-g Produce debugging information in the operating system's native
format (stabs, COFF, XCOFF, or DWARF). GDB can work with this
debugging information.

On most systems that use stabs format, -g enables use of extra
debugging information that only GDB can use; this extra information
makes debugging work better in GDB but probably makes other
debuggers crash or refuse to read the program. If you want to
control for certain whether to generate the extra information, use
-gstabs+, -gstabs, -gxcoff+, -gxcoff, or -gvms (see below).

-ggdb
Produce debugging information for use by GDB. This means to use
the most expressive format available (DWARF, stabs, or the native
format if neither of those are supported), including GDB extensions
if at all possible.

-gdwarf
-gdwarf-version
Produce debugging information in DWARF format (if that is
supported). The value of version may be either 2, 3, 4 or 5; the
default version for most targets is 4. DWARF Version 5 is only
experimental.

Note that with DWARF Version 2, some ports require and always use
some non-conflicting DWARF 3 extensions in the unwind tables.

Version 4 may require GDB 7.0 and -fvar-tracking-assignments for
maximum benefit.

GCC no longer supports DWARF Version 1, which is substantially
different than Version 2 and later. For historical reasons, some
other DWARF-related options such as -fno-dwarf2-cfi-asm) retain a
reference to DWARF Version 2 in their names, but apply to all
currently-supported versions of DWARF.

-gstabs
Produce debugging information in stabs format (if that is
supported), without GDB extensions. This is the format used by DBX
on most BSD systems. On MIPS, Alpha and System V Release 4 systems
this option produces stabs debugging output that is not understood
by DBX. On System V Release 4 systems this option requires the GNU
assembler.

-gstabs+
Produce debugging information in stabs format (if that is
supported), using GNU extensions understood only by the GNU
debugger (GDB). The use of these extensions is likely to make
other debuggers crash or refuse to read the program.

-gxcoff
Produce debugging information in XCOFF format (if that is
supported). This is the format used by the DBX debugger on IBM
RS/6000 systems.

-gxcoff+
Produce debugging information in XCOFF format (if that is
supported), using GNU extensions understood only by the GNU
debugger (GDB). The use of these extensions is likely to make
other debuggers crash or refuse to read the program, and may cause
assemblers other than the GNU assembler (GAS) to fail with an
error.

-gvms
Produce debugging information in Alpha/VMS debug format (if that is
supported). This is the format used by DEBUG on Alpha/VMS systems.

-glevel
-ggdblevel
-gstabslevel
-gxcofflevel
-gvmslevel
Request debugging information and also use level to specify how
much information. The default level is 2.

Level 0 produces no debug information at all. Thus, -g0 negates
-g.

Level 1 produces minimal information, enough for making backtraces
in parts of the program that you don't plan to debug. This
includes descriptions of functions and external variables, and line
number tables, but no information about local variables.

Level 3 includes extra information, such as all the macro
definitions present in the program. Some debuggers support macro
expansion when you use -g3.

If you use multiple -g options, with or without level numbers, the
last such option is the one that is effective.

-gdwarf does not accept a concatenated debug level, to avoid
confusion with -gdwarf-level. Instead use an additional -glevel
option to change the debug level for DWARF.

-feliminate-unused-debug-symbols
Produce debugging information in stabs format (if that is
supported), for only symbols that are actually used.

-femit-class-debug-always
Instead of emitting debugging information for a C++ class in only
one object file, emit it in all object files using the class. This
option should be used only with debuggers that are unable to handle
the way GCC normally emits debugging information for classes
because using this option increases the size of debugging
information by as much as a factor of two.

-fno-merge-debug-strings
Direct the linker to not merge together strings in the debugging
information that are identical in different object files. Merging
is not supported by all assemblers or linkers. Merging decreases
the size of the debug information in the output file at the cost of
increasing link processing time. Merging is enabled by default.

-fdebug-prefix-map=old=new
When compiling files residing in directory old, record debugging
information describing them as if the files resided in directory
new instead. This can be used to replace a build-time path with an
install-time path in the debug info. It can also be used to change
an absolute path to a relative path by using . for new. This can
give more reproducible builds, which are location independent, but
may require an extra command to tell GDB where to find the source
files. See also -ffile-prefix-map.

-fvar-tracking
Run variable tracking pass. It computes where variables are stored
at each position in code. Better debugging information is then
generated (if the debugging information format supports this
information).

It is enabled by default when compiling with optimization (-Os, -O,
-O2, ...), debugging information (-g) and the debug info format
supports it.

-fvar-tracking-assignments
Annotate assignments to user variables early in the compilation and
attempt to carry the annotations over throughout the compilation
all the way to the end, in an attempt to improve debug information
while optimizing. Use of -gdwarf-4 is recommended along with it.

It can be enabled even if var-tracking is disabled, in which case
annotations are created and maintained, but discarded at the end.
By default, this flag is enabled together with -fvar-tracking,
except when selective scheduling is enabled.

-gsplit-dwarf
Separate as much DWARF debugging information as possible into a
separate output file with the extension .dwo. This option allows
the build system to avoid linking files with debug information. To
be useful, this option requires a debugger capable of reading .dwo
files.

-gdescribe-dies
Add description attributes to some DWARF DIEs that have no name
attribute, such as artificial variables, external references and
call site parameter DIEs.

-gpubnames
Generate DWARF ".debug_pubnames" and ".debug_pubtypes" sections.

-ggnu-pubnames
Generate ".debug_pubnames" and ".debug_pubtypes" sections in a
format suitable for conversion into a GDB index. This option is
only useful with a linker that can produce GDB index version 7.

-fdebug-types-section
When using DWARF Version 4 or higher, type DIEs can be put into
their own ".debug_types" section instead of making them part of the
".debug_info" section. It is more efficient to put them in a
separate comdat section since the linker can then remove
duplicates. But not all DWARF consumers support ".debug_types"
sections yet and on some objects ".debug_types" produces larger
instead of smaller debugging information.

-grecord-gcc-switches
-gno-record-gcc-switches
This switch causes the command-line options used to invoke the
compiler that may affect code generation to be appended to the
DW_AT_producer attribute in DWARF debugging information. The
options are concatenated with spaces separating them from each
other and from the compiler version. It is enabled by default.
See also -frecord-gcc-switches for another way of storing compiler
options into the object file.

-gstrict-dwarf
Disallow using extensions of later DWARF standard version than
selected with -gdwarf-version. On most targets using non-
conflicting DWARF extensions from later standard versions is
allowed.

-gno-strict-dwarf
Allow using extensions of later DWARF standard version than
selected with -gdwarf-version.

-gas-loc-support
Inform the compiler that the assembler supports ".loc" directives.
It may then use them for the assembler to generate DWARF2+ line
number tables.

This is generally desirable, because assembler-generated line-
number tables are a lot more compact than those the compiler can
generate itself.

This option will be enabled by default if, at GCC configure time,
the assembler was found to support such directives.

-gno-as-loc-support
Force GCC to generate DWARF2+ line number tables internally, if
DWARF2+ line number tables are to be generated.

gas-locview-support
Inform the compiler that the assembler supports "view" assignment
and reset assertion checking in ".loc" directives.

This option will be enabled by default if, at GCC configure time,
the assembler was found to support them.

gno-as-locview-support
Force GCC to assign view numbers internally, if
-gvariable-location-views are explicitly requested.

-gcolumn-info
-gno-column-info
Emit location column information into DWARF debugging information,
rather than just file and line. This option is enabled by default.

-gstatement-frontiers
-gno-statement-frontiers
This option causes GCC to create markers in the internal
representation at the beginning of statements, and to keep them
roughly in place throughout compilation, using them to guide the
output of "is_stmt" markers in the line number table. This is
enabled by default when compiling with optimization (-Os, -O, -O2,
...), and outputting DWARF 2 debug information at the normal level.

-gvariable-location-views
-gvariable-location-views=incompat5
-gno-variable-location-views
Augment variable location lists with progressive view numbers
implied from the line number table. This enables debug information
consumers to inspect state at certain points of the program, even
if no instructions associated with the corresponding source
locations are present at that point. If the assembler lacks
support for view numbers in line number tables, this will cause the
compiler to emit the line number table, which generally makes them
somewhat less compact. The augmented line number tables and
location lists are fully backward-compatible, so they can be
consumed by debug information consumers that are not aware of these
augmentations, but they won't derive any benefit from them either.

This is enabled by default when outputting DWARF 2 debug
information at the normal level, as long as there is assembler
support, -fvar-tracking-assignments is enabled and -gstrict-dwarf
is not. When assembler support is not available, this may still be
enabled, but it will force GCC to output internal line number
tables, and if -ginternal-reset-location-views is not enabled, that
will most certainly lead to silently mismatching location views.

There is a proposed representation for view numbers that is not
backward compatible with the location list format introduced in
DWARF 5, that can be enabled with
-gvariable-location-views=incompat5. This option may be removed in
the future, is only provided as a reference implementation of the
proposed representation. Debug information consumers are not
expected to support this extended format, and they would be
rendered unable to decode location lists using it.

-ginternal-reset-location-views
-gnointernal-reset-location-views
Attempt to determine location views that can be omitted from
location view lists. This requires the compiler to have very
accurate insn length estimates, which isn't always the case, and it
may cause incorrect view lists to be generated silently when using
an assembler that does not support location view lists. The GNU
assembler will flag any such error as a "view number mismatch".
This is only enabled on ports that define a reliable estimation
function.

-ginline-points
-gno-inline-points
Generate extended debug information for inlined functions.
Location view tracking markers are inserted at inlined entry
points, so that address and view numbers can be computed and output
in debug information. This can be enabled independently of
location views, in which case the view numbers won't be output, but
it can only be enabled along with statement frontiers, and it is
only enabled by default if location views are enabled.

-gz[=type]
Produce compressed debug sections in DWARF format, if that is
supported. If type is not given, the default type depends on the
capabilities of the assembler and linker used. type may be one of
none (don't compress debug sections), zlib (use zlib compression in
ELF gABI format), or zlib-gnu (use zlib compression in traditional
GNU format). If the linker doesn't support writing compressed
debug sections, the option is rejected. Otherwise, if the
assembler does not support them, -gz is silently ignored when
producing object files.

-femit-struct-debug-baseonly
Emit debug information for struct-like types only when the base
name of the compilation source file matches the base name of file
in which the struct is defined.

This option substantially reduces the size of debugging
information, but at significant potential loss in type information
to the debugger. See -femit-struct-debug-reduced for a less
aggressive option. See -femit-struct-debug-detailed for more
detailed control.

This option works only with DWARF debug output.

-femit-struct-debug-reduced
Emit debug information for struct-like types only when the base
name of the compilation source file matches the base name of file
in which the type is defined, unless the struct is a template or
defined in a system header.

This option significantly reduces the size of debugging
information, with some potential loss in type information to the
debugger. See -femit-struct-debug-baseonly for a more aggressive
option. See -femit-struct-debug-detailed for more detailed
control.

This option works only with DWARF debug output.

-femit-struct-debug-detailed[=spec-list]
Specify the struct-like types for which the compiler generates
debug information. The intent is to reduce duplicate struct debug
information between different object files within the same program.

This option is a detailed version of -femit-struct-debug-reduced
and -femit-struct-debug-baseonly, which serves for most needs.

The optional first word limits the specification to structs that
are used directly (dir:) or used indirectly (ind:). A struct type
is used directly when it is the type of a variable, member.
Indirect uses arise through pointers to structs. That is, when use
of an incomplete struct is valid, the use is indirect. An example
is struct one direct; struct two * indirect;.

The optional second word limits the specification to ordinary
structs (ord:) or generic structs (gen:). Generic structs are a
bit complicated to explain. For C++, these are non-explicit
specializations of template classes, or non-template classes within
the above. Other programming languages have generics, but
-femit-struct-debug-detailed does not yet implement them.

The third word specifies the source files for those structs for
which the compiler should emit debug information. The values none
and any have the normal meaning. The value base means that the
base of name of the file in which the type declaration appears must
match the base of the name of the main compilation file. In
practice, this means that when compiling foo.c, debug information
is generated for types declared in that file and foo.h, but not
other header files. The value sys means those types satisfying
base or declared in system or compiler headers.

You may need to experiment to determine the best settings for your
application.

The default is -femit-struct-debug-detailed=all.

This option works only with DWARF debug output.

-fno-dwarf2-cfi-asm
Emit DWARF unwind info as compiler generated ".eh_frame" section
instead of using GAS ".cfi_*" directives.

-fno-eliminate-unused-debug-types
Normally, when producing DWARF output, GCC avoids producing debug
symbol output for types that are nowhere used in the source file
being compiled. Sometimes it is useful to have GCC emit debugging
information for all types declared in a compilation unit,
regardless of whether or not they are actually used in that
compilation unit, for example if, in the debugger, you want to cast
a value to a type that is not actually used in your program (but is
declared). More often, however, this results in a significant
amount of wasted space.

Options That Control Optimization
These options control various sorts of optimizations.

Without any optimization option, the compiler's goal is to reduce the
cost of compilation and to make debugging produce the expected results.
Statements are independent: if you stop the program with a breakpoint
between statements, you can then assign a new value to any variable or
change the program counter to any other statement in the function and
get exactly the results you expect from the source code.

Turning on optimization flags makes the compiler attempt to improve the
performance and/or code size at the expense of compilation time and
possibly the ability to debug the program.

The compiler performs optimization based on the knowledge it has of the
program. Compiling multiple files at once to a single output file mode
allows the compiler to use information gained from all of the files
when compiling each of them.

Not all optimizations are controlled directly by a flag. Only
optimizations that have a flag are listed in this section.

Most optimizations are completely disabled at -O0 or if an -O level is
not set on the command line, even if individual optimization flags are
specified. Similarly, -Og suppresses many optimization passes.

Depending on the target and how GCC was configured, a slightly
different set of optimizations may be enabled at each -O level than
those listed here. You can invoke GCC with -Q --help=optimizers to
find out the exact set of optimizations that are enabled at each level.

-O
-O1 Optimize. Optimizing compilation takes somewhat more time, and a
lot more memory for a large function.

With -O, the compiler tries to reduce code size and execution time,
without performing any optimizations that take a great deal of
compilation time.

-O turns on the following optimization flags:

-fauto-inc-dec -fbranch-count-reg -fcombine-stack-adjustments
-fcompare-elim -fcprop-registers -fdce -fdefer-pop -fdelayed-branch
-fdse -fforward-propagate -fguess-branch-probability
-fif-conversion -fif-conversion2 -finline-functions-called-once
-fipa-profile -fipa-pure-const -fipa-reference
-fipa-reference-addressable -fmerge-constants
-fmove-loop-invariants -fomit-frame-pointer -freorder-blocks
-fshrink-wrap -fshrink-wrap-separate -fsplit-wide-types
-fssa-backprop -fssa-phiopt -ftree-bit-ccp -ftree-ccp -ftree-ch
-ftree-coalesce-vars -ftree-copy-prop -ftree-dce
-ftree-dominator-opts -ftree-dse -ftree-forwprop -ftree-fre
-ftree-phiprop -ftree-pta -ftree-scev-cprop -ftree-sink -ftree-slsr
-ftree-sra -ftree-ter -funit-at-a-time

-O2 Optimize even more. GCC performs nearly all supported
optimizations that do not involve a space-speed tradeoff. As
compared to -O, this option increases both compilation time and the
performance of the generated code.

-O2 turns on all optimization flags specified by -O. It also turns
on the following optimization flags:

-falign-functions -falign-jumps -falign-labels -falign-loops
-fcaller-saves -fcode-hoisting -fcrossjumping -fcse-follow-jumps
-fcse-skip-blocks -fdelete-null-pointer-checks -fdevirtualize
-fdevirtualize-speculatively -fexpensive-optimizations -fgcse
-fgcse-lm -fhoist-adjacent-loads -finline-small-functions
-findirect-inlining -fipa-bit-cp -fipa-cp -fipa-icf -fipa-ra
-fipa-sra -fipa-vrp -fisolate-erroneous-paths-dereference
-flra-remat -foptimize-sibling-calls -foptimize-strlen
-fpartial-inlining -fpeephole2 -freorder-blocks-algorithm=stc
-freorder-blocks-and-partition -freorder-functions
-frerun-cse-after-loop -fschedule-insns -fschedule-insns2
-fsched-interblock -fsched-spec -fstore-merging -fstrict-aliasing
-fthread-jumps -ftree-builtin-call-dce -ftree-pre
-ftree-switch-conversion -ftree-tail-merge -ftree-vrp

Please note the warning under -fgcse about invoking -O2 on programs
that use computed gotos.

-O3 Optimize yet more. -O3 turns on all optimizations specified by -O2
and also turns on the following optimization flags:

-fgcse-after-reload -finline-functions -fipa-cp-clone
-floop-interchange -floop-unroll-and-jam -fpeel-loops
-fpredictive-commoning -fsplit-paths
-ftree-loop-distribute-patterns -ftree-loop-distribution
-ftree-loop-vectorize -ftree-partial-pre -ftree-slp-vectorize
-funswitch-loops -fvect-cost-model -fversion-loops-for-strides

-O0 Reduce compilation time and make debugging produce the expected
results. This is the default.

-Os Optimize for size. -Os enables all -O2 optimizations except those
that often increase code size:

-falign-functions -falign-jumps -falign-labels -falign-loops
-fprefetch-loop-arrays -freorder-blocks-algorithm=stc

It also enables -finline-functions, causes the compiler to tune for
code size rather than execution speed, and performs further
optimizations designed to reduce code size.

-Ofast
Disregard strict standards compliance. -Ofast enables all -O3
optimizations. It also enables optimizations that are not valid
for all standard-compliant programs. It turns on -ffast-math and
the Fortran-specific -fstack-arrays, unless -fmax-stack-var-size is
specified, and -fno-protect-parens.

-Og Optimize debugging experience. -Og should be the optimization
level of choice for the standard edit-compile-debug cycle, offering
a reasonable level of optimization while maintaining fast
compilation and a good debugging experience. It is a better choice
than -O0 for producing debuggable code because some compiler passes
that collect debug information are disabled at -O0.

Like -O0, -Og completely disables a number of optimization passes
so that individual options controlling them have no effect.
Otherwise -Og enables all -O1 optimization flags except for those
that may interfere with debugging:

-fbranch-count-reg -fdelayed-branch -fif-conversion
-fif-conversion2 -finline-functions-called-once
-fmove-loop-invariants -fssa-phiopt -ftree-bit-ccp -ftree-pta
-ftree-sra

If you use multiple -O options, with or without level numbers, the last
such option is the one that is effective.

Options of the form -fflag specify machine-independent flags. Most
flags have both positive and negative forms; the negative form of -ffoo
is -fno-foo. In the table below, only one of the forms is listed---the
one you typically use. You can figure out the other form by either
removing no- or adding it.

The following options control specific optimizations. They are either
activated by -O options or are related to ones that are. You can use
the following flags in the rare cases when "fine-tuning" of
optimizations to be performed is desired.

-fno-defer-pop
For machines that must pop arguments after a function call, always
pop the arguments as soon as each function returns. At levels -O1
and higher, -fdefer-pop is the default; this allows the compiler to
let arguments accumulate on the stack for several function calls
and pop them all at once.

-fforward-propagate
Perform a forward propagation pass on RTL. The pass tries to
combine two instructions and checks if the result can be
simplified. If loop unrolling is active, two passes are performed
and the second is scheduled after loop unrolling.

This option is enabled by default at optimization levels -O, -O2,
-O3, -Os.

-ffp-contract=style
-ffp-contract=off disables floating-point expression contraction.
-ffp-contract=fast enables floating-point expression contraction
such as forming of fused multiply-add operations if the target has
native support for them. -ffp-contract=on enables floating-point
expression contraction if allowed by the language standard. This
is currently not implemented and treated equal to
-ffp-contract=off.

The default is -ffp-contract=fast.

-fomit-frame-pointer
Omit the frame pointer in functions that don't need one. This
avoids the instructions to save, set up and restore the frame
pointer; on many targets it also makes an extra register available.

On some targets this flag has no effect because the standard
calling sequence always uses a frame pointer, so it cannot be
omitted.

Note that -fno-omit-frame-pointer doesn't guarantee the frame
pointer is used in all functions. Several targets always omit the
frame pointer in leaf functions.

Enabled by default at -O and higher.

-foptimize-sibling-calls
Optimize sibling and tail recursive calls.

Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.

-foptimize-strlen
Optimize various standard C string functions (e.g. "strlen",
"strchr" or "strcpy") and their "_FORTIFY_SOURCE" counterparts into
faster alternatives.

Enabled at levels -O2, -O3.

-fno-inline
Do not expand any functions inline apart from those marked with the
"always_inline" attribute. This is the default when not
optimizing.

Single functions can be exempted from inlining by marking them with
the "noinline" attribute.

-finline-small-functions
Integrate functions into their callers when their body is smaller
than expected function call code (so overall size of program gets
smaller). The compiler heuristically decides which functions are
simple enough to be worth integrating in this way. This inlining
applies to all functions, even those not declared inline.

Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.

-findirect-inlining
Inline also indirect calls that are discovered to be known at
compile time thanks to previous inlining. This option has any
effect only when inlining itself is turned on by the
-finline-functions or -finline-small-functions options.

Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.

-finline-functions
Consider all functions for inlining, even if they are not declared
inline. The compiler heuristically decides which functions are
worth integrating in this way.

If all calls to a given function are integrated, and the function
is declared "static", then the function is normally not output as
assembler code in its own right.

Enabled at levels -O3, -Os. Also enabled by -fprofile-use and
-fauto-profile.

-finline-functions-called-once
Consider all "static" functions called once for inlining into their
caller even if they are not marked "inline". If a call to a given
function is integrated, then the function is not output as
assembler code in its own right.

Enabled at levels -O1, -O2, -O3 and -Os, but not -Og.

-fearly-inlining
Inline functions marked by "always_inline" and functions whose body
seems smaller than the function call overhead early before doing
-fprofile-generate instrumentation and real inlining pass. Doing
so makes profiling significantly cheaper and usually inlining
faster on programs having large chains of nested wrapper functions.

Enabled by default.

-fipa-sra
Perform interprocedural scalar replacement of aggregates, removal
of unused parameters and replacement of parameters passed by
reference by parameters passed by value.

Enabled at levels -O2, -O3 and -Os.

-finline-limit=n
By default, GCC limits the size of functions that can be inlined.
This flag allows coarse control of this limit. n is the size of
functions that can be inlined in number of pseudo instructions.

Inlining is actually controlled by a number of parameters, which
may be specified individually by using --param name=value. The
-finline-limit=n option sets some of these parameters as follows:

max-inline-insns-single
is set to n/2.

max-inline-insns-auto
is set to n/2.

See below for a documentation of the individual parameters
controlling inlining and for the defaults of these parameters.

Note: there may be no value to -finline-limit that results in
default behavior.

Note: pseudo instruction represents, in this particular context, an
abstract measurement of function's size. In no way does it
represent a count of assembly instructions and as such its exact
meaning might change from one release to an another.

-fno-keep-inline-dllexport
This is a more fine-grained version of -fkeep-inline-functions,
which applies only to functions that are declared using the
"dllexport" attribute or declspec.

-fkeep-inline-functions
In C, emit "static" functions that are declared "inline" into the
object file, even if the function has been inlined into all of its
callers. This switch does not affect functions using the "extern
inline" extension in GNU C90. In C++, emit any and all inline
functions into the object file.

-fkeep-static-functions
Emit "static" functions into the object file, even if the function
is never used.

-fkeep-static-consts
Emit variables declared "static const" when optimization isn't
turned on, even if the variables aren't referenced.

GCC enables this option by default. If you want to force the
compiler to check if a variable is referenced, regardless of
whether or not optimization is turned on, use the
-fno-keep-static-consts option.

-fmerge-constants
Attempt to merge identical constants (string constants and
floating-point constants) across compilation units.

This option is the default for optimized compilation if the
assembler and linker support it. Use -fno-merge-constants to
inhibit this behavior.

Enabled at levels -O, -O2, -O3, -Os.

-fmerge-all-constants
Attempt to merge identical constants and identical variables.

This option implies -fmerge-constants. In addition to
-fmerge-constants this considers e.g. even constant initialized
arrays or initialized constant variables with integral or floating-
point types. Languages like C or C++ require each variable,
including multiple instances of the same variable in recursive
calls, to have distinct locations, so using this option results in
non-conforming behavior.

-fmodulo-sched
Perform swing modulo scheduling immediately before the first
scheduling pass. This pass looks at innermost loops and reorders
their instructions by overlapping different iterations.

-fmodulo-sched-allow-regmoves
Perform more aggressive SMS-based modulo scheduling with register
moves allowed. By setting this flag certain anti-dependences edges
are deleted, which triggers the generation of reg-moves based on
the life-range analysis. This option is effective only with
-fmodulo-sched enabled.

-fno-branch-count-reg
Disable the optimization pass that scans for opportunities to use
"decrement and branch" instructions on a count register instead of
instruction sequences that decrement a register, compare it against
zero, and then branch based upon the result. This option is only
meaningful on architectures that support such instructions, which
include x86, PowerPC, IA-64 and S/390. Note that the
-fno-branch-count-reg option doesn't remove the decrement and
branch instructions from the generated instruction stream
introduced by other optimization passes.

The default is -fbranch-count-reg at -O1 and higher, except for
-Og.

-fno-function-cse
Do not put function addresses in registers; make each instruction
that calls a constant function contain the function's address
explicitly.

This option results in less efficient code, but some strange hacks
that alter the assembler output may be confused by the
optimizations performed when this option is not used.

The default is -ffunction-cse

-fno-zero-initialized-in-bss
If the target supports a BSS section, GCC by default puts variables
that are initialized to zero into BSS. This can save space in the
resulting code.

This option turns off this behavior because some programs
explicitly rely on variables going to the data section---e.g., so
that the resulting executable can find the beginning of that
section and/or make assumptions based on that.

The default is -fzero-initialized-in-bss.

-fthread-jumps
Perform optimizations that check to see if a jump branches to a
location where another comparison subsumed by the first is found.
If so, the first branch is redirected to either the destination of
the second branch or a point immediately following it, depending on
whether the condition is known to be true or false.

Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.

-fsplit-wide-types
When using a type that occupies multiple registers, such as "long
long" on a 32-bit system, split the registers apart and allocate
them independently. This normally generates better code for those
types, but may make debugging more difficult.

Enabled at levels -O, -O2, -O3, -Os.

-fcse-follow-jumps
In common subexpression elimination (CSE), scan through jump
instructions when the target of the jump is not reached by any
other path. For example, when CSE encounters an "if" statement
with an "else" clause, CSE follows the jump when the condition
tested is false.

Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.

-fcse-skip-blocks
This is similar to -fcse-follow-jumps, but causes CSE to follow
jumps that conditionally skip over blocks. When CSE encounters a
simple "if" statement with no else clause, -fcse-skip-blocks causes
CSE to follow the jump around the body of the "if".

Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.

-frerun-cse-after-loop
Re-run common subexpression elimination after loop optimizations
are performed.

Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.

-fgcse
Perform a global common subexpression elimination pass. This pass
also performs global constant and copy propagation.

Note: When compiling a program using computed gotos, a GCC
extension, you may get better run-time performance if you disable
the global common subexpression elimination pass by adding
-fno-gcse to the command line.

Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.

-fgcse-lm
When -fgcse-lm is enabled, global common subexpression elimination
attempts to move loads that are only killed by stores into
themselves. This allows a loop containing a load/store sequence to
be changed to a load outside the loop, and a copy/store within the
loop.

Enabled by default when -fgcse is enabled.

-fgcse-sm
When -fgcse-sm is enabled, a store motion pass is run after global
common subexpression elimination. This pass attempts to move
stores out of loops. When used in conjunction with -fgcse-lm,
loops containing a load/store sequence can be changed to a load
before the loop and a store after the loop.

Not enabled at any optimization level.

-fgcse-las
When -fgcse-las is enabled, the global common subexpression
elimination pass eliminates redundant loads that come after stores
to the same memory location (both partial and full redundancies).

Not enabled at any optimization level.

-fgcse-after-reload
When -fgcse-after-reload is enabled, a redundant load elimination
pass is performed after reload. The purpose of this pass is to
clean up redundant spilling.

Enabled by -fprofile-use and -fauto-profile.

-faggressive-loop-optimizations
This option tells the loop optimizer to use language constraints to
derive bounds for the number of iterations of a loop. This assumes
that loop code does not invoke undefined behavior by for example
causing signed integer overflows or out-of-bound array accesses.
The bounds for the number of iterations of a loop are used to guide
loop unrolling and peeling and loop exit test optimizations. This
option is enabled by default.

-funconstrained-commons
This option tells the compiler that variables declared in common
blocks (e.g. Fortran) may later be overridden with longer trailing
arrays. This prevents certain optimizations that depend on knowing
the array bounds.

-fcrossjumping
Perform cross-jumping transformation. This transformation unifies
equivalent code and saves code size. The resulting code may or may
not perform better than without cross-jumping.

Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.

-fauto-inc-dec
Combine increments or decrements of addresses with memory accesses.
This pass is always skipped on architectures that do not have
instructions to support this. Enabled by default at -O and higher
on architectures that support this.

-fdce
Perform dead code elimination (DCE) on RTL. Enabled by default at
-O and higher.

-fdse
Perform dead store elimination (DSE) on RTL. Enabled by default at
-O and higher.

-fif-conversion
Attempt to transform conditional jumps into branch-less
equivalents. This includes use of conditional moves, min, max, set
flags and abs instructions, and some tricks doable by standard
arithmetics. The use of conditional execution on chips where it is
available is controlled by -fif-conversion2.

Enabled at levels -O, -O2, -O3, -Os, but not with -Og.

-fif-conversion2
Use conditional execution (where available) to transform
conditional jumps into branch-less equivalents.

Enabled at levels -O, -O2, -O3, -Os, but not with -Og.

-fdeclone-ctor-dtor
The C++ ABI requires multiple entry points for constructors and
destructors: one for a base subobject, one for a complete object,
and one for a virtual destructor that calls operator delete
afterwards. For a hierarchy with virtual bases, the base and
complete variants are clones, which means two copies of the
function. With this option, the base and complete variants are
changed to be thunks that call a common implementation.

Enabled by -Os.

-fdelete-null-pointer-checks
Assume that programs cannot safely dereference null pointers, and
that no code or data element resides at address zero. This option
enables simple constant folding optimizations at all optimization
levels. In addition, other optimization passes in GCC use this
flag to control global dataflow analyses that eliminate useless
checks for null pointers; these assume that a memory access to
address zero always results in a trap, so that if a pointer is
checked after it has already been dereferenced, it cannot be null.

Note however that in some environments this assumption is not true.
Use -fno-delete-null-pointer-checks to disable this optimization
for programs that depend on that behavior.

This option is enabled by default on most targets. On Nios II ELF,
it defaults to off. On AVR, CR16, and MSP430, this option is
completely disabled.

Passes that use the dataflow information are enabled independently
at different optimization levels.

-fdevirtualize
Attempt to convert calls to virtual functions to direct calls.
This is done both within a procedure and interprocedurally as part
of indirect inlining (-findirect-inlining) and interprocedural
constant propagation (-fipa-cp). Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.

-fdevirtualize-speculatively
Attempt to convert calls to virtual functions to speculative direct
calls. Based on the analysis of the type inheritance graph,
determine for a given call the set of likely targets. If the set is
small, preferably of size 1, change the call into a conditional
deciding between direct and indirect calls. The speculative calls
enable more optimizations, such as inlining. When they seem
useless after further optimization, they are converted back into
original form.

-fdevirtualize-at-ltrans
Stream extra information needed for aggressive devirtualization
when running the link-time optimizer in local transformation mode.
This option enables more devirtualization but significantly
increases the size of streamed data. For this reason it is disabled
by default.

-fexpensive-optimizations
Perform a number of minor optimizations that are relatively
expensive.

Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.

-free
Attempt to remove redundant extension instructions. This is
especially helpful for the x86-64 architecture, which implicitly
zero-extends in 64-bit registers after writing to their lower
32-bit half.

Enabled for Alpha, AArch64 and x86 at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.

-fno-lifetime-dse
In C++ the value of an object is only affected by changes within
its lifetime: when the constructor begins, the object has an
indeterminate value, and any changes during the lifetime of the
object are dead when the object is destroyed. Normally dead store
elimination will take advantage of this; if your code relies on the
value of the object storage persisting beyond the lifetime of the
object, you can use this flag to disable this optimization. To
preserve stores before the constructor starts (e.g. because your
operator new clears the object storage) but still treat the object
as dead after the destructor you, can use -flifetime-dse=1. The
default behavior can be explicitly selected with -flifetime-dse=2.
-flifetime-dse=0 is equivalent to -fno-lifetime-dse.

-flive-range-shrinkage
Attempt to decrease register pressure through register live range
shrinkage. This is helpful for fast processors with small or
moderate size register sets.

-fira-algorithm=algorithm
Use the specified coloring algorithm for the integrated register
allocator. The algorithm argument can be priority, which specifies
Chow's priority coloring, or CB, which specifies Chaitin-Briggs
coloring. Chaitin-Briggs coloring is not implemented for all
architectures, but for those targets that do support it, it is the
default because it generates better code.

-fira-region=region
Use specified regions for the integrated register allocator. The
region argument should be one of the following:

all Use all loops as register allocation regions. This can give
the best results for machines with a small and/or irregular
register set.

mixed
Use all loops except for loops with small register pressure as
the regions. This value usually gives the best results in most
cases and for most architectures, and is enabled by default
when compiling with optimization for speed (-O, -O2, ...).

one Use all functions as a single region. This typically results
in the smallest code size, and is enabled by default for -Os or
-O0.

-fira-hoist-pressure
Use IRA to evaluate register pressure in the code hoisting pass for
decisions to hoist expressions. This option usually results in
smaller code, but it can slow the compiler down.

This option is enabled at level -Os for all targets.

-fira-loop-pressure
Use IRA to evaluate register pressure in loops for decisions to
move loop invariants. This option usually results in generation of
faster and smaller code on machines with large register files (>=
32 registers), but it can slow the compiler down.

This option is enabled at level -O3 for some targets.

-fno-ira-share-save-slots
Disable sharing of stack slots used for saving call-used hard
registers living through a call. Each hard register gets a
separate stack slot, and as a result function stack frames are
larger.

-fno-ira-share-spill-slots
Disable sharing of stack slots allocated for pseudo-registers.
Each pseudo-register that does not get a hard register gets a
separate stack slot, and as a result function stack frames are
larger.

-flra-remat
Enable CFG-sensitive rematerialization in LRA. Instead of loading
values of spilled pseudos, LRA tries to rematerialize (recalculate)
values if it is profitable.

Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.

-fdelayed-branch
If supported for the target machine, attempt to reorder
instructions to exploit instruction slots available after delayed
branch instructions.

Enabled at levels -O, -O2, -O3, -Os, but not at -Og.

-fschedule-insns
If supported for the target machine, attempt to reorder
instructions to eliminate execution stalls due to required data
being unavailable. This helps machines that have slow floating
point or memory load instructions by allowing other instructions to
be issued until the result of the load or floating-point
instruction is required.

Enabled at levels -O2, -O3.

-fschedule-insns2
Similar to -fschedule-insns, but requests an additional pass of
instruction scheduling after register allocation has been done.
This is especially useful on machines with a relatively small
number of registers and where memory load instructions take more
than one cycle.

Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.

-fno-sched-interblock
Disable instruction scheduling across basic blocks, which is
normally enabled when scheduling before register allocation, i.e.
with -fschedule-insns or at -O2 or higher.

-fno-sched-spec
Disable speculative motion of non-load instructions, which is
normally enabled when scheduling before register allocation, i.e.
with -fschedule-insns or at -O2 or higher.

-fsched-pressure
Enable register pressure sensitive insn scheduling before register
allocation. This only makes sense when scheduling before register
allocation is enabled, i.e. with -fschedule-insns or at -O2 or
higher. Usage of this option can improve the generated code and
decrease its size by preventing register pressure increase above
the number of available hard registers and subsequent spills in
register allocation.

-fsched-spec-load
Allow speculative motion of some load instructions. This only
makes sense when scheduling before register allocation, i.e. with
-fschedule-insns or at -O2 or higher.

-fsched-spec-load-dangerous
Allow speculative motion of more load instructions. This only
makes sense when scheduling before register allocation, i.e. with
-fschedule-insns or at -O2 or higher.

-fsched-stalled-insns
-fsched-stalled-insns=n
Define how many insns (if any) can be moved prematurely from the
queue of stalled insns into the ready list during the second
scheduling pass. -fno-sched-stalled-insns means that no insns are
moved prematurely, -fsched-stalled-insns=0 means there is no limit
on how many queued insns can be moved prematurely.
-fsched-stalled-insns without a value is equivalent to
-fsched-stalled-insns=1.

-fsched-stalled-insns-dep
-fsched-stalled-insns-dep=n
Define how many insn groups (cycles) are examined for a dependency
on a stalled insn that is a candidate for premature removal from
the queue of stalled insns. This has an effect only during the
second scheduling pass, and only if -fsched-stalled-insns is used.
-fno-sched-stalled-insns-dep is equivalent to
-fsched-stalled-insns-dep=0. -fsched-stalled-insns-dep without a
value is equivalent to -fsched-stalled-insns-dep=1.

-fsched2-use-superblocks
When scheduling after register allocation, use superblock
scheduling. This allows motion across basic block boundaries,
resulting in faster schedules. This option is experimental, as not
all machine descriptions used by GCC model the CPU closely enough
to avoid unreliable results from the algorithm.

This only makes sense when scheduling after register allocation,
i.e. with -fschedule-insns2 or at -O2 or higher.

-fsched-group-heuristic
Enable the group heuristic in the scheduler. This heuristic favors
the instruction that belongs to a schedule group. This is enabled
by default when scheduling is enabled, i.e. with -fschedule-insns
or -fschedule-insns2 or at -O2 or higher.

-fsched-critical-path-heuristic
Enable the critical-path heuristic in the scheduler. This
heuristic favors instructions on the critical path. This is
enabled by default when scheduling is enabled, i.e. with
-fschedule-insns or -fschedule-insns2 or at -O2 or higher.

-fsched-spec-insn-heuristic
Enable the speculative instruction heuristic in the scheduler.
This heuristic favors speculative instructions with greater
dependency weakness. This is enabled by default when scheduling is
enabled, i.e. with -fschedule-insns or -fschedule-insns2 or at -O2
or higher.

-fsched-rank-heuristic
Enable the rank heuristic in the scheduler. This heuristic favors
the instruction belonging to a basic block with greater size or
frequency. This is enabled by default when scheduling is enabled,
i.e. with -fschedule-insns or -fschedule-insns2 or at -O2 or
higher.

-fsched-last-insn-heuristic
Enable the last-instruction heuristic in the scheduler. This
heuristic favors the instruction that is less dependent on the last
instruction scheduled. This is enabled by default when scheduling
is enabled, i.e. with -fschedule-insns or -fschedule-insns2 or at
-O2 or higher.

-fsched-dep-count-heuristic
Enable the dependent-count heuristic in the scheduler. This
heuristic favors the instruction that has more instructions
depending on it. This is enabled by default when scheduling is
enabled, i.e. with -fschedule-insns or -fschedule-insns2 or at -O2
or higher.

-freschedule-modulo-scheduled-loops
Modulo scheduling is performed before traditional scheduling. If a
loop is modulo scheduled, later scheduling passes may change its
schedule. Use this option to control that behavior.

-fselective-scheduling
Schedule instructions using selective scheduling algorithm.
Selective scheduling runs instead of the first scheduler pass.

-fselective-scheduling2
Schedule instructions using selective scheduling algorithm.
Selective scheduling runs instead of the second scheduler pass.

-fsel-sched-pipelining
Enable software pipelining of innermost loops during selective
scheduling. This option has no effect unless one of
-fselective-scheduling or -fselective-scheduling2 is turned on.

-fsel-sched-pipelining-outer-loops
When pipelining loops during selective scheduling, also pipeline
outer loops. This option has no effect unless
-fsel-sched-pipelining is turned on.

-fsemantic-interposition
Some object formats, like ELF, allow interposing of symbols by the
dynamic linker. This means that for symbols exported from the DSO,
the compiler cannot perform interprocedural propagation, inlining
and other optimizations in anticipation that the function or
variable in question may change. While this feature is useful, for
example, to rewrite memory allocation functions by a debugging
implementation, it is expensive in the terms of code quality. With
-fno-semantic-interposition the compiler assumes that if
interposition happens for functions the overwriting function will
have precisely the same semantics (and side effects). Similarly if
interposition happens for variables, the constructor of the
variable will be the same. The flag has no effect for functions
explicitly declared inline (where it is never allowed for
interposition to change semantics) and for symbols explicitly
declared weak.

-fshrink-wrap
Emit function prologues only before parts of the function that need
it, rather than at the top of the function. This flag is enabled
by default at -O and higher.

-fshrink-wrap-separate
Shrink-wrap separate parts of the prologue and epilogue separately,
so that those parts are only executed when needed. This option is
on by default, but has no effect unless -fshrink-wrap is also
turned on and the target supports this.

-fcaller-saves
Enable allocation of values to registers that are clobbered by
function calls, by emitting extra instructions to save and restore
the registers around such calls. Such allocation is done only when
it seems to result in better code.

This option is always enabled by default on certain machines,
usually those which have no call-preserved registers to use
instead.

Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.

-fcombine-stack-adjustments
Tracks stack adjustments (pushes and pops) and stack memory
references and then tries to find ways to combine them.

Enabled by default at -O1 and higher.

-fipa-ra
Use caller save registers for allocation if those registers are not
used by any called function. In that case it is not necessary to
save and restore them around calls. This is only possible if
called functions are part of same compilation unit as current
function and they are compiled before it.

Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os, however the option is disabled if
generated code will be instrumented for profiling (-p, or -pg) or
if callee's register usage cannot be known exactly (this happens on
targets that do not expose prologues and epilogues in RTL).

-fconserve-stack
Attempt to minimize stack usage. The compiler attempts to use less
stack space, even if that makes the program slower. This option
implies setting the large-stack-frame parameter to 100 and the
large-stack-frame-growth parameter to 400.

-ftree-reassoc
Perform reassociation on trees. This flag is enabled by default at
-O and higher.

-fcode-hoisting
Perform code hoisting. Code hoisting tries to move the evaluation
of expressions executed on all paths to the function exit as early
as possible. This is especially useful as a code size
optimization, but it often helps for code speed as well. This flag
is enabled by default at -O2 and higher.

-ftree-pre
Perform partial redundancy elimination (PRE) on trees. This flag
is enabled by default at -O2 and -O3.

-ftree-partial-pre
Make partial redundancy elimination (PRE) more aggressive. This
flag is enabled by default at -O3.

-ftree-forwprop
Perform forward propagation on trees. This flag is enabled by
default at -O and higher.

-ftree-fre
Perform full redundancy elimination (FRE) on trees. The difference
between FRE and PRE is that FRE only considers expressions that are
computed on all paths leading to the redundant computation. This
analysis is faster than PRE, though it exposes fewer redundancies.
This flag is enabled by default at -O and higher.

-ftree-phiprop
Perform hoisting of loads from conditional pointers on trees. This
pass is enabled by default at -O and higher.

-fhoist-adjacent-loads
Speculatively hoist loads from both branches of an if-then-else if
the loads are from adjacent locations in the same structure and the
target architecture has a conditional move instruction. This flag
is enabled by default at -O2 and higher.

-ftree-copy-prop
Perform copy propagation on trees. This pass eliminates
unnecessary copy operations. This flag is enabled by default at -O
and higher.

-fipa-pure-const
Discover which functions are pure or constant. Enabled by default
at -O and higher.

-fipa-reference
Discover which static variables do not escape the compilation unit.
Enabled by default at -O and higher.

-fipa-reference-addressable
Discover read-only, write-only and non-addressable static
variables. Enabled by default at -O and higher.

-fipa-stack-alignment
Reduce stack alignment on call sites if possible. Enabled by
default.

-fipa-pta
Perform interprocedural pointer analysis and interprocedural
modification and reference analysis. This option can cause
excessive memory and compile-time usage on large compilation units.
It is not enabled by default at any optimization level.

-fipa-profile
Perform interprocedural profile propagation. The functions called
only from cold functions are marked as cold. Also functions
executed once (such as "cold", "noreturn", static constructors or
destructors) are identified. Cold functions and loop less parts of
functions executed once are then optimized for size. Enabled by
default at -O and higher.

-fipa-cp
Perform interprocedural constant propagation. This optimization
analyzes the program to determine when values passed to functions
are constants and then optimizes accordingly. This optimization
can substantially increase performance if the application has
constants passed to functions. This flag is enabled by default at
-O2, -Os and -O3. It is also enabled by -fprofile-use and
-fauto-profile.

-fipa-cp-clone
Perform function cloning to make interprocedural constant
propagation stronger. When enabled, interprocedural constant
propagation performs function cloning when externally visible
function can be called with constant arguments. Because this
optimization can create multiple copies of functions, it may
significantly increase code size (see --param
ipcp-unit-growth=value). This flag is enabled by default at -O3.
It is also enabled by -fprofile-use and -fauto-profile.

-fipa-bit-cp
When enabled, perform interprocedural bitwise constant propagation.
This flag is enabled by default at -O2 and by -fprofile-use and
-fauto-profile. It requires that -fipa-cp is enabled.

-fipa-vrp
When enabled, perform interprocedural propagation of value ranges.
This flag is enabled by default at -O2. It requires that -fipa-cp
is enabled.

-fipa-icf
Perform Identical Code Folding for functions and read-only
variables. The optimization reduces code size and may disturb
unwind stacks by replacing a function by equivalent one with a
different name. The optimization works more effectively with link-
time optimization enabled.

Although the behavior is similar to the Gold Linker's ICF
optimization, GCC ICF works on different levels and thus the
optimizations are not same - there are equivalences that are found
only by GCC and equivalences found only by Gold.

This flag is enabled by default at -O2 and -Os.

-flive-patching=level
Control GCC's optimizations to produce output suitable for live-
patching.

If the compiler's optimization uses a function's body or
information extracted from its body to optimize/change another
function, the latter is called an impacted function of the former.
If a function is patched, its impacted functions should be patched
too.

The impacted functions are determined by the compiler's
interprocedural optimizations. For example, a caller is impacted
when inlining a function into its caller, cloning a function and
changing its caller to call this new clone, or extracting a
function's pureness/constness information to optimize its direct or
indirect callers, etc.

Usually, the more IPA optimizations enabled, the larger the number
of impacted functions for each function. In order to control the
number of impacted functions and more easily compute the list of
impacted function, IPA optimizations can be partially enabled at
two different levels.

The level argument should be one of the following:

inline-clone
Only enable inlining and cloning optimizations, which includes
inlining, cloning, interprocedural scalar replacement of
aggregates and partial inlining. As a result, when patching a
function, all its callers and its clones' callers are impacted,
therefore need to be patched as well.

-flive-patching=inline-clone disables the following
optimization flags: -fwhole-program -fipa-pta -fipa-reference
-fipa-ra -fipa-icf -fipa-icf-functions -fipa-icf-variables
-fipa-bit-cp -fipa-vrp -fipa-pure-const
-fipa-reference-addressable -fipa-stack-alignment

inline-only-static
Only enable inlining of static functions. As a result, when
patching a static function, all its callers are impacted and so
need to be patched as well.

In addition to all the flags that -flive-patching=inline-clone
disables, -flive-patching=inline-only-static disables the
following additional optimization flags: -fipa-cp-clone
-fipa-sra -fpartial-inlining -fipa-cp

When -flive-patching is specified without any value, the default
value is inline-clone.

This flag is disabled by default.

Note that -flive-patching is not supported with link-time
optimization (-flto).

-fisolate-erroneous-paths-dereference
Detect paths that trigger erroneous or undefined behavior due to
dereferencing a null pointer. Isolate those paths from the main
control flow and turn the statement with erroneous or undefined
behavior into a trap. This flag is enabled by default at -O2 and
higher and depends on -fdelete-null-pointer-checks also being
enabled.

-fisolate-erroneous-paths-attribute
Detect paths that trigger erroneous or undefined behavior due to a
null value being used in a way forbidden by a "returns_nonnull" or
"nonnull" attribute. Isolate those paths from the main control
flow and turn the statement with erroneous or undefined behavior
into a trap. This is not currently enabled, but may be enabled by
-O2 in the future.

-ftree-sink
Perform forward store motion on trees. This flag is enabled by
default at -O and higher.

-ftree-bit-ccp
Perform sparse conditional bit constant propagation on trees and
propagate pointer alignment information. This pass only operates
on local scalar variables and is enabled by default at -O1 and
higher, except for -Og. It requires that -ftree-ccp is enabled.

-ftree-ccp
Perform sparse conditional constant propagation (CCP) on trees.
This pass only operates on local scalar variables and is enabled by
default at -O and higher.

-fssa-backprop
Propagate information about uses of a value up the definition chain
in order to simplify the definitions. For example, this pass
strips sign operations if the sign of a value never matters. The
flag is enabled by default at -O and higher.

-fssa-phiopt
Perform pattern matching on SSA PHI nodes to optimize conditional
code. This pass is enabled by default at -O1 and higher, except
for -Og.

-ftree-switch-conversion
Perform conversion of simple initializations in a switch to
initializations from a scalar array. This flag is enabled by
default at -O2 and higher.

-ftree-tail-merge
Look for identical code sequences. When found, replace one with a
jump to the other. This optimization is known as tail merging or
cross jumping. This flag is enabled by default at -O2 and higher.
The compilation time in this pass can be limited using max-tail-
merge-comparisons parameter and max-tail-merge-iterations
parameter.

-ftree-dce
Perform dead code elimination (DCE) on trees. This flag is enabled
by default at -O and higher.

-ftree-builtin-call-dce
Perform conditional dead code elimination (DCE) for calls to built-
in functions that may set "errno" but are otherwise free of side
effects. This flag is enabled by default at -O2 and higher if -Os
is not also specified.

-ftree-dominator-opts
Perform a variety of simple scalar cleanups (constant/copy
propagation, redundancy elimination, range propagation and
expression simplification) based on a dominator tree traversal.
This also performs jump threading (to reduce jumps to jumps). This
flag is enabled by default at -O and higher.

-ftree-dse
Perform dead store elimination (DSE) on trees. A dead store is a
store into a memory location that is later overwritten by another
store without any intervening loads. In this case the earlier
store can be deleted. This flag is enabled by default at -O and
higher.

-ftree-ch
Perform loop header copying on trees. This is beneficial since it
increases effectiveness of code motion optimizations. It also
saves one jump. This flag is enabled by default at -O and higher.
It is not enabled for -Os, since it usually increases code size.

-ftree-loop-optimize
Perform loop optimizations on trees. This flag is enabled by
default at -O and higher.

-ftree-loop-linear
-floop-strip-mine
-floop-block
Perform loop nest optimizations. Same as -floop-nest-optimize. To
use this code transformation, GCC has to be configured with
--with-isl to enable the Graphite loop transformation
infrastructure.

-fgraphite-identity
Enable the identity transformation for graphite. For every SCoP we
generate the polyhedral representation and transform it back to
gimple. Using -fgraphite-identity we can check the costs or
benefits of the GIMPLE -> GRAPHITE -> GIMPLE transformation. Some
minimal optimizations are also performed by the code generator isl,
like index splitting and dead code elimination in loops.

-floop-nest-optimize
Enable the isl based loop nest optimizer. This is a generic loop
nest optimizer based on the Pluto optimization algorithms. It
calculates a loop structure optimized for data-locality and
parallelism. This option is experimental.

-floop-parallelize-all
Use the Graphite data dependence analysis to identify loops that
can be parallelized. Parallelize all the loops that can be
analyzed to not contain loop carried dependences without checking
that it is profitable to parallelize the loops.

-ftree-coalesce-vars
While transforming the program out of the SSA representation,
attempt to reduce copying by coalescing versions of different user-
defined variables, instead of just compiler temporaries. This may
severely limit the ability to debug an optimized program compiled
with -fno-var-tracking-assignments. In the negated form, this flag
prevents SSA coalescing of user variables. This option is enabled
by default if optimization is enabled, and it does very little
otherwise.

-ftree-loop-if-convert
Attempt to transform conditional jumps in the innermost loops to
branch-less equivalents. The intent is to remove control-flow from
the innermost loops in order to improve the ability of the
vectorization pass to handle these loops. This is enabled by
default if vectorization is enabled.

-ftree-loop-distribution
Perform loop distribution. This flag can improve cache performance
on big loop bodies and allow further loop optimizations, like
parallelization or vectorization, to take place. For example, the
loop

DO I = 1, N
A(I) = B(I) + C
D(I) = E(I) * F
ENDDO

is transformed to

DO I = 1, N
A(I) = B(I) + C
ENDDO
DO I = 1, N
D(I) = E(I) * F
ENDDO

This flag is enabled by default at -O3. It is also enabled by
-fprofile-use and -fauto-profile.

-ftree-loop-distribute-patterns
Perform loop distribution of patterns that can be code generated
with calls to a library. This flag is enabled by default at -O3,
and by -fprofile-use and -fauto-profile.

This pass distributes the initialization loops and generates a call
to memset zero. For example, the loop

DO I = 1, N
A(I) = 0
B(I) = A(I) + I
ENDDO

is transformed to

DO I = 1, N
A(I) = 0
ENDDO
DO I = 1, N
B(I) = A(I) + I
ENDDO

and the initialization loop is transformed into a call to memset
zero. This flag is enabled by default at -O3. It is also enabled
by -fprofile-use and -fauto-profile.

-floop-interchange
Perform loop interchange outside of graphite. This flag can
improve cache performance on loop nest and allow further loop
optimizations, like vectorization, to take place. For example, the
loop

for (int i = 0; i < N; i++)
for (int j = 0; j < N; j++)
for (int k = 0; k < N; k++)
c[i][j] = c[i][j] + a[i][k]*b[k][j];

is transformed to

for (int i = 0; i < N; i++)
for (int k = 0; k < N; k++)
for (int j = 0; j < N; j++)
c[i][j] = c[i][j] + a[i][k]*b[k][j];

This flag is enabled by default at -O3. It is also enabled by
-fprofile-use and -fauto-profile.

-floop-unroll-and-jam
Apply unroll and jam transformations on feasible loops. In a loop
nest this unrolls the outer loop by some factor and fuses the
resulting multiple inner loops. This flag is enabled by default at
-O3. It is also enabled by -fprofile-use and -fauto-profile.

-ftree-loop-im
Perform loop invariant motion on trees. This pass moves only
invariants that are hard to handle at RTL level (function calls,
operations that expand to nontrivial sequences of insns). With
-funswitch-loops it also moves operands of conditions that are
invariant out of the loop, so that we can use just trivial
invariantness analysis in loop unswitching. The pass also includes
store motion.

-ftree-loop-ivcanon
Create a canonical counter for number of iterations in loops for
which determining number of iterations requires complicated
analysis. Later optimizations then may determine the number
easily. Useful especially in connection with unrolling.

-ftree-scev-cprop
Perform final value replacement. If a variable is modified in a
loop in such a way that its value when exiting the loop can be
determined using only its initial value and the number of loop
iterations, replace uses of the final value by such a computation,
provided it is sufficiently cheap. This reduces data dependencies
and may allow further simplifications. Enabled by default at -O
and higher.

-fivopts
Perform induction variable optimizations (strength reduction,
induction variable merging and induction variable elimination) on
trees.

-ftree-parallelize-loops=n
Parallelize loops, i.e., split their iteration space to run in n
threads. This is only possible for loops whose iterations are
independent and can be arbitrarily reordered. The optimization is
only profitable on multiprocessor machines, for loops that are CPU-
intensive, rather than constrained e.g. by memory bandwidth. This
option implies -pthread, and thus is only supported on targets that
have support for -pthread.

-ftree-pta
Perform function-local points-to analysis on trees. This flag is
enabled by default at -O1 and higher, except for -Og.

-ftree-sra
Perform scalar replacement of aggregates. This pass replaces
structure references with scalars to prevent committing structures
to memory too early. This flag is enabled by default at -O1 and
higher, except for -Og.

-fstore-merging
Perform merging of narrow stores to consecutive memory addresses.
This pass merges contiguous stores of immediate values narrower
than a word into fewer wider stores to reduce the number of
instructions. This is enabled by default at -O2 and higher as well
as -Os.

-ftree-ter
Perform temporary expression replacement during the SSA->normal
phase. Single use/single def temporaries are replaced at their use
location with their defining expression. This results in non-
GIMPLE code, but gives the expanders much more complex trees to
work on resulting in better RTL generation. This is enabled by
default at -O and higher.

-ftree-slsr
Perform straight-line strength reduction on trees. This recognizes
related expressions involving multiplications and replaces them by
less expensive calculations when possible. This is enabled by
default at -O and higher.

-ftree-vectorize
Perform vectorization on trees. This flag enables
-ftree-loop-vectorize and -ftree-slp-vectorize if not explicitly
specified.

-ftree-loop-vectorize
Perform loop vectorization on trees. This flag is enabled by
default at -O3 and by -ftree-vectorize, -fprofile-use, and
-fauto-profile.

-ftree-slp-vectorize
Perform basic block vectorization on trees. This flag is enabled by
default at -O3 and by -ftree-vectorize, -fprofile-use, and
-fauto-profile.

-fvect-cost-model=model
Alter the cost model used for vectorization. The model argument
should be one of unlimited, dynamic or cheap. With the unlimited
model the vectorized code-path is assumed to be profitable while
with the dynamic model a runtime check guards the vectorized code-
path to enable it only for iteration counts that will likely
execute faster than when executing the original scalar loop. The
cheap model disables vectorization of loops where doing so would be
cost prohibitive for example due to required runtime checks for
data dependence or alignment but otherwise is equal to the dynamic
model. The default cost model depends on other optimization flags
and is either dynamic or cheap.

-fsimd-cost-model=model
Alter the cost model used for vectorization of loops marked with
the OpenMP simd directive. The model argument should be one of
unlimited, dynamic, cheap. All values of model have the same
meaning as described in -fvect-cost-model and by default a cost
model defined with -fvect-cost-model is used.

-ftree-vrp
Perform Value Range Propagation on trees. This is similar to the
constant propagation pass, but instead of values, ranges of values
are propagated. This allows the optimizers to remove unnecessary
range checks like array bound checks and null pointer checks. This
is enabled by default at -O2 and higher. Null pointer check
elimination is only done if -fdelete-null-pointer-checks is
enabled.

-fsplit-paths
Split paths leading to loop backedges. This can improve dead code
elimination and common subexpression elimination. This is enabled
by default at -O3 and above.

-fsplit-ivs-in-unroller
Enables expression of values of induction variables in later
iterations of the unrolled loop using the value in the first
iteration. This breaks long dependency chains, thus improving
efficiency of the scheduling passes.

A combination of -fweb and CSE is often sufficient to obtain the
same effect. However, that is not reliable in cases where the loop
body is more complicated than a single basic block. It also does
not work at all on some architectures due to restrictions in the
CSE pass.

This optimization is enabled by default.

-fvariable-expansion-in-unroller
With this option, the compiler creates multiple copies of some
local variables when unrolling a loop, which can result in superior
code.

-fpartial-inlining
Inline parts of functions. This option has any effect only when
inlining itself is turned on by the -finline-functions or
-finline-small-functions options.

Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.

-fpredictive-commoning
Perform predictive commoning optimization, i.e., reusing
computations (especially memory loads and stores) performed in
previous iterations of loops.

This option is enabled at level -O3. It is also enabled by
-fprofile-use and -fauto-profile.

-fprefetch-loop-arrays
If supported by the target machine, generate instructions to
prefetch memory to improve the performance of loops that access
large arrays.

This option may generate better or worse code; results are highly
dependent on the structure of loops within the source code.

Disabled at level -Os.

-fno-printf-return-value
Do not substitute constants for known return value of formatted
output functions such as "sprintf", "snprintf", "vsprintf", and
"vsnprintf" (but not "printf" of "fprintf"). This transformation
allows GCC to optimize or even eliminate branches based on the
known return value of these functions called with arguments that
are either constant, or whose values are known to be in a range
that makes determining the exact return value possible. For
example, when -fprintf-return-value is in effect, both the branch
and the body of the "if" statement (but not the call to "snprint")
can be optimized away when "i" is a 32-bit or smaller integer
because the return value is guaranteed to be at most 8.

char buf[9];
if (snprintf (buf, "%08x", i) >= sizeof buf)
...

The -fprintf-return-value option relies on other optimizations and
yields best results with -O2 and above. It works in tandem with
the -Wformat-overflow and -Wformat-truncation options. The
-fprintf-return-value option is enabled by default.

-fno-peephole
-fno-peephole2
Disable any machine-specific peephole optimizations. The
difference between -fno-peephole and -fno-peephole2 is in how they
are implemented in the compiler; some targets use one, some use the
other, a few use both.

-fpeephole is enabled by default. -fpeephole2 enabled at levels
-O2, -O3, -Os.

-fno-guess-branch-probability
Do not guess branch probabilities using heuristics.

GCC uses heuristics to guess branch probabilities if they are not
provided by profiling feedback (-fprofile-arcs). These heuristics
are based on the control flow graph. If some branch probabilities
are specified by "__builtin_expect", then the heuristics are used
to guess branch probabilities for the rest of the control flow
graph, taking the "__builtin_expect" info into account. The
interactions between the heuristics and "__builtin_expect" can be
complex, and in some cases, it may be useful to disable the
heuristics so that the effects of "__builtin_expect" are easier to
understand.

It is also possible to specify expected probability of the
expression with "__builtin_expect_with_probability" built-in
function.

The default is -fguess-branch-probability at levels -O, -O2, -O3,
-Os.

-freorder-blocks
Reorder basic blocks in the compiled function in order to reduce
number of taken branches and improve code locality.

Enabled at levels -O, -O2, -O3, -Os.

-freorder-blocks-algorithm=algorithm
Use the specified algorithm for basic block reordering. The
algorithm argument can be simple, which does not increase code size
(except sometimes due to secondary effects like alignment), or stc,
the "software trace cache" algorithm, which tries to put all often
executed code together, minimizing the number of branches executed
by making extra copies of code.

The default is simple at levels -O, -Os, and stc at levels -O2,
-O3.

-freorder-blocks-and-partition
In addition to reordering basic blocks in the compiled function, in
order to reduce number of taken branches, partitions hot and cold
basic blocks into separate sections of the assembly and .o files,
to improve paging and cache locality performance.

This optimization is automatically turned off in the presence of
exception handling or unwind tables (on targets using
setjump/longjump or target specific scheme), for linkonce sections,
for functions with a user-defined section attribute and on any
architecture that does not support named sections. When
-fsplit-stack is used this option is not enabled by default (to
avoid linker errors), but may be enabled explicitly (if using a
working linker).

Enabled for x86 at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.

-freorder-functions
Reorder functions in the object file in order to improve code
locality. This is implemented by using special subsections
".text.hot" for most frequently executed functions and
".text.unlikely" for unlikely executed functions. Reordering is
done by the linker so object file format must support named
sections and linker must place them in a reasonable way.

This option isn't effective unless you either provide profile
feedback (see -fprofile-arcs for details) or manually annotate
functions with "hot" or "cold" attributes.

Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.

-fstrict-aliasing
Allow the compiler to assume the strictest aliasing rules
applicable to the language being compiled. For C (and C++), this
activates optimizations based on the type of expressions. In
particular, an object of one type is assumed never to reside at the
same address as an object of a different type, unless the types are
almost the same. For example, an "unsigned int" can alias an
"int", but not a "void*" or a "double". A character type may alias
any other type.

Pay special attention to code like this:

union a_union {
int i;
double d;
};

int f() {
union a_union t;
t.d = 3.0;
return t.i;
}

The practice of reading from a different union member than the one
most recently written to (called "type-punning") is common. Even
with -fstrict-aliasing, type-punning is allowed, provided the
memory is accessed through the union type. So, the code above
works as expected. However, this code might not:

int f() {
union a_union t;
int* ip;
t.d = 3.0;
ip = &t.i;
return *ip;
}

Similarly, access by taking the address, casting the resulting
pointer and dereferencing the result has undefined behavior, even
if the cast uses a union type, e.g.:

int f() {
double d = 3.0;
return ((union a_union *) &d)->i;
}

The -fstrict-aliasing option is enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.

-falign-functions
-falign-functions=n
-falign-functions=n:m
-falign-functions=n:m:n2
-falign-functions=n:m:n2:m2
Align the start of functions to the next power-of-two greater than
n, skipping up to m-1 bytes. This ensures that at least the first
m bytes of the function can be fetched by the CPU without crossing
an n-byte alignment boundary.

If m is not specified, it defaults to n.

Examples: -falign-functions=32 aligns functions to the next 32-byte
boundary, -falign-functions=24 aligns to the next 32-byte boundary
only if this can be done by skipping 23 bytes or less,
-falign-functions=32:7 aligns to the next 32-byte boundary only if
this can be done by skipping 6 bytes or less.

The second pair of n2:m2 values allows you to specify a secondary
alignment: -falign-functions=64:7:32:3 aligns to the next 64-byte
boundary if this can be done by skipping 6 bytes or less, otherwise
aligns to the next 32-byte boundary if this can be done by skipping
2 bytes or less. If m2 is not specified, it defaults to n2.

Some assemblers only support this flag when n is a power of two; in
that case, it is rounded up.

-fno-align-functions and -falign-functions=1 are equivalent and
mean that functions are not aligned.

If n is not specified or is zero, use a machine-dependent default.
The maximum allowed n option value is 65536.

Enabled at levels -O2, -O3.

-flimit-function-alignment
If this option is enabled, the compiler tries to avoid
unnecessarily overaligning functions. It attempts to instruct the
assembler to align by the amount specified by -falign-functions,
but not to skip more bytes than the size of the function.

-falign-labels
-falign-labels=n
-falign-labels=n:m
-falign-labels=n:m:n2
-falign-labels=n:m:n2:m2
Align all branch targets to a power-of-two boundary.

Parameters of this option are analogous to the -falign-functions
option. -fno-align-labels and -falign-labels=1 are equivalent and
mean that labels are not aligned.

If -falign-loops or -falign-jumps are applicable and are greater
than this value, then their values are used instead.

If n is not specified or is zero, use a machine-dependent default
which is very likely to be 1, meaning no alignment. The maximum
allowed n option value is 65536.

Enabled at levels -O2, -O3.

-falign-loops
-falign-loops=n
-falign-loops=n:m
-falign-loops=n:m:n2
-falign-loops=n:m:n2:m2
Align loops to a power-of-two boundary. If the loops are executed
many times, this makes up for any execution of the dummy padding
instructions.

Parameters of this option are analogous to the -falign-functions
option. -fno-align-loops and -falign-loops=1 are equivalent and
mean that loops are not aligned. The maximum allowed n option
value is 65536.

If n is not specified or is zero, use a machine-dependent default.

Enabled at levels -O2, -O3.

-falign-jumps
-falign-jumps=n
-falign-jumps=n:m
-falign-jumps=n:m:n2
-falign-jumps=n:m:n2:m2
Align branch targets to a power-of-two boundary, for branch targets
where the targets can only be reached by jumping. In this case, no
dummy operations need be executed.

Parameters of this option are analogous to the -falign-functions
option. -fno-align-jumps and -falign-jumps=1 are equivalent and
mean that loops are not aligned.

If n is not specified or is zero, use a machine-dependent default.
The maximum allowed n option value is 65536.

Enabled at levels -O2, -O3.

-funit-at-a-time
This option is left for compatibility reasons. -funit-at-a-time has
no effect, while -fno-unit-at-a-time implies -fno-toplevel-reorder
and -fno-section-anchors.

Enabled by default.

-fno-toplevel-reorder
Do not reorder top-level functions, variables, and "asm"
statements. Output them in the same order that they appear in the
input file. When this option is used, unreferenced static
variables are not removed. This option is intended to support
existing code that relies on a particular ordering. For new code,
it is better to use attributes when possible.

-ftoplevel-reorder is the default at -O1 and higher, and also at
-O0 if -fsection-anchors is explicitly requested. Additionally
-fno-toplevel-reorder implies -fno-section-anchors.

-fweb
Constructs webs as commonly used for register allocation purposes
and assign each web individual pseudo register. This allows the
register allocation pass to operate on pseudos directly, but also
strengthens several other optimization passes, such as CSE, loop
optimizer and trivial dead code remover. It can, however, make
debugging impossible, since variables no longer stay in a "home
register".

Enabled by default with -funroll-loops.

-fwhole-program
Assume that the current compilation unit represents the whole
program being compiled. All public functions and variables with
the exception of "main" and those merged by attribute
"externally_visible" become static functions and in effect are
optimized more aggressively by interprocedural optimizers.

This option should not be used in combination with -flto. Instead
relying on a linker plugin should provide safer and more precise
information.

-flto[=n]
This option runs the standard link-time optimizer. When invoked
with source code, it generates GIMPLE (one of GCC's internal
representations) and writes it to special ELF sections in the
object file. When the object files are linked together, all the
function bodies are read from these ELF sections and instantiated
as if they had been part of the same translation unit.

To use the link-time optimizer, -flto and optimization options
should be specified at compile time and during the final link. It
is recommended that you compile all the files participating in the
same link with the same options and also specify those options at
link time. For example:

gcc -c -O2 -flto foo.c
gcc -c -O2 -flto bar.c
gcc -o myprog -flto -O2 foo.o bar.o

The first two invocations to GCC save a bytecode representation of
GIMPLE into special ELF sections inside foo.o and bar.o. The final
invocation reads the GIMPLE bytecode from foo.o and bar.o, merges
the two files into a single internal image, and compiles the result
as usual. Since both foo.o and bar.o are merged into a single
image, this causes all the interprocedural analyses and
optimizations in GCC to work across the two files as if they were a
single one. This means, for example, that the inliner is able to
inline functions in bar.o into functions in foo.o and vice-versa.

Another (simpler) way to enable link-time optimization is:

gcc -o myprog -flto -O2 foo.c bar.c

The above generates bytecode for foo.c and bar.c, merges them
together into a single GIMPLE representation and optimizes them as
usual to produce myprog.

The important thing to keep in mind is that to enable link-time
optimizations you need to use the GCC driver to perform the link
step. GCC automatically performs link-time optimization if any of
the objects involved were compiled with the -flto command-line
option. You can always override the automatic decision to do link-
time optimization by passing -fno-lto to the link command.

To make whole program optimization effective, it is necessary to
make certain whole program assumptions. The compiler needs to know
what functions and variables can be accessed by libraries and
runtime outside of the link-time optimized unit. When supported by
the linker, the linker plugin (see -fuse-linker-plugin) passes
information to the compiler about used and externally visible
symbols. When the linker plugin is not available, -fwhole-program
should be used to allow the compiler to make these assumptions,
which leads to more aggressive optimization decisions.

When a file is compiled with -flto without -fuse-linker-plugin, the
generated object file is larger than a regular object file because
it contains GIMPLE bytecodes and the usual final code (see
-ffat-lto-objects. This means that object files with LTO
information can be linked as normal object files; if -fno-lto is
passed to the linker, no interprocedural optimizations are applied.
Note that when -fno-fat-lto-objects is enabled the compile stage is
faster but you cannot perform a regular, non-LTO link on them.

When producing the final binary, GCC only applies link-time
optimizations to those files that contain bytecode. Therefore, you
can mix and match object files and libraries with GIMPLE bytecodes
and final object code. GCC automatically selects which files to
optimize in LTO mode and which files to link without further
processing.

Generally, options specified at link time override those specified
at compile time, although in some cases GCC attempts to infer link-
time options from the settings used to compile the input files.

If you do not specify an optimization level option -O at link time,
then GCC uses the highest optimization level used when compiling
the object files. Note that it is generally ineffective to specify
an optimization level option only at link time and not at compile
time, for two reasons. First, compiling without optimization
suppresses compiler passes that gather information needed for
effective optimization at link time. Second, some early
optimization passes can be performed only at compile time and not
at link time.

There are some code generation flags preserved by GCC when
generating bytecodes, as they need to be used during the final
link. Currently, the following options and their settings are
taken from the first object file that explicitly specifies them:
-fPIC, -fpic, -fpie, -fcommon, -fexceptions, -fnon-call-exceptions,
-fgnu-tm and all the -m target flags.

Certain ABI-changing flags are required to match in all compilation
units, and trying to override this at link time with a conflicting
value is ignored. This includes options such as
-freg-struct-return and -fpcc-struct-return.

Other options such as -ffp-contract, -fno-strict-overflow, -fwrapv,
-fno-trapv or -fno-strict-aliasing are passed through to the link
stage and merged conservatively for conflicting translation units.
Specifically -fno-strict-overflow, -fwrapv and -fno-trapv take
precedence; and for example -ffp-contract=off takes precedence over
-ffp-contract=fast. You can override them at link time.

If LTO encounters objects with C linkage declared with incompatible
types in separate translation units to be linked together
(undefined behavior according to ISO C99 6.2.7), a non-fatal
diagnostic may be issued. The behavior is still undefined at run
time. Similar diagnostics may be raised for other languages.

Another feature of LTO is that it is possible to apply
interprocedural optimizations on files written in different
languages:

gcc -c -flto foo.c
g++ -c -flto bar.cc
gfortran -c -flto baz.f90
g++ -o myprog -flto -O3 foo.o bar.o baz.o -lgfortran

Notice that the final link is done with g++ to get the C++ runtime
libraries and -lgfortran is added to get the Fortran runtime
libraries. In general, when mixing languages in LTO mode, you
should use the same link command options as when mixing languages
in a regular (non-LTO) compilation.

If object files containing GIMPLE bytecode are stored in a library
archive, say libfoo.a, it is possible to extract and use them in an
LTO link if you are using a linker with plugin support. To create
static libraries suitable for LTO, use gcc-ar and gcc-ranlib
instead of ar and ranlib; to show the symbols of object files with
GIMPLE bytecode, use gcc-nm. Those commands require that ar,
ranlib and nm have been compiled with plugin support. At link
time, use the flag -fuse-linker-plugin to ensure that the library
participates in the LTO optimization process:

gcc -o myprog -O2 -flto -fuse-linker-plugin a.o b.o -lfoo

With the linker plugin enabled, the linker extracts the needed
GIMPLE files from libfoo.a and passes them on to the running GCC to
make them part of the aggregated GIMPLE image to be optimized.

If you are not using a linker with plugin support and/or do not
enable the linker plugin, then the objects inside libfoo.a are
extracted and linked as usual, but they do not participate in the
LTO optimization process. In order to make a static library
suitable for both LTO optimization and usual linkage, compile its
object files with -flto -ffat-lto-objects.

Link-time optimizations do not require the presence of the whole
program to operate. If the program does not require any symbols to
be exported, it is possible to combine -flto and -fwhole-program to
allow the interprocedural optimizers to use more aggressive
assumptions which may lead to improved optimization opportunities.
Use of -fwhole-program is not needed when linker plugin is active
(see -fuse-linker-plugin).

The current implementation of LTO makes no attempt to generate
bytecode that is portable between different types of hosts. The
bytecode files are versioned and there is a strict version check,
so bytecode files generated in one version of GCC do not work with
an older or newer version of GCC.

Link-time optimization does not work well with generation of
debugging information on systems other than those using a
combination of ELF and DWARF.

If you specify the optional n, the optimization and code generation
done at link time is executed in parallel using n parallel jobs by
utilizing an installed make program. The environment variable MAKE
may be used to override the program used. The default value for n
is 1.

You can also specify -flto=jobserver to use GNU make's job server
mode to determine the number of parallel jobs. This is useful when
the Makefile calling GCC is already executing in parallel. You
must prepend a + to the command recipe in the parent Makefile for
this to work. This option likely only works if MAKE is GNU make.

-flto-partition=alg
Specify the partitioning algorithm used by the link-time optimizer.
The value is either 1to1 to specify a partitioning mirroring the
original source files or balanced to specify partitioning into
equally sized chunks (whenever possible) or max to create new
partition for every symbol where possible. Specifying none as an
algorithm disables partitioning and streaming completely. The
default value is balanced. While 1to1 can be used as an workaround
for various code ordering issues, the max partitioning is intended
for internal testing only. The value one specifies that exactly
one partition should be used while the value none bypasses
partitioning and executes the link-time optimization step directly
from the WPA phase.

-flto-odr-type-merging
Enable streaming of mangled types names of C++ types and their
unification at link time. This increases size of LTO object files,
but enables diagnostics about One Definition Rule violations.

-flto-compression-level=n
This option specifies the level of compression used for
intermediate language written to LTO object files, and is only
meaningful in conjunction with LTO mode (-flto). Valid values are
0 (no compression) to 9 (maximum compression). Values outside this
range are clamped to either 0 or 9. If the option is not given, a
default balanced compression setting is used.

-fuse-linker-plugin
Enables the use of a linker plugin during link-time optimization.
This option relies on plugin support in the linker, which is
available in gold or in GNU ld 2.21 or newer.

This option enables the extraction of object files with GIMPLE
bytecode out of library archives. This improves the quality of
optimization by exposing more code to the link-time optimizer.
This information specifies what symbols can be accessed externally
(by non-LTO object or during dynamic linking). Resulting code
quality improvements on binaries (and shared libraries that use
hidden visibility) are similar to -fwhole-program. See -flto for a
description of the effect of this flag and how to use it.

This option is enabled by default when LTO support in GCC is
enabled and GCC was configured for use with a linker supporting
plugins (GNU ld 2.21 or newer or gold).

-ffat-lto-objects
Fat LTO objects are object files that contain both the intermediate
language and the object code. This makes them usable for both LTO
linking and normal linking. This option is effective only when
compiling with -flto and is ignored at link time.

-fno-fat-lto-objects improves compilation time over plain LTO, but
requires the complete toolchain to be aware of LTO. It requires a
linker with linker plugin support for basic functionality.
Additionally, nm, ar and ranlib need to support linker plugins to
allow a full-featured build environment (capable of building static
libraries etc). GCC provides the gcc-ar, gcc-nm, gcc-ranlib
wrappers to pass the right options to these tools. With non fat LTO
makefiles need to be modified to use them.

Note that modern binutils provide plugin auto-load mechanism.
Installing the linker plugin into $libdir/bfd-plugins has the same
effect as usage of the command wrappers (gcc-ar, gcc-nm and gcc-
ranlib).

The default is -fno-fat-lto-objects on targets with linker plugin
support.

-fcompare-elim
After register allocation and post-register allocation instruction
splitting, identify arithmetic instructions that compute processor
flags similar to a comparison operation based on that arithmetic.
If possible, eliminate the explicit comparison operation.

This pass only applies to certain targets that cannot explicitly
represent the comparison operation before register allocation is
complete.

Enabled at levels -O, -O2, -O3, -Os.

-fcprop-registers
After register allocation and post-register allocation instruction
splitting, perform a copy-propagation pass to try to reduce
scheduling dependencies and occasionally eliminate the copy.

Enabled at levels -O, -O2, -O3, -Os.

-fprofile-correction
Profiles collected using an instrumented binary for multi-threaded
programs may be inconsistent due to missed counter updates. When
this option is specified, GCC uses heuristics to correct or smooth
out such inconsistencies. By default, GCC emits an error message
when an inconsistent profile is detected.

This option is enabled by -fauto-profile.

-fprofile-use
-fprofile-use=path
Enable profile feedback-directed optimizations, and the following
optimizations, many of which are generally profitable only with
profile feedback available:

-fbranch-probabilities -fprofile-values -funroll-loops
-fpeel-loops -ftracer -fvpt -finline-functions -fipa-cp
-fipa-cp-clone -fipa-bit-cp -fpredictive-commoning -fsplit-loops
-funswitch-loops -fgcse-after-reload -ftree-loop-vectorize
-ftree-slp-vectorize -fvect-cost-model=dynamic
-ftree-loop-distribute-patterns -fprofile-reorder-functions

Before you can use this option, you must first generate profiling
information.

By default, GCC emits an error message if the feedback profiles do
not match the source code. This error can be turned into a warning
by using -Wno-error=coverage-mismatch. Note this may result in
poorly optimized code. Additionally, by default, GCC also emits a
warning message if the feedback profiles do not exist (see
-Wmissing-profile).

If path is specified, GCC looks at the path to find the profile
feedback data files. See -fprofile-dir.

-fauto-profile
-fauto-profile=path
Enable sampling-based feedback-directed optimizations, and the
following optimizations, many of which are generally profitable
only with profile feedback available:

path is the name of a file containing AutoFDO profile information.
If omitted, it defaults to fbdata.afdo in the current directory.

Producing an AutoFDO profile data file requires running your
program with the perf utility on a supported GNU/Linux target
system. For more information, see <https://perf.wiki.kernel.org/>.

E.g.

perf record -e br_inst_retired:near_taken -b -o perf.data \
-- your_program

Then use the create_gcov tool to convert the raw profile data to a
format that can be used by GCC. You must also supply the
unstripped binary for your program to this tool. See
<https://github.com/google/autofdo>.

E.g.

create_gcov --binary=your_program.unstripped --profile=perf.data \
--gcov=profile.afdo

The following options control compiler behavior regarding floating-
point arithmetic. These options trade off between speed and
correctness. All must be specifically enabled.

-ffloat-store
Do not store floating-point variables in registers, and inhibit
other options that might change whether a floating-point value is
taken from a register or memory.

This option prevents undesirable excess precision on machines such
as the 68000 where the floating registers (of the 68881) keep more
precision than a "double" is supposed to have. Similarly for the
x86 architecture. For most programs, the excess precision does
only good, but a few programs rely on the precise definition of
IEEE floating point. Use -ffloat-store for such programs, after
modifying them to store all pertinent intermediate computations
into variables.

-fexcess-precision=style
This option allows further control over excess precision on
machines where floating-point operations occur in a format with
more precision or range than the IEEE standard and interchange
floating-point types. By default, -fexcess-precision=fast is in
effect; this means that operations may be carried out in a wider
precision than the types specified in the source if that would
result in faster code, and it is unpredictable when rounding to the
types specified in the source code takes place. When compiling C,
if -fexcess-precision=standard is specified then excess precision
follows the rules specified in ISO C99; in particular, both casts
and assignments cause values to be rounded to their semantic types
(whereas -ffloat-store only affects assignments). This option is
enabled by default for C if a strict conformance option such as
-std=c99 is used. -ffast-math enables -fexcess-precision=fast by
default regardless of whether a strict conformance option is used.

-fexcess-precision=standard is not implemented for languages other
than C. On the x86, it has no effect if -mfpmath=sse or
-mfpmath=sse+387 is specified; in the former case, IEEE semantics
apply without excess precision, and in the latter, rounding is
unpredictable.

-ffast-math
Sets the options -fno-math-errno, -funsafe-math-optimizations,
-ffinite-math-only, -fno-rounding-math, -fno-signaling-nans,
-fcx-limited-range and -fexcess-precision=fast.

This option causes the preprocessor macro "__FAST_MATH__" to be
defined.

This option is not turned on by any -O option besides -Ofast since
it can result in incorrect output for programs that depend on an
exact implementation of IEEE or ISO rules/specifications for math
functions. It may, however, yield faster code for programs that do
not require the guarantees of these specifications.

-fno-math-errno
Do not set "errno" after calling math functions that are executed
with a single instruction, e.g., "sqrt". A program that relies on
IEEE exceptions for math error handling may want to use this flag
for speed while maintaining IEEE arithmetic compatibility.

This option is not turned on by any -O option since it can result
in incorrect output for programs that depend on an exact
implementation of IEEE or ISO rules/specifications for math
functions. It may, however, yield faster code for programs that do
not require the guarantees of these specifications.

The default is -fmath-errno.

On Darwin systems, the math library never sets "errno". There is
therefore no reason for the compiler to consider the possibility
that it might, and -fno-math-errno is the default.

-funsafe-math-optimizations
Allow optimizations for floating-point arithmetic that (a) assume
that arguments and results are valid and (b) may violate IEEE or
ANSI standards. When used at link time, it may include libraries
or startup files that change the default FPU control word or other
similar optimizations.

The default is -fno-unsafe-math-optimizations.

-fassociative-math
Allow re-association of operands in series of floating-point
operations. This violates the ISO C and C++ language standard by
possibly changing computation result. NOTE: re-ordering may change
the sign of zero as well as ignore NaNs and inhibit or create
underflow or overflow (and thus cannot be used on code that relies
on rounding behavior like "(x + 2**52) - 2**52". May also reorder
floating-point comparisons and thus may not be used when ordered
comparisons are required. This option requires that both
-fno-signed-zeros and -fno-trapping-math be in effect. Moreover,
it doesn't make much sense with -frounding-math. For Fortran the
option is automatically enabled when both -fno-signed-zeros and
-fno-trapping-math are in effect.

The default is -fno-associative-math.

-freciprocal-math
Allow the reciprocal of a value to be used instead of dividing by
the value if this enables optimizations. For example "x / y" can
be replaced with "x * (1/y)", which is useful if "(1/y)" is subject
to common subexpression elimination. Note that this loses
precision and increases the number of flops operating on the value.

The default is -fno-reciprocal-math.

-ffinite-math-only
Allow optimizations for floating-point arithmetic that assume that
arguments and results are not NaNs or +-Infs.

The default is -fno-finite-math-only.

-fno-signed-zeros
Allow optimizations for floating-point arithmetic that ignore the
signedness of zero. IEEE arithmetic specifies the behavior of
distinct +0.0 and -0.0 values, which then prohibits simplification
of expressions such as x+0.0 or 0.0*x (even with
-ffinite-math-only). This option implies that the sign of a zero
result isn't significant.

The default is -fsigned-zeros.

-fno-trapping-math
Compile code assuming that floating-point operations cannot
generate user-visible traps. These traps include division by zero,
overflow, underflow, inexact result and invalid operation. This
option requires that -fno-signaling-nans be in effect. Setting
this option may allow faster code if one relies on "non-stop" IEEE
arithmetic, for example.

This option should never be turned on by any -O option since it can
result in incorrect output for programs that depend on an exact
implementation of IEEE or ISO rules/specifications for math
functions.

The default is -ftrapping-math.

-frounding-math
Disable transformations and optimizations that assume default
floating-point rounding behavior. This is round-to-zero for all
floating point to integer conversions, and round-to-nearest for all
other arithmetic truncations. This option should be specified for
programs that change the FP rounding mode dynamically, or that may
be executed with a non-default rounding mode. This option disables
constant folding of floating-point expressions at compile time
(which may be affected by rounding mode) and arithmetic
transformations that are unsafe in the presence of sign-dependent
rounding modes.

The default is -fno-rounding-math.

This option is experimental and does not currently guarantee to
disable all GCC optimizations that are affected by rounding mode.
Future versions of GCC may provide finer control of this setting
using C99's "FENV_ACCESS" pragma. This command-line option will be
used to specify the default state for "FENV_ACCESS".

-fsignaling-nans
Compile code assuming that IEEE signaling NaNs may generate user-
visible traps during floating-point operations. Setting this
option disables optimizations that may change the number of
exceptions visible with signaling NaNs. This option implies
-ftrapping-math.

This option causes the preprocessor macro "__SUPPORT_SNAN__" to be
defined.

The default is -fno-signaling-nans.

This option is experimental and does not currently guarantee to
disable all GCC optimizations that affect signaling NaN behavior.

-fno-fp-int-builtin-inexact
Do not allow the built-in functions "ceil", "floor", "round" and
"trunc", and their "float" and "long double" variants, to generate
code that raises the "inexact" floating-point exception for
noninteger arguments. ISO C99 and C11 allow these functions to
raise the "inexact" exception, but ISO/IEC TS 18661-1:2014, the C
bindings to IEEE 754-2008, does not allow these functions to do so.

The default is -ffp-int-builtin-inexact, allowing the exception to
be raised. This option does nothing unless -ftrapping-math is in
effect.

Even if -fno-fp-int-builtin-inexact is used, if the functions
generate a call to a library function then the "inexact" exception
may be raised if the library implementation does not follow TS
18661.

-fsingle-precision-constant
Treat floating-point constants as single precision instead of
implicitly converting them to double-precision constants.

-fcx-limited-range
When enabled, this option states that a range reduction step is not
needed when performing complex division. Also, there is no
checking whether the result of a complex multiplication or division
is "NaN + I*NaN", with an attempt to rescue the situation in that
case. The default is -fno-cx-limited-range, but is enabled by
-ffast-math.

This option controls the default setting of the ISO C99
"CX_LIMITED_RANGE" pragma. Nevertheless, the option applies to all
languages.

-fcx-fortran-rules
Complex multiplication and division follow Fortran rules. Range
reduction is done as part of complex division, but there is no
checking whether the result of a complex multiplication or division
is "NaN + I*NaN", with an attempt to rescue the situation in that
case.

The default is -fno-cx-fortran-rules.

The following options control optimizations that may improve
performance, but are not enabled by any -O options. This section
includes experimental options that may produce broken code.

-fbranch-probabilities
After running a program compiled with -fprofile-arcs, you can
compile it a second time using -fbranch-probabilities, to improve
optimizations based on the number of times each branch was taken.
When a program compiled with -fprofile-arcs exits, it saves arc
execution counts to a file called sourcename.gcda for each source
file. The information in this data file is very dependent on the
structure of the generated code, so you must use the same source
code and the same optimization options for both compilations.

With -fbranch-probabilities, GCC puts a REG_BR_PROB note on each
JUMP_INSN and CALL_INSN. These can be used to improve
optimization. Currently, they are only used in one place: in
reorg.c, instead of guessing which path a branch is most likely to
take, the REG_BR_PROB values are used to exactly determine which
path is taken more often.

Enabled by -fprofile-use and -fauto-profile.

-fprofile-values
If combined with -fprofile-arcs, it adds code so that some data
about values of expressions in the program is gathered.

With -fbranch-probabilities, it reads back the data gathered from
profiling values of expressions for usage in optimizations.

Enabled by -fprofile-generate, -fprofile-use, and -fauto-profile.

-fprofile-reorder-functions
Function reordering based on profile instrumentation collects first
time of execution of a function and orders these functions in
ascending order.

Enabled with -fprofile-use.

-fvpt
If combined with -fprofile-arcs, this option instructs the compiler
to add code to gather information about values of expressions.

With -fbranch-probabilities, it reads back the data gathered and
actually performs the optimizations based on them. Currently the
optimizations include specialization of division operations using
the knowledge about the value of the denominator.

Enabled with -fprofile-use and -fauto-profile.

-frename-registers
Attempt to avoid false dependencies in scheduled code by making use
of registers left over after register allocation. This
optimization most benefits processors with lots of registers.
Depending on the debug information format adopted by the target,
however, it can make debugging impossible, since variables no
longer stay in a "home register".

Enabled by default with -funroll-loops.

-fschedule-fusion
Performs a target dependent pass over the instruction stream to
schedule instructions of same type together because target machine
can execute them more efficiently if they are adjacent to each
other in the instruction flow.

Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.

-ftracer
Perform tail duplication to enlarge superblock size. This
transformation simplifies the control flow of the function allowing
other optimizations to do a better job.

Enabled by -fprofile-use and -fauto-profile.

-funroll-loops
Unroll loops whose number of iterations can be determined at
compile time or upon entry to the loop. -funroll-loops implies
-frerun-cse-after-loop, -fweb and -frename-registers. It also
turns on complete loop peeling (i.e. complete removal of loops with
a small constant number of iterations). This option makes code
larger, and may or may not make it run faster.

Enabled by -fprofile-use and -fauto-profile.

-funroll-all-loops
Unroll all loops, even if their number of iterations is uncertain
when the loop is entered. This usually makes programs run more
slowly. -funroll-all-loops implies the same options as
-funroll-loops.

-fpeel-loops
Peels loops for which there is enough information that they do not
roll much (from profile feedback or static analysis). It also
turns on complete loop peeling (i.e. complete removal of loops with
small constant number of iterations).

Enabled by -O3, -fprofile-use, and -fauto-profile.

-fmove-loop-invariants
Enables the loop invariant motion pass in the RTL loop optimizer.
Enabled at level -O1 and higher, except for -Og.

-fsplit-loops
Split a loop into two if it contains a condition that's always true
for one side of the iteration space and false for the other.

Enabled by -fprofile-use and -fauto-profile.

-funswitch-loops
Move branches with loop invariant conditions out of the loop, with
duplicates of the loop on both branches (modified according to
result of the condition).

Enabled by -fprofile-use and -fauto-profile.

-fversion-loops-for-strides
If a loop iterates over an array with a variable stride, create
another version of the loop that assumes the stride is always one.
For example:

for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
x[i * stride] = ...;

becomes:

if (stride == 1)
for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
x[i] = ...;
else
for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
x[i * stride] = ...;

This is particularly useful for assumed-shape arrays in Fortran
where (for example) it allows better vectorization assuming
contiguous accesses. This flag is enabled by default at -O3. It
is also enabled by -fprofile-use and -fauto-profile.

-ffunction-sections
-fdata-sections
Place each function or data item into its own section in the output
file if the target supports arbitrary sections. The name of the
function or the name of the data item determines the section's name
in the output file.

Use these options on systems where the linker can perform
optimizations to improve locality of reference in the instruction
space. Most systems using the ELF object format have linkers with
such optimizations. On AIX, the linker rearranges sections
(CSECTs) based on the call graph. The performance impact varies.

Together with a linker garbage collection (linker --gc-sections
option) these options may lead to smaller statically-linked
executables (after stripping).

On ELF/DWARF systems these options do not degenerate the quality of
the debug information. There could be issues with other object
files/debug info formats.

Only use these options when there are significant benefits from
doing so. When you specify these options, the assembler and linker
create larger object and executable files and are also slower.
These options affect code generation. They prevent optimizations
by the compiler and assembler using relative locations inside a
translation unit since the locations are unknown until link time.
An example of such an optimization is relaxing calls to short call
instructions.

-fbranch-target-load-optimize
Perform branch target register load optimization before prologue /
epilogue threading. The use of target registers can typically be
exposed only during reload, thus hoisting loads out of loops and
doing inter-block scheduling needs a separate optimization pass.

-fbranch-target-load-optimize2
Perform branch target register load optimization after prologue /
epilogue threading.

-fbtr-bb-exclusive
When performing branch target register load optimization, don't
reuse branch target registers within any basic block.

-fstdarg-opt
Optimize the prologue of variadic argument functions with respect
to usage of those arguments.

-fsection-anchors
Try to reduce the number of symbolic address calculations by using
shared "anchor" symbols to address nearby objects. This
transformation can help to reduce the number of GOT entries and GOT
accesses on some targets.

For example, the implementation of the following function "foo":

static int a, b, c;
int foo (void) { return a + b + c; }

usually calculates the addresses of all three variables, but if you
compile it with -fsection-anchors, it accesses the variables from a
common anchor point instead. The effect is similar to the
following pseudocode (which isn't valid C):

int foo (void)
{
register int *xr = &x;
return xr[&a - &x] + xr[&b - &x] + xr[&c - &x];
}

Not all targets support this option.

--param name=value
In some places, GCC uses various constants to control the amount of
optimization that is done. For example, GCC does not inline
functions that contain more than a certain number of instructions.
You can control some of these constants on the command line using
the --param option.

The names of specific parameters, and the meaning of the values,
are tied to the internals of the compiler, and are subject to
change without notice in future releases.

In order to get minimal, maximal and default value of a parameter,
one can use --help=param -Q options.

In each case, the value is an integer. The allowable choices for
name are:

predictable-branch-outcome
When branch is predicted to be taken with probability lower
than this threshold (in percent), then it is considered well
predictable.

max-rtl-if-conversion-insns
RTL if-conversion tries to remove conditional branches around a
block and replace them with conditionally executed
instructions. This parameter gives the maximum number of
instructions in a block which should be considered for if-
conversion. The compiler will also use other heuristics to
decide whether if-conversion is likely to be profitable.

max-rtl-if-conversion-predictable-cost
max-rtl-if-conversion-unpredictable-cost
RTL if-conversion will try to remove conditional branches
around a block and replace them with conditionally executed
instructions. These parameters give the maximum permissible
cost for the sequence that would be generated by if-conversion
depending on whether the branch is statically determined to be
predictable or not. The units for this parameter are the same
as those for the GCC internal seq_cost metric. The compiler
will try to provide a reasonable default for this parameter
using the BRANCH_COST target macro.

max-crossjump-edges
The maximum number of incoming edges to consider for cross-
jumping. The algorithm used by -fcrossjumping is O(N^2) in the
number of edges incoming to each block. Increasing values mean
more aggressive optimization, making the compilation time
increase with probably small improvement in executable size.

min-crossjump-insns
The minimum number of instructions that must be matched at the
end of two blocks before cross-jumping is performed on them.
This value is ignored in the case where all instructions in the
block being cross-jumped from are matched.

max-grow-copy-bb-insns
The maximum code size expansion factor when copying basic
blocks instead of jumping. The expansion is relative to a jump
instruction.

max-goto-duplication-insns
The maximum number of instructions to duplicate to a block that
jumps to a computed goto. To avoid O(N^2) behavior in a number
of passes, GCC factors computed gotos early in the compilation
process, and unfactors them as late as possible. Only computed
jumps at the end of a basic blocks with no more than max-goto-
duplication-insns are unfactored.

max-delay-slot-insn-search
The maximum number of instructions to consider when looking for
an instruction to fill a delay slot. If more than this
arbitrary number of instructions are searched, the time savings
from filling the delay slot are minimal, so stop searching.
Increasing values mean more aggressive optimization, making the
compilation time increase with probably small improvement in
execution time.

max-delay-slot-live-search
When trying to fill delay slots, the maximum number of
instructions to consider when searching for a block with valid
live register information. Increasing this arbitrarily chosen
value means more aggressive optimization, increasing the
compilation time. This parameter should be removed when the
delay slot code is rewritten to maintain the control-flow
graph.

max-gcse-memory
The approximate maximum amount of memory that can be allocated
in order to perform the global common subexpression elimination
optimization. If more memory than specified is required, the
optimization is not done.

max-gcse-insertion-ratio
If the ratio of expression insertions to deletions is larger
than this value for any expression, then RTL PRE inserts or
removes the expression and thus leaves partially redundant
computations in the instruction stream.

max-pending-list-length
The maximum number of pending dependencies scheduling allows
before flushing the current state and starting over. Large
functions with few branches or calls can create excessively
large lists which needlessly consume memory and resources.

max-modulo-backtrack-attempts
The maximum number of backtrack attempts the scheduler should
make when modulo scheduling a loop. Larger values can
exponentially increase compilation time.

max-inline-insns-single
Several parameters control the tree inliner used in GCC. This
number sets the maximum number of instructions (counted in
GCC's internal representation) in a single function that the
tree inliner considers for inlining. This only affects
functions declared inline and methods implemented in a class
declaration (C++).

max-inline-insns-auto
When you use -finline-functions (included in -O3), a lot of
functions that would otherwise not be considered for inlining
by the compiler are investigated. To those functions, a
different (more restrictive) limit compared to functions
declared inline can be applied.

max-inline-insns-small
This is bound applied to calls which are considered relevant
with -finline-small-functions.

max-inline-insns-size
This is bound applied to calls which are optimized for size.
Small growth may be desirable to anticipate optimization
oppurtunities exposed by inlining.

uninlined-function-insns
Number of instructions accounted by inliner for function
overhead such as function prologue and epilogue.

uninlined-function-time
Extra time accounted by inliner for function overhead such as
time needed to execute function prologue and epilogue

uninlined-thunk-insns
uninlined-thunk-time
Same as --param uninlined-function-insns and --param uninlined-
function-time but applied to function thunks

inline-min-speedup
When estimated performance improvement of caller + callee
runtime exceeds this threshold (in percent), the function can
be inlined regardless of the limit on --param max-inline-insns-
single and --param max-inline-insns-auto.

large-function-insns
The limit specifying really large functions. For functions
larger than this limit after inlining, inlining is constrained
by --param large-function-growth. This parameter is useful
primarily to avoid extreme compilation time caused by non-
linear algorithms used by the back end.

large-function-growth
Specifies maximal growth of large function caused by inlining
in percents. For example, parameter value 100 limits large
function growth to 2.0 times the original size.

large-unit-insns
The limit specifying large translation unit. Growth caused by
inlining of units larger than this limit is limited by --param
inline-unit-growth. For small units this might be too tight.
For example, consider a unit consisting of function A that is
inline and B that just calls A three times. If B is small
relative to A, the growth of unit is 300\% and yet such
inlining is very sane. For very large units consisting of
small inlineable functions, however, the overall unit growth
limit is needed to avoid exponential explosion of code size.
Thus for smaller units, the size is increased to --param large-
unit-insns before applying --param inline-unit-growth.

inline-unit-growth
Specifies maximal overall growth of the compilation unit caused
by inlining. For example, parameter value 20 limits unit
growth to 1.2 times the original size. Cold functions (either
marked cold via an attribute or by profile feedback) are not
accounted into the unit size.

ipcp-unit-growth
Specifies maximal overall growth of the compilation unit caused
by interprocedural constant propagation. For example,
parameter value 10 limits unit growth to 1.1 times the original
size.

large-stack-frame
The limit specifying large stack frames. While inlining the
algorithm is trying to not grow past this limit too much.

large-stack-frame-growth
Specifies maximal growth of large stack frames caused by
inlining in percents. For example, parameter value 1000 limits
large stack frame growth to 11 times the original size.

max-inline-insns-recursive
max-inline-insns-recursive-auto
Specifies the maximum number of instructions an out-of-line
copy of a self-recursive inline function can grow into by
performing recursive inlining.

--param max-inline-insns-recursive applies to functions
declared inline. For functions not declared inline, recursive
inlining happens only when -finline-functions (included in -O3)
is enabled; --param max-inline-insns-recursive-auto applies
instead.

max-inline-recursive-depth
max-inline-recursive-depth-auto
Specifies the maximum recursion depth used for recursive
inlining.

--param max-inline-recursive-depth applies to functions
declared inline. For functions not declared inline, recursive
inlining happens only when -finline-functions (included in -O3)
is enabled; --param max-inline-recursive-depth-auto applies
instead.

min-inline-recursive-probability
Recursive inlining is profitable only for function having deep
recursion in average and can hurt for function having little
recursion depth by increasing the prologue size or complexity
of function body to other optimizers.

When profile feedback is available (see -fprofile-generate) the
actual recursion depth can be guessed from the probability that
function recurses via a given call expression. This parameter
limits inlining only to call expressions whose probability
exceeds the given threshold (in percents).

early-inlining-insns
Specify growth that the early inliner can make. In effect it
increases the amount of inlining for code having a large
abstraction penalty.

max-early-inliner-iterations
Limit of iterations of the early inliner. This basically
bounds the number of nested indirect calls the early inliner
can resolve. Deeper chains are still handled by late inlining.

comdat-sharing-probability
Probability (in percent) that C++ inline function with comdat
visibility are shared across multiple compilation units.

profile-func-internal-id
A parameter to control whether to use function internal id in
profile database lookup. If the value is 0, the compiler uses
an id that is based on function assembler name and filename,
which makes old profile data more tolerant to source changes
such as function reordering etc.

min-vect-loop-bound
The minimum number of iterations under which loops are not
vectorized when -ftree-vectorize is used. The number of
iterations after vectorization needs to be greater than the
value specified by this option to allow vectorization.

gcse-cost-distance-ratio
Scaling factor in calculation of maximum distance an expression
can be moved by GCSE optimizations. This is currently
supported only in the code hoisting pass. The bigger the
ratio, the more aggressive code hoisting is with simple
expressions, i.e., the expressions that have cost less than
gcse-unrestricted-cost. Specifying 0 disables hoisting of
simple expressions.

gcse-unrestricted-cost
Cost, roughly measured as the cost of a single typical machine
instruction, at which GCSE optimizations do not constrain the
distance an expression can travel. This is currently supported
only in the code hoisting pass. The lesser the cost, the more
aggressive code hoisting is. Specifying 0 allows all
expressions to travel unrestricted distances.

max-hoist-depth
The depth of search in the dominator tree for expressions to
hoist. This is used to avoid quadratic behavior in hoisting
algorithm. The value of 0 does not limit on the search, but
may slow down compilation of huge functions.

max-tail-merge-comparisons
The maximum amount of similar bbs to compare a bb with. This
is used to avoid quadratic behavior in tree tail merging.

max-tail-merge-iterations
The maximum amount of iterations of the pass over the function.
This is used to limit compilation time in tree tail merging.

store-merging-allow-unaligned
Allow the store merging pass to introduce unaligned stores if
it is legal to do so.

max-stores-to-merge
The maximum number of stores to attempt to merge into wider
stores in the store merging pass.

max-unrolled-insns
The maximum number of instructions that a loop may have to be
unrolled. If a loop is unrolled, this parameter also
determines how many times the loop code is unrolled.

max-average-unrolled-insns
The maximum number of instructions biased by probabilities of
their execution that a loop may have to be unrolled. If a loop
is unrolled, this parameter also determines how many times the
loop code is unrolled.

max-unroll-times
The maximum number of unrollings of a single loop.

max-peeled-insns
The maximum number of instructions that a loop may have to be
peeled. If a loop is peeled, this parameter also determines
how many times the loop code is peeled.

max-peel-times
The maximum number of peelings of a single loop.

max-peel-branches
The maximum number of branches on the hot path through the
peeled sequence.

max-completely-peeled-insns
The maximum number of insns of a completely peeled loop.

max-completely-peel-times
The maximum number of iterations of a loop to be suitable for
complete peeling.

max-completely-peel-loop-nest-depth
The maximum depth of a loop nest suitable for complete peeling.

max-unswitch-insns
The maximum number of insns of an unswitched loop.

max-unswitch-level
The maximum number of branches unswitched in a single loop.

lim-expensive
The minimum cost of an expensive expression in the loop
invariant motion.

iv-consider-all-candidates-bound
Bound on number of candidates for induction variables, below
which all candidates are considered for each use in induction
variable optimizations. If there are more candidates than
this, only the most relevant ones are considered to avoid
quadratic time complexity.

iv-max-considered-uses
The induction variable optimizations give up on loops that
contain more induction variable uses.

iv-always-prune-cand-set-bound
If the number of candidates in the set is smaller than this
value, always try to remove unnecessary ivs from the set when
adding a new one.

avg-loop-niter
Average number of iterations of a loop.

dse-max-object-size
Maximum size (in bytes) of objects tracked bytewise by dead
store elimination. Larger values may result in larger
compilation times.

dse-max-alias-queries-per-store
Maximum number of queries into the alias oracle per store.
Larger values result in larger compilation times and may result
in more removed dead stores.

scev-max-expr-size
Bound on size of expressions used in the scalar evolutions
analyzer. Large expressions slow the analyzer.

scev-max-expr-complexity
Bound on the complexity of the expressions in the scalar
evolutions analyzer. Complex expressions slow the analyzer.

max-tree-if-conversion-phi-args
Maximum number of arguments in a PHI supported by TREE if
conversion unless the loop is marked with simd pragma.

vect-max-version-for-alignment-checks
The maximum number of run-time checks that can be performed
when doing loop versioning for alignment in the vectorizer.

vect-max-version-for-alias-checks
The maximum number of run-time checks that can be performed
when doing loop versioning for alias in the vectorizer.

vect-max-peeling-for-alignment
The maximum number of loop peels to enhance access alignment
for vectorizer. Value -1 means no limit.

max-iterations-to-track
The maximum number of iterations of a loop the brute-force
algorithm for analysis of the number of iterations of the loop
tries to evaluate.

hot-bb-count-ws-permille
A basic block profile count is considered hot if it contributes
to the given permillage (i.e. 0...1000) of the entire profiled
execution.

hot-bb-frequency-fraction
Select fraction of the entry block frequency of executions of
basic block in function given basic block needs to have to be
considered hot.

max-predicted-iterations
The maximum number of loop iterations we predict statically.
This is useful in cases where a function contains a single loop
with known bound and another loop with unknown bound. The
known number of iterations is predicted correctly, while the
unknown number of iterations average to roughly 10. This means
that the loop without bounds appears artificially cold relative
to the other one.

builtin-expect-probability
Control the probability of the expression having the specified
value. This parameter takes a percentage (i.e. 0 ... 100) as
input.

builtin-string-cmp-inline-length
The maximum length of a constant string for a builtin string
cmp call eligible for inlining.

align-threshold
Select fraction of the maximal frequency of executions of a
basic block in a function to align the basic block.

align-loop-iterations
A loop expected to iterate at least the selected number of
iterations is aligned.

tracer-dynamic-coverage
tracer-dynamic-coverage-feedback
This value is used to limit superblock formation once the given
percentage of executed instructions is covered. This limits
unnecessary code size expansion.

The tracer-dynamic-coverage-feedback parameter is used only
when profile feedback is available. The real profiles (as
opposed to statically estimated ones) are much less balanced
allowing the threshold to be larger value.

tracer-max-code-growth
Stop tail duplication once code growth has reached given
percentage. This is a rather artificial limit, as most of the
duplicates are eliminated later in cross jumping, so it may be
set to much higher values than is the desired code growth.

tracer-min-branch-ratio
Stop reverse growth when the reverse probability of best edge
is less than this threshold (in percent).

tracer-min-branch-probability
tracer-min-branch-probability-feedback
Stop forward growth if the best edge has probability lower than
this threshold.

Similarly to tracer-dynamic-coverage two parameters are
provided. tracer-min-branch-probability-feedback is used for
compilation with profile feedback and tracer-min-branch-
probability compilation without. The value for compilation
with profile feedback needs to be more conservative (higher) in
order to make tracer effective.

stack-clash-protection-guard-size
Specify the size of the operating system provided stack guard
as 2 raised to num bytes. Higher values may reduce the number
of explicit probes, but a value larger than the operating
system provided guard will leave code vulnerable to stack clash
style attacks.

stack-clash-protection-probe-interval
Stack clash protection involves probing stack space as it is
allocated. This param controls the maximum distance between
probes into the stack as 2 raised to num bytes. Higher values
may reduce the number of explicit probes, but a value larger
than the operating system provided guard will leave code
vulnerable to stack clash style attacks.

max-cse-path-length
The maximum number of basic blocks on path that CSE considers.

max-cse-insns
The maximum number of instructions CSE processes before
flushing.

ggc-min-expand
GCC uses a garbage collector to manage its own memory
allocation. This parameter specifies the minimum percentage by
which the garbage collector's heap should be allowed to expand
between collections. Tuning this may improve compilation
speed; it has no effect on code generation.

The default is 30% + 70% * (RAM/1GB) with an upper bound of
100% when RAM >= 1GB. If "getrlimit" is available, the notion
of "RAM" is the smallest of actual RAM and "RLIMIT_DATA" or
"RLIMIT_AS". If GCC is not able to calculate RAM on a
particular platform, the lower bound of 30% is used. Setting
this parameter and ggc-min-heapsize to zero causes a full
collection to occur at every opportunity. This is extremely
slow, but can be useful for debugging.

ggc-min-heapsize
Minimum size of the garbage collector's heap before it begins
bothering to collect garbage. The first collection occurs
after the heap expands by ggc-min-expand% beyond ggc-min-
heapsize. Again, tuning this may improve compilation speed,
and has no effect on code generation.

The default is the smaller of RAM/8, RLIMIT_RSS, or a limit
that tries to ensure that RLIMIT_DATA or RLIMIT_AS are not
exceeded, but with a lower bound of 4096 (four megabytes) and
an upper bound of 131072 (128 megabytes). If GCC is not able
to calculate RAM on a particular platform, the lower bound is
used. Setting this parameter very large effectively disables
garbage collection. Setting this parameter and ggc-min-expand
to zero causes a full collection to occur at every opportunity.

max-reload-search-insns
The maximum number of instruction reload should look backward
for equivalent register. Increasing values mean more
aggressive optimization, making the compilation time increase
with probably slightly better performance.

max-cselib-memory-locations
The maximum number of memory locations cselib should take into
account. Increasing values mean more aggressive optimization,
making the compilation time increase with probably slightly
better performance.

max-sched-ready-insns
The maximum number of instructions ready to be issued the
scheduler should consider at any given time during the first
scheduling pass. Increasing values mean more thorough
searches, making the compilation time increase with probably
little benefit.

max-sched-region-blocks
The maximum number of blocks in a region to be considered for
interblock scheduling.

max-pipeline-region-blocks
The maximum number of blocks in a region to be considered for
pipelining in the selective scheduler.

max-sched-region-insns
The maximum number of insns in a region to be considered for
interblock scheduling.

max-pipeline-region-insns
The maximum number of insns in a region to be considered for
pipelining in the selective scheduler.

min-spec-prob
The minimum probability (in percents) of reaching a source
block for interblock speculative scheduling.

max-sched-extend-regions-iters
The maximum number of iterations through CFG to extend regions.
A value of 0 disables region extensions.

max-sched-insn-conflict-delay
The maximum conflict delay for an insn to be considered for
speculative motion.

sched-spec-prob-cutoff
The minimal probability of speculation success (in percents),
so that speculative insns are scheduled.

sched-state-edge-prob-cutoff
The minimum probability an edge must have for the scheduler to
save its state across it.

sched-mem-true-dep-cost
Minimal distance (in CPU cycles) between store and load
targeting same memory locations.

selsched-max-lookahead
The maximum size of the lookahead window of selective
scheduling. It is a depth of search for available
instructions.

selsched-max-sched-times
The maximum number of times that an instruction is scheduled
during selective scheduling. This is the limit on the number
of iterations through which the instruction may be pipelined.

selsched-insns-to-rename
The maximum number of best instructions in the ready list that
are considered for renaming in the selective scheduler.

sms-min-sc
The minimum value of stage count that swing modulo scheduler
generates.

max-last-value-rtl
The maximum size measured as number of RTLs that can be
recorded in an expression in combiner for a pseudo register as
last known value of that register.

max-combine-insns
The maximum number of instructions the RTL combiner tries to
combine.

integer-share-limit
Small integer constants can use a shared data structure,
reducing the compiler's memory usage and increasing its speed.
This sets the maximum value of a shared integer constant.

ssp-buffer-size
The minimum size of buffers (i.e. arrays) that receive stack
smashing protection when -fstack-protection is used.

min-size-for-stack-sharing
The minimum size of variables taking part in stack slot sharing
when not optimizing.

max-jump-thread-duplication-stmts
Maximum number of statements allowed in a block that needs to
be duplicated when threading jumps.

max-fields-for-field-sensitive
Maximum number of fields in a structure treated in a field
sensitive manner during pointer analysis.

prefetch-latency
Estimate on average number of instructions that are executed
before prefetch finishes. The distance prefetched ahead is
proportional to this constant. Increasing this number may also
lead to less streams being prefetched (see simultaneous-
prefetches).

simultaneous-prefetches
Maximum number of prefetches that can run at the same time.

l1-cache-line-size
The size of cache line in L1 data cache, in bytes.

l1-cache-size
The size of L1 data cache, in kilobytes.

l2-cache-size
The size of L2 data cache, in kilobytes.

prefetch-dynamic-strides
Whether the loop array prefetch pass should issue software
prefetch hints for strides that are non-constant. In some
cases this may be beneficial, though the fact the stride is
non-constant may make it hard to predict when there is clear
benefit to issuing these hints.

Set to 1 if the prefetch hints should be issued for non-
constant strides. Set to 0 if prefetch hints should be issued
only for strides that are known to be constant and below
prefetch-minimum-stride.

prefetch-minimum-stride
Minimum constant stride, in bytes, to start using prefetch
hints for. If the stride is less than this threshold, prefetch
hints will not be issued.

This setting is useful for processors that have hardware
prefetchers, in which case there may be conflicts between the
hardware prefetchers and the software prefetchers. If the
hardware prefetchers have a maximum stride they can handle, it
should be used here to improve the use of software prefetchers.

A value of -1 means we don't have a threshold and therefore
prefetch hints can be issued for any constant stride.

This setting is only useful for strides that are known and
constant.

loop-interchange-max-num-stmts
The maximum number of stmts in a loop to be interchanged.

loop-interchange-stride-ratio
The minimum ratio between stride of two loops for interchange
to be profitable.

min-insn-to-prefetch-ratio
The minimum ratio between the number of instructions and the
number of prefetches to enable prefetching in a loop.

prefetch-min-insn-to-mem-ratio
The minimum ratio between the number of instructions and the
number of memory references to enable prefetching in a loop.

use-canonical-types
Whether the compiler should use the "canonical" type system.
Should always be 1, which uses a more efficient internal
mechanism for comparing types in C++ and Objective-C++.
However, if bugs in the canonical type system are causing
compilation failures, set this value to 0 to disable canonical
types.

switch-conversion-max-branch-ratio
Switch initialization conversion refuses to create arrays that
are bigger than switch-conversion-max-branch-ratio times the
number of branches in the switch.

max-partial-antic-length
Maximum length of the partial antic set computed during the
tree partial redundancy elimination optimization (-ftree-pre)
when optimizing at -O3 and above. For some sorts of source
code the enhanced partial redundancy elimination optimization
can run away, consuming all of the memory available on the host
machine. This parameter sets a limit on the length of the sets
that are computed, which prevents the runaway behavior.
Setting a value of 0 for this parameter allows an unlimited set
length.

rpo-vn-max-loop-depth
Maximum loop depth that is value-numbered optimistically. When
the limit hits the innermost rpo-vn-max-loop-depth loops and
the outermost loop in the loop nest are value-numbered
optimistically and the remaining ones not.

sccvn-max-alias-queries-per-access
Maximum number of alias-oracle queries we perform when looking
for redundancies for loads and stores. If this limit is hit
the search is aborted and the load or store is not considered
redundant. The number of queries is algorithmically limited to
the number of stores on all paths from the load to the function
entry.

ira-max-loops-num
IRA uses regional register allocation by default. If a
function contains more loops than the number given by this
parameter, only at most the given number of the most
frequently-executed loops form regions for regional register
allocation.

ira-max-conflict-table-size
Although IRA uses a sophisticated algorithm to compress the
conflict table, the table can still require excessive amounts
of memory for huge functions. If the conflict table for a
function could be more than the size in MB given by this
parameter, the register allocator instead uses a faster,
simpler, and lower-quality algorithm that does not require
building a pseudo-register conflict table.

ira-loop-reserved-regs
IRA can be used to evaluate more accurate register pressure in
loops for decisions to move loop invariants (see -O3). The
number of available registers reserved for some other purposes
is given by this parameter. Default of the parameter is the
best found from numerous experiments.

lra-inheritance-ebb-probability-cutoff
LRA tries to reuse values reloaded in registers in subsequent
insns. This optimization is called inheritance. EBB is used
as a region to do this optimization. The parameter defines a
minimal fall-through edge probability in percentage used to add
BB to inheritance EBB in LRA. The default value was chosen
from numerous runs of SPEC2000 on x86-64.

loop-invariant-max-bbs-in-loop
Loop invariant motion can be very expensive, both in
compilation time and in amount of needed compile-time memory,
with very large loops. Loops with more basic blocks than this
parameter won't have loop invariant motion optimization
performed on them.

loop-max-datarefs-for-datadeps
Building data dependencies is expensive for very large loops.
This parameter limits the number of data references in loops
that are considered for data dependence analysis. These large
loops are no handled by the optimizations using loop data
dependencies.

max-vartrack-size
Sets a maximum number of hash table slots to use during
variable tracking dataflow analysis of any function. If this
limit is exceeded with variable tracking at assignments
enabled, analysis for that function is retried without it,
after removing all debug insns from the function. If the limit
is exceeded even without debug insns, var tracking analysis is
completely disabled for the function. Setting the parameter to
zero makes it unlimited.

max-vartrack-expr-depth
Sets a maximum number of recursion levels when attempting to
map variable names or debug temporaries to value expressions.
This trades compilation time for more complete debug
information. If this is set too low, value expressions that
are available and could be represented in debug information may
end up not being used; setting this higher may enable the
compiler to find more complex debug expressions, but compile
time and memory use may grow.

max-debug-marker-count
Sets a threshold on the number of debug markers (e.g. begin
stmt markers) to avoid complexity explosion at inlining or
expanding to RTL. If a function has more such gimple stmts
than the set limit, such stmts will be dropped from the inlined
copy of a function, and from its RTL expansion.

min-nondebug-insn-uid
Use uids starting at this parameter for nondebug insns. The
range below the parameter is reserved exclusively for debug
insns created by -fvar-tracking-assignments, but debug insns
may get (non-overlapping) uids above it if the reserved range
is exhausted.

ipa-sra-ptr-growth-factor
IPA-SRA replaces a pointer to an aggregate with one or more new
parameters only when their cumulative size is less or equal to
ipa-sra-ptr-growth-factor times the size of the original
pointer parameter.

sra-max-scalarization-size-Ospeed
sra-max-scalarization-size-Osize
The two Scalar Reduction of Aggregates passes (SRA and IPA-SRA)
aim to replace scalar parts of aggregates with uses of
independent scalar variables. These parameters control the
maximum size, in storage units, of aggregate which is
considered for replacement when compiling for speed (sra-max-
scalarization-size-Ospeed) or size (sra-max-scalarization-size-
Osize) respectively.

tm-max-aggregate-size
When making copies of thread-local variables in a transaction,
this parameter specifies the size in bytes after which
variables are saved with the logging functions as opposed to
save/restore code sequence pairs. This option only applies
when using -fgnu-tm.

graphite-max-nb-scop-params
To avoid exponential effects in the Graphite loop transforms,
the number of parameters in a Static Control Part (SCoP) is
bounded. A value of zero can be used to lift the bound. A
variable whose value is unknown at compilation time and defined
outside a SCoP is a parameter of the SCoP.

loop-block-tile-size
Loop blocking or strip mining transforms, enabled with
-floop-block or -floop-strip-mine, strip mine each loop in the
loop nest by a given number of iterations. The strip length
can be changed using the loop-block-tile-size parameter.

ipa-cp-value-list-size
IPA-CP attempts to track all possible values and types passed
to a function's parameter in order to propagate them and
perform devirtualization. ipa-cp-value-list-size is the
maximum number of values and types it stores per one formal
parameter of a function.

ipa-cp-eval-threshold
IPA-CP calculates its own score of cloning profitability
heuristics and performs those cloning opportunities with scores
that exceed ipa-cp-eval-threshold.

ipa-cp-recursion-penalty
Percentage penalty the recursive functions will receive when
they are evaluated for cloning.

ipa-cp-single-call-penalty
Percentage penalty functions containing a single call to
another function will receive when they are evaluated for
cloning.

ipa-max-agg-items
IPA-CP is also capable to propagate a number of scalar values
passed in an aggregate. ipa-max-agg-items controls the maximum
number of such values per one parameter.

ipa-cp-loop-hint-bonus
When IPA-CP determines that a cloning candidate would make the
number of iterations of a loop known, it adds a bonus of ipa-
cp-loop-hint-bonus to the profitability score of the candidate.

ipa-cp-array-index-hint-bonus
When IPA-CP determines that a cloning candidate would make the
index of an array access known, it adds a bonus of ipa-cp-
array-index-hint-bonus to the profitability score of the
candidate.

ipa-max-aa-steps
During its analysis of function bodies, IPA-CP employs alias
analysis in order to track values pointed to by function
parameters. In order not spend too much time analyzing huge
functions, it gives up and consider all memory clobbered after
examining ipa-max-aa-steps statements modifying memory.

lto-partitions
Specify desired number of partitions produced during WHOPR
compilation. The number of partitions should exceed the number
of CPUs used for compilation.

lto-min-partition
Size of minimal partition for WHOPR (in estimated
instructions). This prevents expenses of splitting very small
programs into too many partitions.

lto-max-partition
Size of max partition for WHOPR (in estimated instructions).
to provide an upper bound for individual size of partition.
Meant to be used only with balanced partitioning.

lto-max-streaming-parallelism
Maximal number of parallel processes used for LTO streaming.

cxx-max-namespaces-for-diagnostic-help
The maximum number of namespaces to consult for suggestions
when C++ name lookup fails for an identifier.

sink-frequency-threshold
The maximum relative execution frequency (in percents) of the
target block relative to a statement's original block to allow
statement sinking of a statement. Larger numbers result in
more aggressive statement sinking. A small positive adjustment
is applied for statements with memory operands as those are
even more profitable so sink.

max-stores-to-sink
The maximum number of conditional store pairs that can be sunk.
Set to 0 if either vectorization (-ftree-vectorize) or if-
conversion (-ftree-loop-if-convert) is disabled.

allow-store-data-races
Allow optimizers to introduce new data races on stores. Set to
1 to allow, otherwise to 0.

case-values-threshold
The smallest number of different values for which it is best to
use a jump-table instead of a tree of conditional branches. If
the value is 0, use the default for the machine.

tree-reassoc-width
Set the maximum number of instructions executed in parallel in
reassociated tree. This parameter overrides target dependent
heuristics used by default if has non zero value.

sched-pressure-algorithm
Choose between the two available implementations of
-fsched-pressure. Algorithm 1 is the original implementation
and is the more likely to prevent instructions from being
reordered. Algorithm 2 was designed to be a compromise between
the relatively conservative approach taken by algorithm 1 and
the rather aggressive approach taken by the default scheduler.
It relies more heavily on having a regular register file and
accurate register pressure classes. See haifa-sched.c in the
GCC sources for more details.

The default choice depends on the target.

max-slsr-cand-scan
Set the maximum number of existing candidates that are
considered when seeking a basis for a new straight-line
strength reduction candidate.

asan-globals
Enable buffer overflow detection for global objects. This kind
of protection is enabled by default if you are using
-fsanitize=address option. To disable global objects
protection use --param asan-globals=0.

asan-stack
Enable buffer overflow detection for stack objects. This kind
of protection is enabled by default when using
-fsanitize=address. To disable stack protection use --param
asan-stack=0 option.

asan-instrument-reads
Enable buffer overflow detection for memory reads. This kind
of protection is enabled by default when using
-fsanitize=address. To disable memory reads protection use
--param asan-instrument-reads=0.

asan-instrument-writes
Enable buffer overflow detection for memory writes. This kind
of protection is enabled by default when using
-fsanitize=address. To disable memory writes protection use
--param asan-instrument-writes=0 option.

asan-memintrin
Enable detection for built-in functions. This kind of
protection is enabled by default when using -fsanitize=address.
To disable built-in functions protection use --param
asan-memintrin=0.

asan-use-after-return
Enable detection of use-after-return. This kind of protection
is enabled by default when using the -fsanitize=address option.
To disable it use --param asan-use-after-return=0.

Note: By default the check is disabled at run time. To enable
it, add "detect_stack_use_after_return=1" to the environment
variable ASAN_OPTIONS.

asan-instrumentation-with-call-threshold
If number of memory accesses in function being instrumented is
greater or equal to this number, use callbacks instead of
inline checks. E.g. to disable inline code use --param
asan-instrumentation-with-call-threshold=0.

use-after-scope-direct-emission-threshold
If the size of a local variable in bytes is smaller or equal to
this number, directly poison (or unpoison) shadow memory
instead of using run-time callbacks.

max-fsm-thread-path-insns
Maximum number of instructions to copy when duplicating blocks
on a finite state automaton jump thread path.

max-fsm-thread-length
Maximum number of basic blocks on a finite state automaton jump
thread path.

max-fsm-thread-paths
Maximum number of new jump thread paths to create for a finite
state automaton.

parloops-chunk-size
Chunk size of omp schedule for loops parallelized by parloops.

parloops-schedule
Schedule type of omp schedule for loops parallelized by
parloops (static, dynamic, guided, auto, runtime).

parloops-min-per-thread
The minimum number of iterations per thread of an innermost
parallelized loop for which the parallelized variant is
preferred over the single threaded one. Note that for a
parallelized loop nest the minimum number of iterations of the
outermost loop per thread is two.

max-ssa-name-query-depth
Maximum depth of recursion when querying properties of SSA
names in things like fold routines. One level of recursion
corresponds to following a use-def chain.

hsa-gen-debug-stores
Enable emission of special debug stores within HSA kernels
which are then read and reported by libgomp plugin. Generation
of these stores is disabled by default, use --param
hsa-gen-debug-stores=1 to enable it.

max-speculative-devirt-maydefs
The maximum number of may-defs we analyze when looking for a
must-def specifying the dynamic type of an object that invokes
a virtual call we may be able to devirtualize speculatively.

max-vrp-switch-assertions
The maximum number of assertions to add along the default edge
of a switch statement during VRP.

unroll-jam-min-percent
The minimum percentage of memory references that must be
optimized away for the unroll-and-jam transformation to be
considered profitable.

unroll-jam-max-unroll
The maximum number of times the outer loop should be unrolled
by the unroll-and-jam transformation.

max-rtl-if-conversion-unpredictable-cost
Maximum permissible cost for the sequence that would be
generated by the RTL if-conversion pass for a branch that is
considered unpredictable.

max-variable-expansions-in-unroller
If -fvariable-expansion-in-unroller is used, the maximum number
of times that an individual variable will be expanded during
loop unrolling.

tracer-min-branch-probability-feedback
Stop forward growth if the probability of best edge is less
than this threshold (in percent). Used when profile feedback is
available.

partial-inlining-entry-probability
Maximum probability of the entry BB of split region (in percent
relative to entry BB of the function) to make partial inlining
happen.

max-tracked-strlens
Maximum number of strings for which strlen optimization pass
will track string lengths.

gcse-after-reload-partial-fraction
The threshold ratio for performing partial redundancy
elimination after reload.

gcse-after-reload-critical-fraction
The threshold ratio of critical edges execution count that
permit performing redundancy elimination after reload.

max-loop-header-insns
The maximum number of insns in loop header duplicated by the
copy loop headers pass.

vect-epilogues-nomask
Enable loop epilogue vectorization using smaller vector size.

slp-max-insns-in-bb
Maximum number of instructions in basic block to be considered
for SLP vectorization.

avoid-fma-max-bits
Maximum number of bits for which we avoid creating FMAs.

sms-loop-average-count-threshold
A threshold on the average loop count considered by the swing
modulo scheduler.

sms-dfa-history
The number of cycles the swing modulo scheduler considers when
checking conflicts using DFA.

hot-bb-count-fraction
Select fraction of the maximal count of repetitions of basic
block in program given basic block needs to have to be
considered hot (used in non-LTO mode)

max-inline-insns-recursive-auto
The maximum number of instructions non-inline function can grow
to via recursive inlining.

graphite-allow-codegen-errors
Whether codegen errors should be ICEs when -fchecking.

sms-max-ii-factor
A factor for tuning the upper bound that swing modulo scheduler
uses for scheduling a loop.

lra-max-considered-reload-pseudos
The max number of reload pseudos which are considered during
spilling a non-reload pseudo.

max-pow-sqrt-depth
Maximum depth of sqrt chains to use when synthesizing
exponentiation by a real constant.

max-dse-active-local-stores
Maximum number of active local stores in RTL dead store
elimination.

asan-instrument-allocas
Enable asan allocas/VLAs protection.

max-iterations-computation-cost
Bound on the cost of an expression to compute the number of
iterations.

max-isl-operations
Maximum number of isl operations, 0 means unlimited.

graphite-max-arrays-per-scop
Maximum number of arrays per scop.

max-vartrack-reverse-op-size
Max. size of loc list for which reverse ops should be added.

unlikely-bb-count-fraction
The minimum fraction of profile runs a given basic block
execution count must be not to be considered unlikely.

tracer-dynamic-coverage-feedback
The percentage of function, weighted by execution frequency,
that must be covered by trace formation. Used when profile
feedback is available.

max-inline-recursive-depth-auto
The maximum depth of recursive inlining for non-inline
functions.

fsm-scale-path-stmts
Scale factor to apply to the number of statements in a
threading path when comparing to the number of (scaled) blocks.

fsm-maximum-phi-arguments
Maximum number of arguments a PHI may have before the FSM
threader will not try to thread through its block.

uninit-control-dep-attempts
Maximum number of nested calls to search for control
dependencies during uninitialized variable analysis.

indir-call-topn-profile
Track top N target addresses in indirect-call profile.

max-once-peeled-insns
The maximum number of insns of a peeled loop that rolls only
once.

sra-max-scalarization-size-Osize
Maximum size, in storage units, of an aggregate which should be
considered for scalarization when compiling for size.

fsm-scale-path-blocks
Scale factor to apply to the number of blocks in a threading
path when comparing to the number of (scaled) statements.

sched-autopref-queue-depth
Hardware autoprefetcher scheduler model control flag. Number
of lookahead cycles the model looks into; at ' ' only enable
instruction sorting heuristic.

loop-versioning-max-inner-insns
The maximum number of instructions that an inner loop can have
before the loop versioning pass considers it too big to copy.

loop-versioning-max-outer-insns
The maximum number of instructions that an outer loop can have
before the loop versioning pass considers it too big to copy,
discounting any instructions in inner loops that directly
benefit from versioning.

ssa-name-def-chain-limit
The maximum number of SSA_NAME assignments to follow in
determining a property of a variable such as its value. This
limits the number of iterations or recursive calls GCC performs
when optimizing certain statements or when determining their
validity prior to issuing diagnostics.

Program Instrumentation Options
GCC supports a number of command-line options that control adding run-
time instrumentation to the code it normally generates. For example,
one purpose of instrumentation is collect profiling statistics for use
in finding program hot spots, code coverage analysis, or profile-guided
optimizations. Another class of program instrumentation is adding run-
time checking to detect programming errors like invalid pointer
dereferences or out-of-bounds array accesses, as well as deliberately
hostile attacks such as stack smashing or C++ vtable hijacking. There
is also a general hook which can be used to implement other forms of
tracing or function-level instrumentation for debug or program analysis
purposes.

-p
-pg Generate extra code to write profile information suitable for the
analysis program prof (for -p) or gprof (for -pg). You must use
this option when compiling the source files you want data about,
and you must also use it when linking.

You can use the function attribute "no_instrument_function" to
suppress profiling of individual functions when compiling with
these options.

-fprofile-arcs
Add code so that program flow arcs are instrumented. During
execution the program records how many times each branch and call
is executed and how many times it is taken or returns. On targets
that support constructors with priority support, profiling properly
handles constructors, destructors and C++ constructors (and
destructors) of classes which are used as a type of a global
variable.

When the compiled program exits it saves this data to a file called
auxname.gcda for each source file. The data may be used for
profile-directed optimizations (-fbranch-probabilities), or for
test coverage analysis (-ftest-coverage). Each object file's
auxname is generated from the name of the output file, if
explicitly specified and it is not the final executable, otherwise
it is the basename of the source file. In both cases any suffix is
removed (e.g. foo.gcda for input file dir/foo.c, or dir/foo.gcda
for output file specified as -o dir/foo.o).

--coverage
This option is used to compile and link code instrumented for
coverage analysis. The option is a synonym for -fprofile-arcs
-ftest-coverage (when compiling) and -lgcov (when linking). See
the documentation for those options for more details.

* Compile the source files with -fprofile-arcs plus optimization
and code generation options. For test coverage analysis, use
the additional -ftest-coverage option. You do not need to
profile every source file in a program.

* Compile the source files additionally with -fprofile-abs-path
to create absolute path names in the .gcno files. This allows
gcov to find the correct sources in projects where compilations
occur with different working directories.

* Link your object files with -lgcov or -fprofile-arcs (the
latter implies the former).

* Run the program on a representative workload to generate the
arc profile information. This may be repeated any number of
times. You can run concurrent instances of your program, and
provided that the file system supports locking, the data files
will be correctly updated. Unless a strict ISO C dialect
option is in effect, "fork" calls are detected and correctly
handled without double counting.

* For profile-directed optimizations, compile the source files
again with the same optimization and code generation options
plus -fbranch-probabilities.

* For test coverage analysis, use gcov to produce human readable
information from the .gcno and .gcda files. Refer to the gcov
documentation for further information.

With -fprofile-arcs, for each function of your program GCC creates
a program flow graph, then finds a spanning tree for the graph.
Only arcs that are not on the spanning tree have to be
instrumented: the compiler adds code to count the number of times
that these arcs are executed. When an arc is the only exit or only
entrance to a block, the instrumentation code can be added to the
block; otherwise, a new basic block must be created to hold the
instrumentation code.

-ftest-coverage
Produce a notes file that the gcov code-coverage utility can use to
show program coverage. Each source file's note file is called
auxname.gcno. Refer to the -fprofile-arcs option above for a
description of auxname and instructions on how to generate test
coverage data. Coverage data matches the source files more closely
if you do not optimize.

-fprofile-abs-path
Automatically convert relative source file names to absolute path
names in the .gcno files. This allows gcov to find the correct
sources in projects where compilations occur with different working
directories.

-fprofile-dir=path
Set the directory to search for the profile data files in to path.
This option affects only the profile data generated by
-fprofile-generate, -ftest-coverage, -fprofile-arcs and used by
-fprofile-use and -fbranch-probabilities and its related options.
Both absolute and relative paths can be used. By default, GCC uses
the current directory as path, thus the profile data file appears
in the same directory as the object file. In order to prevent the
file name clashing, if the object file name is not an absolute
path, we mangle the absolute path of the sourcename.gcda file and
use it as the file name of a .gcda file.

When an executable is run in a massive parallel environment, it is
recommended to save profile to different folders. That can be done
with variables in path that are exported during run-time:

%p process ID.

%q{VAR}
value of environment variable VAR

-fprofile-generate
-fprofile-generate=path
Enable options usually used for instrumenting application to
produce profile useful for later recompilation with profile
feedback based optimization. You must use -fprofile-generate both
when compiling and when linking your program.

The following options are enabled: -fprofile-arcs,
-fprofile-values, -finline-functions, and -fipa-bit-cp.

If path is specified, GCC looks at the path to find the profile
feedback data files. See -fprofile-dir.

To optimize the program based on the collected profile information,
use -fprofile-use.

-fprofile-update=method
Alter the update method for an application instrumented for profile
feedback based optimization. The method argument should be one of
single, atomic or prefer-atomic. The first one is useful for
single-threaded applications, while the second one prevents profile
corruption by emitting thread-safe code.

Warning: When an application does not properly join all threads (or
creates an detached thread), a profile file can be still corrupted.

Using prefer-atomic would be transformed either to atomic, when
supported by a target, or to single otherwise. The GCC driver
automatically selects prefer-atomic when -pthread is present in the
command line.

-fprofile-filter-files=regex
Instrument only functions from files where names match any regular
expression (separated by a semi-colon).

For example, -fprofile-filter-files=main.c;module.*.c will
instrument only main.c and all C files starting with 'module'.

-fprofile-exclude-files=regex
Instrument only functions from files where names do not match all
the regular expressions (separated by a semi-colon).

For example, -fprofile-exclude-files=/usr/* will prevent
instrumentation of all files that are located in /usr/ folder.

-fsanitize=address
Enable AddressSanitizer, a fast memory error detector. Memory
access instructions are instrumented to detect out-of-bounds and
use-after-free bugs. The option enables
-fsanitize-address-use-after-scope. See
<https://github.com/google/sanitizers/wiki/AddressSanitizer> for
more details. The run-time behavior can be influenced using the
ASAN_OPTIONS environment variable. When set to "help=1", the
available options are shown at startup of the instrumented program.
See
<https://github.com/google/sanitizers/wiki/AddressSanitizerFlags#run-time-flags>
for a list of supported options. The option cannot be combined
with -fsanitize=thread.

-fsanitize=kernel-address
Enable AddressSanitizer for Linux kernel. See
<https://github.com/google/kasan/wiki> for more details.

-fsanitize=pointer-compare
Instrument comparison operation (<, <=, >, >=) with pointer
operands. The option must be combined with either
-fsanitize=kernel-address or -fsanitize=address The option cannot
be combined with -fsanitize=thread. Note: By default the check is
disabled at run time. To enable it, add
"detect_invalid_pointer_pairs=2" to the environment variable
ASAN_OPTIONS. Using "detect_invalid_pointer_pairs=1" detects
invalid operation only when both pointers are non-null.

-fsanitize=pointer-subtract
Instrument subtraction with pointer operands. The option must be
combined with either -fsanitize=kernel-address or
-fsanitize=address The option cannot be combined with
-fsanitize=thread. Note: By default the check is disabled at run
time. To enable it, add "detect_invalid_pointer_pairs=2" to the
environment variable ASAN_OPTIONS. Using
"detect_invalid_pointer_pairs=1" detects invalid operation only
when both pointers are non-null.

-fsanitize=thread
Enable ThreadSanitizer, a fast data race detector. Memory access
instructions are instrumented to detect data race bugs. See
<https://github.com/google/sanitizers/wiki#threadsanitizer> for
more details. The run-time behavior can be influenced using the
TSAN_OPTIONS environment variable; see
<https://github.com/google/sanitizers/wiki/ThreadSanitizerFlags>
for a list of supported options. The option cannot be combined
with -fsanitize=address, -fsanitize=leak.

Note that sanitized atomic builtins cannot throw exceptions when
operating on invalid memory addresses with non-call exceptions
(-fnon-call-exceptions).

-fsanitize=leak
Enable LeakSanitizer, a memory leak detector. This option only
matters for linking of executables and the executable is linked
against a library that overrides "malloc" and other allocator
functions. See
<https://github.com/google/sanitizers/wiki/AddressSanitizerLeakSanitizer>
for more details. The run-time behavior can be influenced using
the LSAN_OPTIONS environment variable. The option cannot be
combined with -fsanitize=thread.

-fsanitize=undefined
Enable UndefinedBehaviorSanitizer, a fast undefined behavior
detector. Various computations are instrumented to detect
undefined behavior at runtime. Current suboptions are:

-fsanitize=shift
This option enables checking that the result of a shift
operation is not undefined. Note that what exactly is
considered undefined differs slightly between C and C++, as
well as between ISO C90 and C99, etc. This option has two
suboptions, -fsanitize=shift-base and
-fsanitize=shift-exponent.

-fsanitize=shift-exponent
This option enables checking that the second argument of a
shift operation is not negative and is smaller than the
precision of the promoted first argument.

-fsanitize=shift-base
If the second argument of a shift operation is within range,
check that the result of a shift operation is not undefined.
Note that what exactly is considered undefined differs slightly
between C and C++, as well as between ISO C90 and C99, etc.

-fsanitize=integer-divide-by-zero
Detect integer division by zero as well as "INT_MIN / -1"
division.

-fsanitize=unreachable
With this option, the compiler turns the
"__builtin_unreachable" call into a diagnostics message call
instead. When reaching the "__builtin_unreachable" call, the
behavior is undefined.

-fsanitize=vla-bound
This option instructs the compiler to check that the size of a
variable length array is positive.

-fsanitize=null
This option enables pointer checking. Particularly, the
application built with this option turned on will issue an
error message when it tries to dereference a NULL pointer, or
if a reference (possibly an rvalue reference) is bound to a
NULL pointer, or if a method is invoked on an object pointed by
a NULL pointer.

-fsanitize=return
This option enables return statement checking. Programs built
with this option turned on will issue an error message when the
end of a non-void function is reached without actually
returning a value. This option works in C++ only.

-fsanitize=signed-integer-overflow
This option enables signed integer overflow checking. We check
that the result of "+", "*", and both unary and binary "-" does
not overflow in the signed arithmetics. Note, integer
promotion rules must be taken into account. That is, the
following is not an overflow:

signed char a = SCHAR_MAX;
a++;

-fsanitize=bounds
This option enables instrumentation of array bounds. Various
out of bounds accesses are detected. Flexible array members,
flexible array member-like arrays, and initializers of
variables with static storage are not instrumented.

-fsanitize=bounds-strict
This option enables strict instrumentation of array bounds.
Most out of bounds accesses are detected, including flexible
array members and flexible array member-like arrays.
Initializers of variables with static storage are not
instrumented.

-fsanitize=alignment
This option enables checking of alignment of pointers when they
are dereferenced, or when a reference is bound to
insufficiently aligned target, or when a method or constructor
is invoked on insufficiently aligned object.

-fsanitize=object-size
This option enables instrumentation of memory references using
the "__builtin_object_size" function. Various out of bounds
pointer accesses are detected.

-fsanitize=float-divide-by-zero
Detect floating-point division by zero. Unlike other similar
options, -fsanitize=float-divide-by-zero is not enabled by
-fsanitize=undefined, since floating-point division by zero can
be a legitimate way of obtaining infinities and NaNs.

-fsanitize=float-cast-overflow
This option enables floating-point type to integer conversion
checking. We check that the result of the conversion does not
overflow. Unlike other similar options,
-fsanitize=float-cast-overflow is not enabled by
-fsanitize=undefined. This option does not work well with
"FE_INVALID" exceptions enabled.

-fsanitize=nonnull-attribute
This option enables instrumentation of calls, checking whether
null values are not passed to arguments marked as requiring a
non-null value by the "nonnull" function attribute.

-fsanitize=returns-nonnull-attribute
This option enables instrumentation of return statements in
functions marked with "returns_nonnull" function attribute, to
detect returning of null values from such functions.

-fsanitize=bool
This option enables instrumentation of loads from bool. If a
value other than 0/1 is loaded, a run-time error is issued.

-fsanitize=enum
This option enables instrumentation of loads from an enum type.
If a value outside the range of values for the enum type is
loaded, a run-time error is issued.

-fsanitize=vptr
This option enables instrumentation of C++ member function
calls, member accesses and some conversions between pointers to
base and derived classes, to verify the referenced object has
the correct dynamic type.

-fsanitize=pointer-overflow
This option enables instrumentation of pointer arithmetics. If
the pointer arithmetics overflows, a run-time error is issued.

-fsanitize=builtin
This option enables instrumentation of arguments to selected
builtin functions. If an invalid value is passed to such
arguments, a run-time error is issued. E.g. passing 0 as the
argument to "__builtin_ctz" or "__builtin_clz" invokes
undefined behavior and is diagnosed by this option.

While -ftrapv causes traps for signed overflows to be emitted,
-fsanitize=undefined gives a diagnostic message. This currently
works only for the C family of languages.

-fno-sanitize=all
This option disables all previously enabled sanitizers.
-fsanitize=all is not allowed, as some sanitizers cannot be used
together.

-fasan-shadow-offset=number
This option forces GCC to use custom shadow offset in
AddressSanitizer checks. It is useful for experimenting with
different shadow memory layouts in Kernel AddressSanitizer.

-fsanitize-sections=s1,s2,...
Sanitize global variables in selected user-defined sections. si
may contain wildcards.

-fsanitize-recover[=opts]
-fsanitize-recover= controls error recovery mode for sanitizers
mentioned in comma-separated list of opts. Enabling this option
for a sanitizer component causes it to attempt to continue running
the program as if no error happened. This means multiple runtime
errors can be reported in a single program run, and the exit code
of the program may indicate success even when errors have been
reported. The -fno-sanitize-recover= option can be used to alter
this behavior: only the first detected error is reported and
program then exits with a non-zero exit code.

Currently this feature only works for -fsanitize=undefined (and its
suboptions except for -fsanitize=unreachable and
-fsanitize=return), -fsanitize=float-cast-overflow,
-fsanitize=float-divide-by-zero, -fsanitize=bounds-strict,
-fsanitize=kernel-address and -fsanitize=address. For these
sanitizers error recovery is turned on by default, except
-fsanitize=address, for which this feature is experimental.
-fsanitize-recover=all and -fno-sanitize-recover=all is also
accepted, the former enables recovery for all sanitizers that
support it, the latter disables recovery for all sanitizers that
support it.

Even if a recovery mode is turned on the compiler side, it needs to
be also enabled on the runtime library side, otherwise the failures
are still fatal. The runtime library defaults to "halt_on_error=0"
for ThreadSanitizer and UndefinedBehaviorSanitizer, while default
value for AddressSanitizer is "halt_on_error=1". This can be
overridden through setting the "halt_on_error" flag in the
corresponding environment variable.

Syntax without an explicit opts parameter is deprecated. It is
equivalent to specifying an opts list of:

undefined,float-cast-overflow,float-divide-by-zero,bounds-strict

-fsanitize-address-use-after-scope
Enable sanitization of local variables to detect use-after-scope
bugs. The option sets -fstack-reuse to none.

-fsanitize-undefined-trap-on-error
The -fsanitize-undefined-trap-on-error option instructs the
compiler to report undefined behavior using "__builtin_trap" rather
than a "libubsan" library routine. The advantage of this is that
the "libubsan" library is not needed and is not linked in, so this
is usable even in freestanding environments.

-fsanitize-coverage=trace-pc
Enable coverage-guided fuzzing code instrumentation. Inserts a
call to "__sanitizer_cov_trace_pc" into every basic block.

-fsanitize-coverage=trace-cmp
Enable dataflow guided fuzzing code instrumentation. Inserts a
call to "__sanitizer_cov_trace_cmp1", "__sanitizer_cov_trace_cmp2",
"__sanitizer_cov_trace_cmp4" or "__sanitizer_cov_trace_cmp8" for
integral comparison with both operands variable or
"__sanitizer_cov_trace_const_cmp1",
"__sanitizer_cov_trace_const_cmp2",
"__sanitizer_cov_trace_const_cmp4" or
"__sanitizer_cov_trace_const_cmp8" for integral comparison with one
operand constant, "__sanitizer_cov_trace_cmpf" or
"__sanitizer_cov_trace_cmpd" for float or double comparisons and
"__sanitizer_cov_trace_switch" for switch statements.

-fcf-protection=[full|branch|return|none]
Enable code instrumentation of control-flow transfers to increase
program security by checking that target addresses of control-flow
transfer instructions (such as indirect function call, function
return, indirect jump) are valid. This prevents diverting the flow
of control to an unexpected target. This is intended to protect
against such threats as Return-oriented Programming (ROP), and
similarly call/jmp-oriented programming (COP/JOP).

The value "branch" tells the compiler to implement checking of
validity of control-flow transfer at the point of indirect branch
instructions, i.e. call/jmp instructions. The value "return"
implements checking of validity at the point of returning from a
function. The value "full" is an alias for specifying both
"branch" and "return". The value "none" turns off instrumentation.

The macro "__CET__" is defined when -fcf-protection is used. The
first bit of "__CET__" is set to 1 for the value "branch" and the
second bit of "__CET__" is set to 1 for the "return".

You can also use the "nocf_check" attribute to identify which
functions and calls should be skipped from instrumentation.

Currently the x86 GNU/Linux target provides an implementation based
on Intel Control-flow Enforcement Technology (CET).

-fstack-protector
Emit extra code to check for buffer overflows, such as stack
smashing attacks. This is done by adding a guard variable to
functions with vulnerable objects. This includes functions that
call "alloca", and functions with buffers larger than 8 bytes. The
guards are initialized when a function is entered and then checked
when the function exits. If a guard check fails, an error message
is printed and the program exits.

-fstack-protector-all
Like -fstack-protector except that all functions are protected.

-fstack-protector-strong
Like -fstack-protector but includes additional functions to be
protected --- those that have local array definitions, or have
references to local frame addresses.

-fstack-protector-explicit
Like -fstack-protector but only protects those functions which have
the "stack_protect" attribute.

-fstack-check
Generate code to verify that you do not go beyond the boundary of
the stack. You should specify this flag if you are running in an
environment with multiple threads, but you only rarely need to
specify it in a single-threaded environment since stack overflow is
automatically detected on nearly all systems if there is only one
stack.

Note that this switch does not actually cause checking to be done;
the operating system or the language runtime must do that. The
switch causes generation of code to ensure that they see the stack
being extended.

You can additionally specify a string parameter: no means no
checking, generic means force the use of old-style checking,
specific means use the best checking method and is equivalent to
bare -fstack-check.

Old-style checking is a generic mechanism that requires no specific
target support in the compiler but comes with the following
drawbacks:

1. Modified allocation strategy for large objects: they are always
allocated dynamically if their size exceeds a fixed threshold.
Note this may change the semantics of some code.

2. Fixed limit on the size of the static frame of functions: when
it is topped by a particular function, stack checking is not
reliable and a warning is issued by the compiler.

3. Inefficiency: because of both the modified allocation strategy
and the generic implementation, code performance is hampered.

Note that old-style stack checking is also the fallback method for
specific if no target support has been added in the compiler.

-fstack-check= is designed for Ada's needs to detect infinite
recursion and stack overflows. specific is an excellent choice
when compiling Ada code. It is not generally sufficient to protect
against stack-clash attacks. To protect against those you want
-fstack-clash-protection.

-fstack-clash-protection
Generate code to prevent stack clash style attacks. When this
option is enabled, the compiler will only allocate one page of
stack space at a time and each page is accessed immediately after
allocation. Thus, it prevents allocations from jumping over any
stack guard page provided by the operating system.

Most targets do not fully support stack clash protection. However,
on those targets -fstack-clash-protection will protect dynamic
stack allocations. -fstack-clash-protection may also provide
limited protection for static stack allocations if the target
supports -fstack-check=specific.

-fstack-limit-register=reg
-fstack-limit-symbol=sym
-fno-stack-limit
Generate code to ensure that the stack does not grow beyond a
certain value, either the value of a register or the address of a
symbol. If a larger stack is required, a signal is raised at run
time. For most targets, the signal is raised before the stack
overruns the boundary, so it is possible to catch the signal
without taking special precautions.

For instance, if the stack starts at absolute address 0x80000000
and grows downwards, you can use the flags
-fstack-limit-symbol=__stack_limit and
-Wl,--defsym,__stack_limit=0x7ffe0000 to enforce a stack limit of
128KB. Note that this may only work with the GNU linker.

You can locally override stack limit checking by using the
"no_stack_limit" function attribute.

-fsplit-stack
Generate code to automatically split the stack before it overflows.
The resulting program has a discontiguous stack which can only
overflow if the program is unable to allocate any more memory.
This is most useful when running threaded programs, as it is no
longer necessary to calculate a good stack size to use for each
thread. This is currently only implemented for the x86 targets
running GNU/Linux.

When code compiled with -fsplit-stack calls code compiled without
-fsplit-stack, there may not be much stack space available for the
latter code to run. If compiling all code, including library code,
with -fsplit-stack is not an option, then the linker can fix up
these calls so that the code compiled without -fsplit-stack always
has a large stack. Support for this is implemented in the gold
linker in GNU binutils release 2.21 and later.

-fvtable-verify=[std|preinit|none]
This option is only available when compiling C++ code. It turns on
(or off, if using -fvtable-verify=none) the security feature that
verifies at run time, for every virtual call, that the vtable
pointer through which the call is made is valid for the type of the
object, and has not been corrupted or overwritten. If an invalid
vtable pointer is detected at run time, an error is reported and
execution of the program is immediately halted.

This option causes run-time data structures to be built at program
startup, which are used for verifying the vtable pointers. The
options std and preinit control the timing of when these data
structures are built. In both cases the data structures are built
before execution reaches "main". Using -fvtable-verify=std causes
the data structures to be built after shared libraries have been
loaded and initialized. -fvtable-verify=preinit causes them to be
built before shared libraries have been loaded and initialized.

If this option appears multiple times in the command line with
different values specified, none takes highest priority over both
std and preinit; preinit takes priority over std.

-fvtv-debug
When used in conjunction with -fvtable-verify=std or
-fvtable-verify=preinit, causes debug versions of the runtime
functions for the vtable verification feature to be called. This
flag also causes the compiler to log information about which vtable
pointers it finds for each class. This information is written to a
file named vtv_set_ptr_data.log in the directory named by the
environment variable VTV_LOGS_DIR if that is defined or the current
working directory otherwise.

Note: This feature appends data to the log file. If you want a
fresh log file, be sure to delete any existing one.

-fvtv-counts
This is a debugging flag. When used in conjunction with
-fvtable-verify=std or -fvtable-verify=preinit, this causes the
compiler to keep track of the total number of virtual calls it
encounters and the number of verifications it inserts. It also
counts the number of calls to certain run-time library functions
that it inserts and logs this information for each compilation
unit. The compiler writes this information to a file named
vtv_count_data.log in the directory named by the environment
variable VTV_LOGS_DIR if that is defined or the current working
directory otherwise. It also counts the size of the vtable pointer
sets for each class, and writes this information to
vtv_class_set_sizes.log in the same directory.

Note: This feature appends data to the log files. To get fresh
log files, be sure to delete any existing ones.

-finstrument-functions
Generate instrumentation calls for entry and exit to functions.
Just after function entry and just before function exit, the
following profiling functions are called with the address of the
current function and its call site. (On some platforms,
"__builtin_return_address" does not work beyond the current
function, so the call site information may not be available to the
profiling functions otherwise.)

void __cyg_profile_func_enter (void *this_fn,
void *call_site);
void __cyg_profile_func_exit (void *this_fn,
void *call_site);

The first argument is the address of the start of the current
function, which may be looked up exactly in the symbol table.

This instrumentation is also done for functions expanded inline in
other functions. The profiling calls indicate where, conceptually,
the inline function is entered and exited. This means that
addressable versions of such functions must be available. If all
your uses of a function are expanded inline, this may mean an
additional expansion of code size. If you use "extern inline" in
your C code, an addressable version of such functions must be
provided. (This is normally the case anyway, but if you get lucky
and the optimizer always expands the functions inline, you might
have gotten away without providing static copies.)

A function may be given the attribute "no_instrument_function", in
which case this instrumentation is not done. This can be used, for
example, for the profiling functions listed above, high-priority
interrupt routines, and any functions from which the profiling
functions cannot safely be called (perhaps signal handlers, if the
profiling routines generate output or allocate memory).

-finstrument-functions-exclude-file-list=file,file,...
Set the list of functions that are excluded from instrumentation
(see the description of -finstrument-functions). If the file that
contains a function definition matches with one of file, then that
function is not instrumented. The match is done on substrings: if
the file parameter is a substring of the file name, it is
considered to be a match.

For example:

-finstrument-functions-exclude-file-list=/bits/stl,include/sys

excludes any inline function defined in files whose pathnames
contain /bits/stl or include/sys.

If, for some reason, you want to include letter , in one of sym,
write ,. For example,
-finstrument-functions-exclude-file-list=',,tmp' (note the single
quote surrounding the option).

-finstrument-functions-exclude-function-list=sym,sym,...
This is similar to -finstrument-functions-exclude-file-list, but
this option sets the list of function names to be excluded from
instrumentation. The function name to be matched is its user-
visible name, such as "vector<int> blah(const vector<int> &)", not
the internal mangled name (e.g., "_Z4blahRSt6vectorIiSaIiEE"). The
match is done on substrings: if the sym parameter is a substring of
the function name, it is considered to be a match. For C99 and C++
extended identifiers, the function name must be given in UTF-8, not
using universal character names.

-fpatchable-function-entry=N[,M]
Generate N NOPs right at the beginning of each function, with the
function entry point before the Mth NOP. If M is omitted, it
defaults to 0 so the function entry points to the address just at
the first NOP. The NOP instructions reserve extra space which can
be used to patch in any desired instrumentation at run time,
provided that the code segment is writable. The amount of space is
controllable indirectly via the number of NOPs; the NOP instruction
used corresponds to the instruction emitted by the internal GCC
back-end interface "gen_nop". This behavior is target-specific and
may also depend on the architecture variant and/or other
compilation options.

For run-time identification, the starting addresses of these areas,
which correspond to their respective function entries minus M, are
additionally collected in the "__patchable_function_entries"
section of the resulting binary.

Note that the value of "__attribute__ ((patchable_function_entry
(N,M)))" takes precedence over command-line option
-fpatchable-function-entry=N,M. This can be used to increase the
area size or to remove it completely on a single function. If
"N=0", no pad location is recorded.

The NOP instructions are inserted at---and maybe before, depending
on M---the function entry address, even before the prologue.

Options Controlling the Preprocessor
These options control the C preprocessor, which is run on each C source
file before actual compilation.

If you use the -E option, nothing is done except preprocessing. Some
of these options make sense only together with -E because they cause
the preprocessor output to be unsuitable for actual compilation.

In addition to the options listed here, there are a number of options
to control search paths for include files documented in Directory
Options. Options to control preprocessor diagnostics are listed in
Warning Options.

-D name
Predefine name as a macro, with definition 1.

-D name=definition
The contents of definition are tokenized and processed as if they
appeared during translation phase three in a #define directive. In
particular, the definition is truncated by embedded newline
characters.

If you are invoking the preprocessor from a shell or shell-like
program you may need to use the shell's quoting syntax to protect
characters such as spaces that have a meaning in the shell syntax.

If you wish to define a function-like macro on the command line,
write its argument list with surrounding parentheses before the
equals sign (if any). Parentheses are meaningful to most shells,
so you should quote the option. With sh and csh,
-D'name(args...)=definition' works.

-D and -U options are processed in the order they are given on the
command line. All -imacros file and -include file options are
processed after all -D and -U options.

-U name
Cancel any previous definition of name, either built in or provided
with a -D option.

-include file
Process file as if "#include "file"" appeared as the first line of
the primary source file. However, the first directory searched for
file is the preprocessor's working directory instead of the
directory containing the main source file. If not found there, it
is searched for in the remainder of the "#include "..."" search
chain as normal.

If multiple -include options are given, the files are included in
the order they appear on the command line.

-imacros file
Exactly like -include, except that any output produced by scanning
file is thrown away. Macros it defines remain defined. This
allows you to acquire all the macros from a header without also
processing its declarations.

All files specified by -imacros are processed before all files
specified by -include.

-undef
Do not predefine any system-specific or GCC-specific macros. The
standard predefined macros remain defined.

-pthread
Define additional macros required for using the POSIX threads
library. You should use this option consistently for both
compilation and linking. This option is supported on GNU/Linux
targets, most other Unix derivatives, and also on x86 Cygwin and
MinGW targets.

-M Instead of outputting the result of preprocessing, output a rule
suitable for make describing the dependencies of the main source
file. The preprocessor outputs one make rule containing the object
file name for that source file, a colon, and the names of all the
included files, including those coming from -include or -imacros
command-line options.

Unless specified explicitly (with -MT or -MQ), the object file name
consists of the name of the source file with any suffix replaced
with object file suffix and with any leading directory parts
removed. If there are many included files then the rule is split
into several lines using \-newline. The rule has no commands.

This option does not suppress the preprocessor's debug output, such
as -dM. To avoid mixing such debug output with the dependency
rules you should explicitly specify the dependency output file with
-MF, or use an environment variable like DEPENDENCIES_OUTPUT.
Debug output is still sent to the regular output stream as normal.

Passing -M to the driver implies -E, and suppresses warnings with
an implicit -w.

-MM Like -M but do not mention header files that are found in system
header directories, nor header files that are included, directly or
indirectly, from such a header.

This implies that the choice of angle brackets or double quotes in
an #include directive does not in itself determine whether that
header appears in -MM dependency output.

-MF file
When used with -M or -MM, specifies a file to write the
dependencies to. If no -MF switch is given the preprocessor sends
the rules to the same place it would send preprocessed output.

When used with the driver options -MD or -MMD, -MF overrides the
default dependency output file.

If file is -, then the dependencies are written to stdout.

-MG In conjunction with an option such as -M requesting dependency
generation, -MG assumes missing header files are generated files
and adds them to the dependency list without raising an error. The
dependency filename is taken directly from the "#include" directive
without prepending any path. -MG also suppresses preprocessed
output, as a missing header file renders this useless.

This feature is used in automatic updating of makefiles.

-MP This option instructs CPP to add a phony target for each dependency
other than the main file, causing each to depend on nothing. These
dummy rules work around errors make gives if you remove header
files without updating the Makefile to match.

This is typical output:

test.o: test.c test.h

test.h:

-MT target
Change the target of the rule emitted by dependency generation. By
default CPP takes the name of the main input file, deletes any
directory components and any file suffix such as .c, and appends
the platform's usual object suffix. The result is the target.

An -MT option sets the target to be exactly the string you specify.
If you want multiple targets, you can specify them as a single
argument to -MT, or use multiple -MT options.

For example, -MT '$(objpfx)foo.o' might give

$(objpfx)foo.o: foo.c

-MQ target
Same as -MT, but it quotes any characters which are special to
Make. -MQ '$(objpfx)foo.o' gives

$$(objpfx)foo.o: foo.c

The default target is automatically quoted, as if it were given
with -MQ.

-MD -MD is equivalent to -M -MF file, except that -E is not implied.
The driver determines file based on whether an -o option is given.
If it is, the driver uses its argument but with a suffix of .d,
otherwise it takes the name of the input file, removes any
directory components and suffix, and applies a .d suffix.

If -MD is used in conjunction with -E, any -o switch is understood
to specify the dependency output file, but if used without -E, each
-o is understood to specify a target object file.

Since -E is not implied, -MD can be used to generate a dependency
output file as a side effect of the compilation process.

-MMD
Like -MD except mention only user header files, not system header
files.

-fpreprocessed
Indicate to the preprocessor that the input file has already been
preprocessed. This suppresses things like macro expansion,
trigraph conversion, escaped newline splicing, and processing of
most directives. The preprocessor still recognizes and removes
comments, so that you can pass a file preprocessed with -C to the
compiler without problems. In this mode the integrated
preprocessor is little more than a tokenizer for the front ends.

-fpreprocessed is implicit if the input file has one of the
extensions .i, .ii or .mi. These are the extensions that GCC uses
for preprocessed files created by -save-temps.

-fdirectives-only
When preprocessing, handle directives, but do not expand macros.

The option's behavior depends on the -E and -fpreprocessed options.

With -E, preprocessing is limited to the handling of directives
such as "#define", "#ifdef", and "#error". Other preprocessor
operations, such as macro expansion and trigraph conversion are not
performed. In addition, the -dD option is implicitly enabled.

With -fpreprocessed, predefinition of command line and most builtin
macros is disabled. Macros such as "__LINE__", which are
contextually dependent, are handled normally. This enables
compilation of files previously preprocessed with "-E
-fdirectives-only".

With both -E and -fpreprocessed, the rules for -fpreprocessed take
precedence. This enables full preprocessing of files previously
preprocessed with "-E -fdirectives-only".

-fdollars-in-identifiers
Accept $ in identifiers.

-fextended-identifiers
Accept universal character names in identifiers. This option is
enabled by default for C99 (and later C standard versions) and C++.

-fno-canonical-system-headers
When preprocessing, do not shorten system header paths with
canonicalization.

-ftabstop=width
Set the distance between tab stops. This helps the preprocessor
report correct column numbers in warnings or errors, even if tabs
appear on the line. If the value is less than 1 or greater than
100, the option is ignored. The default is 8.

-ftrack-macro-expansion[=level]
Track locations of tokens across macro expansions. This allows the
compiler to emit diagnostic about the current macro expansion stack
when a compilation error occurs in a macro expansion. Using this
option makes the preprocessor and the compiler consume more memory.
The level parameter can be used to choose the level of precision of
token location tracking thus decreasing the memory consumption if
necessary. Value 0 of level de-activates this option. Value 1
tracks tokens locations in a degraded mode for the sake of minimal
memory overhead. In this mode all tokens resulting from the
expansion of an argument of a function-like macro have the same
location. Value 2 tracks tokens locations completely. This value is
the most memory hungry. When this option is given no argument, the
default parameter value is 2.

Note that "-ftrack-macro-expansion=2" is activated by default.

-fmacro-prefix-map=old=new
When preprocessing files residing in directory old, expand the
"__FILE__" and "__BASE_FILE__" macros as if the files resided in
directory new instead. This can be used to change an absolute path
to a relative path by using . for new which can result in more
reproducible builds that are location independent. This option
also affects "__builtin_FILE()" during compilation. See also
-ffile-prefix-map.

-fexec-charset=charset
Set the execution character set, used for string and character
constants. The default is UTF-8. charset can be any encoding
supported by the system's "iconv" library routine.

-fwide-exec-charset=charset
Set the wide execution character set, used for wide string and
character constants. The default is UTF-32 or UTF-16, whichever
corresponds to the width of "wchar_t". As with -fexec-charset,
charset can be any encoding supported by the system's "iconv"
library routine; however, you will have problems with encodings
that do not fit exactly in "wchar_t".

-finput-charset=charset
Set the input character set, used for translation from the
character set of the input file to the source character set used by
GCC. If the locale does not specify, or GCC cannot get this
information from the locale, the default is UTF-8. This can be
overridden by either the locale or this command-line option.
Currently the command-line option takes precedence if there's a
conflict. charset can be any encoding supported by the system's
"iconv" library routine.

-fpch-deps
When using precompiled headers, this flag causes the dependency-
output flags to also list the files from the precompiled header's
dependencies. If not specified, only the precompiled header are
listed and not the files that were used to create it, because those
files are not consulted when a precompiled header is used.

-fpch-preprocess
This option allows use of a precompiled header together with -E.
It inserts a special "#pragma", "#pragma GCC pch_preprocess
"filename"" in the output to mark the place where the precompiled
header was found, and its filename. When -fpreprocessed is in use,
GCC recognizes this "#pragma" and loads the PCH.

This option is off by default, because the resulting preprocessed
output is only really suitable as input to GCC. It is switched on
by -save-temps.

You should not write this "#pragma" in your own code, but it is
safe to edit the filename if the PCH file is available in a
different location. The filename may be absolute or it may be
relative to GCC's current directory.

-fworking-directory
Enable generation of linemarkers in the preprocessor output that
let the compiler know the current working directory at the time of
preprocessing. When this option is enabled, the preprocessor
emits, after the initial linemarker, a second linemarker with the
current working directory followed by two slashes. GCC uses this
directory, when it's present in the preprocessed input, as the
directory emitted as the current working directory in some
debugging information formats. This option is implicitly enabled
if debugging information is enabled, but this can be inhibited with
the negated form -fno-working-directory. If the -P flag is present
in the command line, this option has no effect, since no "#line"
directives are emitted whatsoever.

-A predicate=answer
Make an assertion with the predicate predicate and answer answer.
This form is preferred to the older form -A predicate(answer),
which is still supported, because it does not use shell special
characters.

-A -predicate=answer
Cancel an assertion with the predicate predicate and answer answer.

-C Do not discard comments. All comments are passed through to the
output file, except for comments in processed directives, which are
deleted along with the directive.

You should be prepared for side effects when using -C; it causes
the preprocessor to treat comments as tokens in their own right.
For example, comments appearing at the start of what would be a
directive line have the effect of turning that line into an
ordinary source line, since the first token on the line is no
longer a #.

-CC Do not discard comments, including during macro expansion. This is
like -C, except that comments contained within macros are also
passed through to the output file where the macro is expanded.

In addition to the side effects of the -C option, the -CC option
causes all C++-style comments inside a macro to be converted to
C-style comments. This is to prevent later use of that macro from
inadvertently commenting out the remainder of the source line.

The -CC option is generally used to support lint comments.

-P Inhibit generation of linemarkers in the output from the
preprocessor. This might be useful when running the preprocessor
on something that is not C code, and will be sent to a program
which might be confused by the linemarkers.

-traditional
-traditional-cpp
Try to imitate the behavior of pre-standard C preprocessors, as
opposed to ISO C preprocessors. See the GNU CPP manual for
details.

Note that GCC does not otherwise attempt to emulate a pre-standard
C compiler, and these options are only supported with the -E
switch, or when invoking CPP explicitly.

-trigraphs
Support ISO C trigraphs. These are three-character sequences, all
starting with ??, that are defined by ISO C to stand for single
characters. For example, ??/ stands for \, so '??/n' is a
character constant for a newline.

The nine trigraphs and their replacements are

Trigraph: ??( ??) ??< ??> ??= ??/ ??' ??! ??-
Replacement: [ ] { } # \ ^ | ~

By default, GCC ignores trigraphs, but in standard-conforming modes
it converts them. See the -std and -ansi options.

-remap
Enable special code to work around file systems which only permit
very short file names, such as MS-DOS.

-H Print the name of each header file used, in addition to other
normal activities. Each name is indented to show how deep in the
#include stack it is. Precompiled header files are also printed,
even if they are found to be invalid; an invalid precompiled header
file is printed with ...x and a valid one with ...! .

-dletters
Says to make debugging dumps during compilation as specified by
letters. The flags documented here are those relevant to the
preprocessor. Other letters are interpreted by the compiler
proper, or reserved for future versions of GCC, and so are silently
ignored. If you specify letters whose behavior conflicts, the
result is undefined.

-dM Instead of the normal output, generate a list of #define
directives for all the macros defined during the execution of
the preprocessor, including predefined macros. This gives you
a way of finding out what is predefined in your version of the
preprocessor. Assuming you have no file foo.h, the command

touch foo.h; cpp -dM foo.h

shows all the predefined macros.

If you use -dM without the -E option, -dM is interpreted as a
synonym for -fdump-rtl-mach.

-dD Like -dM except in two respects: it does not include the
predefined macros, and it outputs both the #define directives
and the result of preprocessing. Both kinds of output go to
the standard output file.

-dN Like -dD, but emit only the macro names, not their expansions.

-dI Output #include directives in addition to the result of
preprocessing.

-dU Like -dD except that only macros that are expanded, or whose
definedness is tested in preprocessor directives, are output;
the output is delayed until the use or test of the macro; and
#undef directives are also output for macros tested but
undefined at the time.

-fdebug-cpp
This option is only useful for debugging GCC. When used from CPP
or with -E, it dumps debugging information about location maps.
Every token in the output is preceded by the dump of the map its
location belongs to.

When used from GCC without -E, this option has no effect.

-Wp,option
You can use -Wp,option to bypass the compiler driver and pass
option directly through to the preprocessor. If option contains
commas, it is split into multiple options at the commas. However,
many options are modified, translated or interpreted by the
compiler driver before being passed to the preprocessor, and -Wp
forcibly bypasses this phase. The preprocessor's direct interface
is undocumented and subject to change, so whenever possible you
should avoid using -Wp and let the driver handle the options
instead.

-Xpreprocessor option
Pass option as an option to the preprocessor. You can use this to
supply system-specific preprocessor options that GCC does not
recognize.

If you want to pass an option that takes an argument, you must use
-Xpreprocessor twice, once for the option and once for the
argument.

-no-integrated-cpp
Perform preprocessing as a separate pass before compilation. By
default, GCC performs preprocessing as an integrated part of input
tokenization and parsing. If this option is provided, the
appropriate language front end (cc1, cc1plus, or cc1obj for C, C++,
and Objective-C, respectively) is instead invoked twice, once for
preprocessing only and once for actual compilation of the
preprocessed input. This option may be useful in conjunction with
the -B or -wrapper options to specify an alternate preprocessor or
perform additional processing of the program source between normal
preprocessing and compilation.

Passing Options to the Assembler
You can pass options to the assembler.

-Wa,option
Pass option as an option to the assembler. If option contains
commas, it is split into multiple options at the commas.

-Xassembler option
Pass option as an option to the assembler. You can use this to
supply system-specific assembler options that GCC does not
recognize.

If you want to pass an option that takes an argument, you must use
-Xassembler twice, once for the option and once for the argument.

Options for Linking
These options come into play when the compiler links object files into
an executable output file. They are meaningless if the compiler is not
doing a link step.

object-file-name
A file name that does not end in a special recognized suffix is
considered to name an object file or library. (Object files are
distinguished from libraries by the linker according to the file
contents.) If linking is done, these object files are used as
input to the linker.

-c
-S
-E If any of these options is used, then the linker is not run, and
object file names should not be used as arguments.

-flinker-output=type
This option controls the code generation of the link time
optimizer. By default the linker output is determined by the
linker plugin automatically. For debugging the compiler and in the
case of incremental linking to non-lto object file is desired, it
may be useful to control the type manually.

If type is exec the code generation is configured to produce static
binary. In this case -fpic and -fpie are both disabled.

If type is dyn the code generation is configured to produce shared
library. In this case -fpic or -fPIC is preserved, but not enabled
automatically. This makes it possible to build shared libraries
without position independent code on architectures this is
possible, i.e. on x86.

If type is pie the code generation is configured to produce -fpie
executable. This result in similar optimizations as exec except
that -fpie is not disabled if specified at compilation time.

If type is rel the compiler assumes that incremental linking is
done. The sections containing intermediate code for link-time
optimization are merged, pre-optimized, and output to the resulting
object file. In addition, if -ffat-lto-objects is specified the
binary code is produced for future non-lto linking. The object file
produced by incremental linking will be smaller than a static
library produced from the same object files. At link-time the
result of incremental linking will also load faster to compiler
than a static library assuming that majority of objects in the
library are used.

Finally nolto-rel configure compiler to for incremental linking
where code generation is forced, final binary is produced and the
intermediate code for later link-time optimization is stripped.
When multiple object files are linked together the resulting code
will be optimized better than with link time optimizations disabled
(for example, the cross-module inlining will happen), most of
benefits of whole program optimizations are however lost.

During the incremental link (by -r) the linker plugin will default
to rel. With current interfaces to GNU Binutils it is however not
possible to link incrementally LTO objects and non-LTO objects into
a single mixed object file. In the case any of object files in
incremental link cannot be used for link-time optimization the
linker plugin will output warning and use nolto-rel. To maintain
the whole program optimization it is recommended to link such
objects into static library instead. Alternatively it is possible
to use H.J. Lu's binutils with support for mixed objects.

-fuse-ld=bfd
Use the bfd linker instead of the default linker.

-fuse-ld=gold
Use the gold linker instead of the default linker.

-fuse-ld=lld
Use the LLVM lld linker instead of the default linker.

-llibrary
-l library
Search the library named library when linking. (The second
alternative with the library as a separate argument is only for
POSIX compliance and is not recommended.)

The -l option is passed directly to the linker by GCC. Refer to
your linker documentation for exact details. The general
description below applies to the GNU linker.

The linker searches a standard list of directories for the library.
The directories searched include several standard system
directories plus any that you specify with -L.

Static libraries are archives of object files, and have file names
like liblibrary.a. Some targets also support shared libraries,
which typically have names like liblibrary.so. If both static and
shared libraries are found, the linker gives preference to linking
with the shared library unless the -static option is used.

It makes a difference where in the command you write this option;
the linker searches and processes libraries and object files in the
order they are specified. Thus, foo.o -lz bar.o searches library z
after file foo.o but before bar.o. If bar.o refers to functions in
z, those functions may not be loaded.

-lobjc
You need this special case of the -l option in order to link an
Objective-C or Objective-C++ program.

-nostartfiles
Do not use the standard system startup files when linking. The
standard system libraries are used normally, unless -nostdlib,
-nolibc, or -nodefaultlibs is used.

-nodefaultlibs
Do not use the standard system libraries when linking. Only the
libraries you specify are passed to the linker, and options
specifying linkage of the system libraries, such as -static-libgcc
or -shared-libgcc, are ignored. The standard startup files are
used normally, unless -nostartfiles is used.

The compiler may generate calls to "memcmp", "memset", "memcpy" and
"memmove". These entries are usually resolved by entries in libc.
These entry points should be supplied through some other mechanism
when this option is specified.

-nolibc
Do not use the C library or system libraries tightly coupled with
it when linking. Still link with the startup files, libgcc or
toolchain provided language support libraries such as libgnat,
libgfortran or libstdc++ unless options preventing their inclusion
are used as well. This typically removes -lc from the link command
line, as well as system libraries that normally go with it and
become meaningless when absence of a C library is assumed, for
example -lpthread or -lm in some configurations. This is intended
for bare-board targets when there is indeed no C library available.

-nostdlib
Do not use the standard system startup files or libraries when
linking. No startup files and only the libraries you specify are
passed to the linker, and options specifying linkage of the system
libraries, such as -static-libgcc or -shared-libgcc, are ignored.

One of the standard libraries bypassed by -nostdlib and
-nodefaultlibs is libgcc.a, a library of internal subroutines which
GCC uses to overcome shortcomings of particular machines, or
special needs for some languages.

In most cases, you need libgcc.a even when you want to avoid other
standard libraries. In other words, when you specify -nostdlib or
-nodefaultlibs you should usually specify -lgcc as well. This
ensures that you have no unresolved references to internal GCC
library subroutines. (An example of such an internal subroutine is
"__main", used to ensure C++ constructors are called.)

-e entry
--entry=entry
Specify that the program entry point is entry. The argument is
interpreted by the linker; the GNU linker accepts either a symbol
name or an address.

-pie
Produce a dynamically linked position independent executable on
targets that support it. For predictable results, you must also
specify the same set of options used for compilation (-fpie, -fPIE,
or model suboptions) when you specify this linker option.

-no-pie
Don't produce a dynamically linked position independent executable.

-static-pie
Produce a static position independent executable on targets that
support it. A static position independent executable is similar to
a static executable, but can be loaded at any address without a
dynamic linker. For predictable results, you must also specify the
same set of options used for compilation (-fpie, -fPIE, or model
suboptions) when you specify this linker option.

-pthread
Link with the POSIX threads library. This option is supported on
GNU/Linux targets, most other Unix derivatives, and also on x86
Cygwin and MinGW targets. On some targets this option also sets
flags for the preprocessor, so it should be used consistently for
both compilation and linking.

-r Produce a relocatable object as output. This is also known as
partial linking.

-rdynamic
Pass the flag -export-dynamic to the ELF linker, on targets that
support it. This instructs the linker to add all symbols, not only
used ones, to the dynamic symbol table. This option is needed for
some uses of "dlopen" or to allow obtaining backtraces from within
a program.

-s Remove all symbol table and relocation information from the
executable.

-static
On systems that support dynamic linking, this overrides -pie and
prevents linking with the shared libraries. On other systems, this
option has no effect.

-shared
Produce a shared object which can then be linked with other objects
to form an executable. Not all systems support this option. For
predictable results, you must also specify the same set of options
used for compilation (-fpic, -fPIC, or model suboptions) when you
specify this linker option.[1]

-shared-libgcc
-static-libgcc
On systems that provide libgcc as a shared library, these options
force the use of either the shared or static version, respectively.
If no shared version of libgcc was built when the compiler was
configured, these options have no effect.

There are several situations in which an application should use the
shared libgcc instead of the static version. The most common of
these is when the application wishes to throw and catch exceptions
across different shared libraries. In that case, each of the
libraries as well as the application itself should use the shared
libgcc.

Therefore, the G++ driver automatically adds -shared-libgcc
whenever you build a shared library or a main executable, because
C++ programs typically use exceptions, so this is the right thing
to do.

If, instead, you use the GCC driver to create shared libraries, you
may find that they are not always linked with the shared libgcc.
If GCC finds, at its configuration time, that you have a non-GNU
linker or a GNU linker that does not support option --eh-frame-hdr,
it links the shared version of libgcc into shared libraries by
default. Otherwise, it takes advantage of the linker and optimizes
away the linking with the shared version of libgcc, linking with
the static version of libgcc by default. This allows exceptions to
propagate through such shared libraries, without incurring
relocation costs at library load time.

However, if a library or main executable is supposed to throw or
catch exceptions, you must link it using the G++ driver, or using
the option -shared-libgcc, such that it is linked with the shared
libgcc.

-static-libasan
When the -fsanitize=address option is used to link a program, the
GCC driver automatically links against libasan. If libasan is
available as a shared library, and the -static option is not used,
then this links against the shared version of libasan. The
-static-libasan option directs the GCC driver to link libasan
statically, without necessarily linking other libraries statically.

-static-libtsan
When the -fsanitize=thread option is used to link a program, the
GCC driver automatically links against libtsan. If libtsan is
available as a shared library, and the -static option is not used,
then this links against the shared version of libtsan. The
-static-libtsan option directs the GCC driver to link libtsan
statically, without necessarily linking other libraries statically.

-static-liblsan
When the -fsanitize=leak option is used to link a program, the GCC
driver automatically links against liblsan. If liblsan is
available as a shared library, and the -static option is not used,
then this links against the shared version of liblsan. The
-static-liblsan option directs the GCC driver to link liblsan
statically, without necessarily linking other libraries statically.

-static-libubsan
When the -fsanitize=undefined option is used to link a program, the
GCC driver automatically links against libubsan. If libubsan is
available as a shared library, and the -static option is not used,
then this links against the shared version of libubsan. The
-static-libubsan option directs the GCC driver to link libubsan
statically, without necessarily linking other libraries statically.

-static-libstdc++
When the g++ program is used to link a C++ program, it normally
automatically links against libstdc++. If libstdc++ is available
as a shared library, and the -static option is not used, then this
links against the shared version of libstdc++. That is normally
fine. However, it is sometimes useful to freeze the version of
libstdc++ used by the program without going all the way to a fully
static link. The -static-libstdc++ option directs the g++ driver
to link libstdc++ statically, without necessarily linking other
libraries statically.

-symbolic
Bind references to global symbols when building a shared object.
Warn about any unresolved references (unless overridden by the link
editor option -Xlinker -z -Xlinker defs). Only a few systems
support this option.

-T script
Use script as the linker script. This option is supported by most
systems using the GNU linker. On some targets, such as bare-board
targets without an operating system, the -T option may be required
when linking to avoid references to undefined symbols.

-Xlinker option
Pass option as an option to the linker. You can use this to supply
system-specific linker options that GCC does not recognize.

If you want to pass an option that takes a separate argument, you
must use -Xlinker twice, once for the option and once for the
argument. For example, to pass -assert definitions, you must write
-Xlinker -assert -Xlinker definitions. It does not work to write
-Xlinker "-assert definitions", because this passes the entire
string as a single argument, which is not what the linker expects.

When using the GNU linker, it is usually more convenient to pass
arguments to linker options using the option=value syntax than as
separate arguments. For example, you can specify -Xlinker
-Map=output.map rather than -Xlinker -Map -Xlinker output.map.
Other linkers may not support this syntax for command-line options.

-Wl,option
Pass option as an option to the linker. If option contains commas,
it is split into multiple options at the commas. You can use this
syntax to pass an argument to the option. For example,
-Wl,-Map,output.map passes -Map output.map to the linker. When
using the GNU linker, you can also get the same effect with
-Wl,-Map=output.map.

-u symbol
Pretend the symbol symbol is undefined, to force linking of library
modules to define it. You can use -u multiple times with different
symbols to force loading of additional library modules.

-z keyword
-z is passed directly on to the linker along with the keyword
keyword. See the section in the documentation of your linker for
permitted values and their meanings.

Options for Directory Search
These options specify directories to search for header files, for
libraries and for parts of the compiler:

-I dir
-iquote dir
-isystem dir
-idirafter dir
Add the directory dir to the list of directories to be searched for
header files during preprocessing. If dir begins with = or
$SYSROOT, then the = or $SYSROOT is replaced by the sysroot prefix;
see --sysroot and -isysroot.

Directories specified with -iquote apply only to the quote form of
the directive, "#include "file"". Directories specified with -I,
-isystem, or -idirafter apply to lookup for both the
"#include "file"" and "#include <file_" directives.

You can specify any number or combination of these options on the
command line to search for header files in several directories.
The lookup order is as follows:

1. For the quote form of the include directive, the directory of
the current file is searched first.

2. For the quote form of the include directive, the directories
specified by -iquote options are searched in left-to-right
order, as they appear on the command line.

3. Directories specified with -I options are scanned in left-to-
right order.

4. Directories specified with -isystem options are scanned in
left-to-right order.

5. Standard system directories are scanned.

6. Directories specified with -idirafter options are scanned in
left-to-right order.

You can use -I to override a system header file, substituting your
own version, since these directories are searched before the
standard system header file directories. However, you should not
use this option to add directories that contain vendor-supplied
system header files; use -isystem for that.

The -isystem and -idirafter options also mark the directory as a
system directory, so that it gets the same special treatment that
is applied to the standard system directories.

If a standard system include directory, or a directory specified
with -isystem, is also specified with -I, the -I option is ignored.
The directory is still searched but as a system directory at its
normal position in the system include chain. This is to ensure
that GCC's procedure to fix buggy system headers and the ordering
for the "#include_next" directive are not inadvertently changed.
If you really need to change the search order for system
directories, use the -nostdinc and/or -isystem options.

-I- Split the include path. This option has been deprecated. Please
use -iquote instead for -I directories before the -I- and remove
the -I- option.

Any directories specified with -I options before -I- are searched
only for headers requested with "#include "file""; they are not
searched for "#include <file_". If additional directories are
specified with -I options after the -I-, those directories are
searched for all #include directives.

In addition, -I- inhibits the use of the directory of the current
file directory as the first search directory for "#include "file"".
There is no way to override this effect of -I-.

-iprefix prefix
Specify prefix as the prefix for subsequent -iwithprefix options.
If the prefix represents a directory, you should include the final
/.

-iwithprefix dir
-iwithprefixbefore dir
Append dir to the prefix specified previously with -iprefix, and
add the resulting directory to the include search path.
-iwithprefixbefore puts it in the same place -I would; -iwithprefix
puts it where -idirafter would.

-isysroot dir
This option is like the --sysroot option, but applies only to
header files (except for Darwin targets, where it applies to both
header files and libraries). See the --sysroot option for more
information.

-imultilib dir
Use dir as a subdirectory of the directory containing target-
specific C++ headers.

-nostdinc
Do not search the standard system directories for header files.
Only the directories explicitly specified with -I, -iquote,
-isystem, and/or -idirafter options (and the directory of the
current file, if appropriate) are searched.

-nostdinc++
Do not search for header files in the C++-specific standard
directories, but do still search the other standard directories.
(This option is used when building the C++ library.)

-iplugindir=dir
Set the directory to search for plugins that are passed by
-fplugin=name instead of -fplugin=path/name.so. This option is not
meant to be used by the user, but only passed by the driver.

-Ldir
Add directory dir to the list of directories to be searched for -l.

-Bprefix
This option specifies where to find the executables, libraries,
include files, and data files of the compiler itself.

The compiler driver program runs one or more of the subprograms
cpp, cc1, as and ld. It tries prefix as a prefix for each program
it tries to run, both with and without machine/version/ for the
corresponding target machine and compiler version.

For each subprogram to be run, the compiler driver first tries the
-B prefix, if any. If that name is not found, or if -B is not
specified, the driver tries two standard prefixes, /usr/lib/gcc/
and /usr/local/lib/gcc/. If neither of those results in a file
name that is found, the unmodified program name is searched for
using the directories specified in your PATH environment variable.

The compiler checks to see if the path provided by -B refers to a
directory, and if necessary it adds a directory separator character
at the end of the path.

-B prefixes that effectively specify directory names also apply to
libraries in the linker, because the compiler translates these
options into -L options for the linker. They also apply to include
files in the preprocessor, because the compiler translates these
options into -isystem options for the preprocessor. In this case,
the compiler appends include to the prefix.

The runtime support file libgcc.a can also be searched for using
the -B prefix, if needed. If it is not found there, the two
standard prefixes above are tried, and that is all. The file is
left out of the link if it is not found by those means.

Another way to specify a prefix much like the -B prefix is to use
the environment variable GCC_EXEC_PREFIX.

As a special kludge, if the path provided by -B is [dir/]stageN/,
where N is a number in the range 0 to 9, then it is replaced by
[dir/]include. This is to help with boot-strapping the compiler.

-no-canonical-prefixes
Do not expand any symbolic links, resolve references to /../ or
/./, or make the path absolute when generating a relative prefix.

--sysroot=dir
Use dir as the logical root directory for headers and libraries.
For example, if the compiler normally searches for headers in
/usr/include and libraries in /usr/lib, it instead searches
dir/usr/include and dir/usr/lib.

If you use both this option and the -isysroot option, then the
--sysroot option applies to libraries, but the -isysroot option
applies to header files.

The GNU linker (beginning with version 2.16) has the necessary
support for this option. If your linker does not support this
option, the header file aspect of --sysroot still works, but the
library aspect does not.

--no-sysroot-suffix
For some targets, a suffix is added to the root directory specified
with --sysroot, depending on the other options used, so that
headers may for example be found in dir/suffix/usr/include instead
of dir/usr/include. This option disables the addition of such a
suffix.

Options for Code Generation Conventions
These machine-independent options control the interface conventions
used in code generation.

Most of them have both positive and negative forms; the negative form
of -ffoo is -fno-foo. In the table below, only one of the forms is
listed---the one that is not the default. You can figure out the other
form by either removing no- or adding it.

-fstack-reuse=reuse-level
This option controls stack space reuse for user declared local/auto
variables and compiler generated temporaries. reuse_level can be
all, named_vars, or none. all enables stack reuse for all local
variables and temporaries, named_vars enables the reuse only for
user defined local variables with names, and none disables stack
reuse completely. The default value is all. The option is needed
when the program extends the lifetime of a scoped local variable or
a compiler generated temporary beyond the end point defined by the
language. When a lifetime of a variable ends, and if the variable
lives in memory, the optimizing compiler has the freedom to reuse
its stack space with other temporaries or scoped local variables
whose live range does not overlap with it. Legacy code extending
local lifetime is likely to break with the stack reuse
optimization.

For example,

int *p;
{
int local1;

p = &local1;
local1 = 10;
....
}
{
int local2;
local2 = 20;
...
}

if (*p == 10) // out of scope use of local1
{

}

Another example:

struct A
{
A(int k) : i(k), j(k) { }
int i;
int j;
};

A *ap;

void foo(const A& ar)
{
ap = &ar;
}

void bar()
{
foo(A(10)); // temp object's lifetime ends when foo returns

{
A a(20);
....
}
ap->i+= 10; // ap references out of scope temp whose space
// is reused with a. What is the value of ap->i?
}

The lifetime of a compiler generated temporary is well defined by
the C++ standard. When a lifetime of a temporary ends, and if the
temporary lives in memory, the optimizing compiler has the freedom
to reuse its stack space with other temporaries or scoped local
variables whose live range does not overlap with it. However some
of the legacy code relies on the behavior of older compilers in
which temporaries' stack space is not reused, the aggressive stack
reuse can lead to runtime errors. This option is used to control
the temporary stack reuse optimization.

-ftrapv
This option generates traps for signed overflow on addition,
subtraction, multiplication operations. The options -ftrapv and
-fwrapv override each other, so using -ftrapv -fwrapv on the
command-line results in -fwrapv being effective. Note that only
active options override, so using -ftrapv -fwrapv -fno-wrapv on the
command-line results in -ftrapv being effective.

-fwrapv
This option instructs the compiler to assume that signed arithmetic
overflow of addition, subtraction and multiplication wraps around
using twos-complement representation. This flag enables some
optimizations and disables others. The options -ftrapv and -fwrapv
override each other, so using -ftrapv -fwrapv on the command-line
results in -fwrapv being effective. Note that only active options
override, so using -ftrapv -fwrapv -fno-wrapv on the command-line
results in -ftrapv being effective.

-fwrapv-pointer
This option instructs the compiler to assume that pointer
arithmetic overflow on addition and subtraction wraps around using
twos-complement representation. This flag disables some
optimizations which assume pointer overflow is invalid.

-fstrict-overflow
This option implies -fno-wrapv -fno-wrapv-pointer and when negated
implies -fwrapv -fwrapv-pointer.

-fexceptions
Enable exception handling. Generates extra code needed to
propagate exceptions. For some targets, this implies GCC generates
frame unwind information for all functions, which can produce
significant data size overhead, although it does not affect
execution. If you do not specify this option, GCC enables it by
default for languages like C++ that normally require exception
handling, and disables it for languages like C that do not normally
require it. However, you may need to enable this option when
compiling C code that needs to interoperate properly with exception
handlers written in C++. You may also wish to disable this option
if you are compiling older C++ programs that don't use exception
handling.

-fnon-call-exceptions
Generate code that allows trapping instructions to throw
exceptions. Note that this requires platform-specific runtime
support that does not exist everywhere. Moreover, it only allows
trapping instructions to throw exceptions, i.e. memory references
or floating-point instructions. It does not allow exceptions to be
thrown from arbitrary signal handlers such as "SIGALRM".

-fdelete-dead-exceptions
Consider that instructions that may throw exceptions but don't
otherwise contribute to the execution of the program can be
optimized away. This option is enabled by default for the Ada
front end, as permitted by the Ada language specification.
Optimization passes that cause dead exceptions to be removed are
enabled independently at different optimization levels.

-funwind-tables
Similar to -fexceptions, except that it just generates any needed
static data, but does not affect the generated code in any other
way. You normally do not need to enable this option; instead, a
language processor that needs this handling enables it on your
behalf.

-fasynchronous-unwind-tables
Generate unwind table in DWARF format, if supported by target
machine. The table is exact at each instruction boundary, so it
can be used for stack unwinding from asynchronous events (such as
debugger or garbage collector).

-fno-gnu-unique
On systems with recent GNU assembler and C library, the C++
compiler uses the "STB_GNU_UNIQUE" binding to make sure that
definitions of template static data members and static local
variables in inline functions are unique even in the presence of
"RTLD_LOCAL"; this is necessary to avoid problems with a library
used by two different "RTLD_LOCAL" plugins depending on a
definition in one of them and therefore disagreeing with the other
one about the binding of the symbol. But this causes "dlclose" to
be ignored for affected DSOs; if your program relies on
reinitialization of a DSO via "dlclose" and "dlopen", you can use
-fno-gnu-unique.

-fpcc-struct-return
Return "short" "struct" and "union" values in memory like longer
ones, rather than in registers. This convention is less efficient,
but it has the advantage of allowing intercallability between GCC-
compiled files and files compiled with other compilers,
particularly the Portable C Compiler (pcc).

The precise convention for returning structures in memory depends
on the target configuration macros.

Short structures and unions are those whose size and alignment
match that of some integer type.

Warning: code compiled with the -fpcc-struct-return switch is not
binary compatible with code compiled with the -freg-struct-return
switch. Use it to conform to a non-default application binary
interface.

-freg-struct-return
Return "struct" and "union" values in registers when possible.
This is more efficient for small structures than
-fpcc-struct-return.

If you specify neither -fpcc-struct-return nor -freg-struct-return,
GCC defaults to whichever convention is standard for the target.
If there is no standard convention, GCC defaults to
-fpcc-struct-return, except on targets where GCC is the principal
compiler. In those cases, we can choose the standard, and we chose
the more efficient register return alternative.

Warning: code compiled with the -freg-struct-return switch is not
binary compatible with code compiled with the -fpcc-struct-return
switch. Use it to conform to a non-default application binary
interface.

-fshort-enums
Allocate to an "enum" type only as many bytes as it needs for the
declared range of possible values. Specifically, the "enum" type
is equivalent to the smallest integer type that has enough room.

Warning: the -fshort-enums switch causes GCC to generate code that
is not binary compatible with code generated without that switch.
Use it to conform to a non-default application binary interface.

-fshort-wchar
Override the underlying type for "wchar_t" to be "short unsigned
int" instead of the default for the target. This option is useful
for building programs to run under WINE.

Warning: the -fshort-wchar switch causes GCC to generate code that
is not binary compatible with code generated without that switch.
Use it to conform to a non-default application binary interface.

-fno-common
In C code, this option controls the placement of global variables
defined without an initializer, known as tentative definitions in
the C standard. Tentative definitions are distinct from
declarations of a variable with the "extern" keyword, which do not
allocate storage.

Unix C compilers have traditionally allocated storage for
uninitialized global variables in a common block. This allows the
linker to resolve all tentative definitions of the same variable in
different compilation units to the same object, or to a non-
tentative definition. This is the behavior specified by -fcommon,
and is the default for GCC on most targets. On the other hand,
this behavior is not required by ISO C, and on some targets may
carry a speed or code size penalty on variable references.

The -fno-common option specifies that the compiler should instead
place uninitialized global variables in the BSS section of the
object file. This inhibits the merging of tentative definitions by
the linker so you get a multiple-definition error if the same
variable is defined in more than one compilation unit. Compiling
with -fno-common is useful on targets for which it provides better
performance, or if you wish to verify that the program will work on
other systems that always treat uninitialized variable definitions
this way.

-fno-ident
Ignore the "#ident" directive.

-finhibit-size-directive
Don't output a ".size" assembler directive, or anything else that
would cause trouble if the function is split in the middle, and the
two halves are placed at locations far apart in memory. This
option is used when compiling crtstuff.c; you should not need to
use it for anything else.

-fverbose-asm
Put extra commentary information in the generated assembly code to
make it more readable. This option is generally only of use to
those who actually need to read the generated assembly code
(perhaps while debugging the compiler itself).

-fno-verbose-asm, the default, causes the extra information to be
omitted and is useful when comparing two assembler files.

The added comments include:

* information on the compiler version and command-line options,

* the source code lines associated with the assembly
instructions, in the form FILENAME:LINENUMBER:CONTENT OF LINE,

* hints on which high-level expressions correspond to the various
assembly instruction operands.

For example, given this C source file:

int test (int n)
{
int i;
int total = 0;

for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
total += i * i;

return total;
}

compiling to (x86_64) assembly via -S and emitting the result
direct to stdout via -o -

gcc -S test.c -fverbose-asm -Os -o -

gives output similar to this:

.file "test.c"
# GNU C11 (GCC) version 7.0.0 20160809 (experimental) (x86_64-pc-linux-gnu)
[...snip...]
# options passed:
[...snip...]

.text
.globl test
.type test, @function
test:
.LFB0:
.cfi_startproc
# test.c:4: int total = 0;
xorl %eax, %eax # <retval>
# test.c:6: for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
xorl %edx, %edx # i
.L2:
# test.c:6: for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
cmpl %edi, %edx # n, i
jge .L5 #,
# test.c:7: total += i * i;
movl %edx, %ecx # i, tmp92
imull %edx, %ecx # i, tmp92
# test.c:6: for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
incl %edx # i
# test.c:7: total += i * i;
addl %ecx, %eax # tmp92, <retval>
jmp .L2 #
.L5:
# test.c:10: }
ret
.cfi_endproc
.LFE0:
.size test, .-test
.ident "GCC: (GNU) 7.0.0 20160809 (experimental)"
.section .note.GNU-stack,"",@progbits

The comments are intended for humans rather than machines and hence
the precise format of the comments is subject to change.

-frecord-gcc-switches
This switch causes the command line used to invoke the compiler to
be recorded into the object file that is being created. This
switch is only implemented on some targets and the exact format of
the recording is target and binary file format dependent, but it
usually takes the form of a section containing ASCII text. This
switch is related to the -fverbose-asm switch, but that switch only
records information in the assembler output file as comments, so it
never reaches the object file. See also -grecord-gcc-switches for
another way of storing compiler options into the object file.

-fpic
Generate position-independent code (PIC) suitable for use in a
shared library, if supported for the target machine. Such code
accesses all constant addresses through a global offset table
(GOT). The dynamic loader resolves the GOT entries when the
program starts (the dynamic loader is not part of GCC; it is part
of the operating system). If the GOT size for the linked
executable exceeds a machine-specific maximum size, you get an
error message from the linker indicating that -fpic does not work;
in that case, recompile with -fPIC instead. (These maximums are 8k
on the SPARC, 28k on AArch64 and 32k on the m68k and RS/6000. The
x86 has no such limit.)

Position-independent code requires special support, and therefore
works only on certain machines. For the x86, GCC supports PIC for
System V but not for the Sun 386i. Code generated for the IBM
RS/6000 is always position-independent.

When this flag is set, the macros "__pic__" and "__PIC__" are
defined to 1.

-fPIC
If supported for the target machine, emit position-independent
code, suitable for dynamic linking and avoiding any limit on the
size of the global offset table. This option makes a difference on
AArch64, m68k, PowerPC and SPARC.

Position-independent code requires special support, and therefore
works only on certain machines.

When this flag is set, the macros "__pic__" and "__PIC__" are
defined to 2.

-fpie
-fPIE
These options are similar to -fpic and -fPIC, but the generated
position-independent code can be only linked into executables.
Usually these options are used to compile code that will be linked
using the -pie GCC option.

-fpie and -fPIE both define the macros "__pie__" and "__PIE__".
The macros have the value 1 for -fpie and 2 for -fPIE.

-fno-plt
Do not use the PLT for external function calls in position-
independent code. Instead, load the callee address at call sites
from the GOT and branch to it. This leads to more efficient code
by eliminating PLT stubs and exposing GOT loads to optimizations.
On architectures such as 32-bit x86 where PLT stubs expect the GOT
pointer in a specific register, this gives more register allocation
freedom to the compiler. Lazy binding requires use of the PLT;
with -fno-plt all external symbols are resolved at load time.

Alternatively, the function attribute "noplt" can be used to avoid
calls through the PLT for specific external functions.

In position-dependent code, a few targets also convert calls to
functions that are marked to not use the PLT to use the GOT
instead.

-fno-jump-tables
Do not use jump tables for switch statements even where it would be
more efficient than other code generation strategies. This option
is of use in conjunction with -fpic or -fPIC for building code that
forms part of a dynamic linker and cannot reference the address of
a jump table. On some targets, jump tables do not require a GOT
and this option is not needed.

-ffixed-reg
Treat the register named reg as a fixed register; generated code
should never refer to it (except perhaps as a stack pointer, frame
pointer or in some other fixed role).

reg must be the name of a register. The register names accepted
are machine-specific and are defined in the "REGISTER_NAMES" macro
in the machine description macro file.

This flag does not have a negative form, because it specifies a
three-way choice.

-fcall-used-reg
Treat the register named reg as an allocable register that is
clobbered by function calls. It may be allocated for temporaries
or variables that do not live across a call. Functions compiled
this way do not save and restore the register reg.

It is an error to use this flag with the frame pointer or stack
pointer. Use of this flag for other registers that have fixed
pervasive roles in the machine's execution model produces
disastrous results.

This flag does not have a negative form, because it specifies a
three-way choice.

-fcall-saved-reg
Treat the register named reg as an allocable register saved by
functions. It may be allocated even for temporaries or variables
that live across a call. Functions compiled this way save and
restore the register reg if they use it.

A different sort of disaster results from the use of this flag for
a register in which function values may be returned.

This flag does not have a negative form, because it specifies a
three-way choice.

-fpack-struct[=n]
Without a value specified, pack all structure members together
without holes. When a value is specified (which must be a small
power of two), pack structure members according to this value,
representing the maximum alignment (that is, objects with default
alignment requirements larger than this are output potentially
unaligned at the next fitting location.

Warning: the -fpack-struct switch causes GCC to generate code that
is not binary compatible with code generated without that switch.
Additionally, it makes the code suboptimal. Use it to conform to a
non-default application binary interface.

-fleading-underscore
This option and its counterpart, -fno-leading-underscore, forcibly
change the way C symbols are represented in the object file. One
use is to help link with legacy assembly code.

Warning: the -fleading-underscore switch causes GCC to generate
code that is not binary compatible with code generated without that
switch. Use it to conform to a non-default application binary
interface. Not all targets provide complete support for this
switch.

-ftls-model=model
Alter the thread-local storage model to be used. The model
argument should be one of global-dynamic, local-dynamic, initial-
exec or local-exec. Note that the choice is subject to
optimization: the compiler may use a more efficient model for
symbols not visible outside of the translation unit, or if -fpic is
not given on the command line.

The default without -fpic is initial-exec; with -fpic the default
is global-dynamic.

-ftrampolines
For targets that normally need trampolines for nested functions,
always generate them instead of using descriptors. Otherwise, for
targets that do not need them, like for example HP-PA or IA-64, do
nothing.

A trampoline is a small piece of code that is created at run time
on the stack when the address of a nested function is taken, and is
used to call the nested function indirectly. Therefore, it
requires the stack to be made executable in order for the program
to work properly.

-fno-trampolines is enabled by default on a language by language
basis to let the compiler avoid generating them, if it computes
that this is safe, and replace them with descriptors. Descriptors
are made up of data only, but the generated code must be prepared
to deal with them. As of this writing, -fno-trampolines is enabled
by default only for Ada.

Moreover, code compiled with -ftrampolines and code compiled with
-fno-trampolines are not binary compatible if nested functions are
present. This option must therefore be used on a program-wide
basis and be manipulated with extreme care.

-fvisibility=[default|internal|hidden|protected]
Set the default ELF image symbol visibility to the specified
option---all symbols are marked with this unless overridden within
the code. Using this feature can very substantially improve
linking and load times of shared object libraries, produce more
optimized code, provide near-perfect API export and prevent symbol
clashes. It is strongly recommended that you use this in any
shared objects you distribute.

Despite the nomenclature, default always means public; i.e.,
available to be linked against from outside the shared object.
protected and internal are pretty useless in real-world usage so
the only other commonly used option is hidden. The default if
-fvisibility isn't specified is default, i.e., make every symbol
public.

A good explanation of the benefits offered by ensuring ELF symbols
have the correct visibility is given by "How To Write Shared
Libraries" by Ulrich Drepper (which can be found at
<https://www.akkadia.org/drepper/>)---however a superior solution
made possible by this option to marking things hidden when the
default is public is to make the default hidden and mark things
public. This is the norm with DLLs on Windows and with
-fvisibility=hidden and "__attribute__ ((visibility("default")))"
instead of "__declspec(dllexport)" you get almost identical
semantics with identical syntax. This is a great boon to those
working with cross-platform projects.

For those adding visibility support to existing code, you may find
"#pragma GCC visibility" of use. This works by you enclosing the
declarations you wish to set visibility for with (for example)
"#pragma GCC visibility push(hidden)" and "#pragma GCC visibility
pop". Bear in mind that symbol visibility should be viewed as part
of the API interface contract and thus all new code should always
specify visibility when it is not the default; i.e., declarations
only for use within the local DSO should always be marked
explicitly as hidden as so to avoid PLT indirection
overheads---making this abundantly clear also aids readability and
self-documentation of the code. Note that due to ISO C++
specification requirements, "operator new" and "operator delete"
must always be of default visibility.

Be aware that headers from outside your project, in particular
system headers and headers from any other library you use, may not
be expecting to be compiled with visibility other than the default.
You may need to explicitly say "#pragma GCC visibility
push(default)" before including any such headers.

"extern" declarations are not affected by -fvisibility, so a lot of
code can be recompiled with -fvisibility=hidden with no
modifications. However, this means that calls to "extern"
functions with no explicit visibility use the PLT, so it is more
effective to use "__attribute ((visibility))" and/or "#pragma GCC
visibility" to tell the compiler which "extern" declarations should
be treated as hidden.

Note that -fvisibility does affect C++ vague linkage entities. This
means that, for instance, an exception class that is be thrown
between DSOs must be explicitly marked with default visibility so
that the type_info nodes are unified between the DSOs.

An overview of these techniques, their benefits and how to use them
is at <http://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/Visibility>.

-fstrict-volatile-bitfields
This option should be used if accesses to volatile bit-fields (or
other structure fields, although the compiler usually honors those
types anyway) should use a single access of the width of the
field's type, aligned to a natural alignment if possible. For
example, targets with memory-mapped peripheral registers might
require all such accesses to be 16 bits wide; with this flag you
can declare all peripheral bit-fields as "unsigned short" (assuming
short is 16 bits on these targets) to force GCC to use 16-bit
accesses instead of, perhaps, a more efficient 32-bit access.

If this option is disabled, the compiler uses the most efficient
instruction. In the previous example, that might be a 32-bit load
instruction, even though that accesses bytes that do not contain
any portion of the bit-field, or memory-mapped registers unrelated
to the one being updated.

In some cases, such as when the "packed" attribute is applied to a
structure field, it may not be possible to access the field with a
single read or write that is correctly aligned for the target
machine. In this case GCC falls back to generating multiple
accesses rather than code that will fault or truncate the result at
run time.

Note: Due to restrictions of the C/C++11 memory model, write
accesses are not allowed to touch non bit-field members. It is
therefore recommended to define all bits of the field's type as
bit-field members.

The default value of this option is determined by the application
binary interface for the target processor.

-fsync-libcalls
This option controls whether any out-of-line instance of the
"__sync" family of functions may be used to implement the C++11
"__atomic" family of functions.

The default value of this option is enabled, thus the only useful
form of the option is -fno-sync-libcalls. This option is used in
the implementation of the libatomic runtime library.

GCC Developer Options
This section describes command-line options that are primarily of
interest to GCC developers, including options to support compiler
testing and investigation of compiler bugs and compile-time performance
problems. This includes options that produce debug dumps at various
points in the compilation; that print statistics such as memory use and
execution time; and that print information about GCC's configuration,
such as where it searches for libraries. You should rarely need to use
any of these options for ordinary compilation and linking tasks.

Many developer options that cause GCC to dump output to a file take an
optional =filename suffix. You can specify stdout or - to dump to
standard output, and stderr for standard error.

If =filename is omitted, a default dump file name is constructed by
concatenating the base dump file name, a pass number, phase letter, and
pass name. The base dump file name is the name of output file produced
by the compiler if explicitly specified and not an executable;
otherwise it is the source file name. The pass number is determined by
the order passes are registered with the compiler's pass manager. This
is generally the same as the order of execution, but passes registered
by plugins, target-specific passes, or passes that are otherwise
registered late are numbered higher than the pass named final, even if
they are executed earlier. The phase letter is one of i (inter-
procedural analysis), l (language-specific), r (RTL), or t (tree). The
files are created in the directory of the output file.

-dletters
-fdump-rtl-pass
-fdump-rtl-pass=filename
Says to make debugging dumps during compilation at times specified
by letters. This is used for debugging the RTL-based passes of the
compiler.

Some -dletters switches have different meaning when -E is used for
preprocessing.

Debug dumps can be enabled with a -fdump-rtl switch or some -d
option letters. Here are the possible letters for use in pass and
letters, and their meanings:

-fdump-rtl-alignments
Dump after branch alignments have been computed.

-fdump-rtl-asmcons
Dump after fixing rtl statements that have unsatisfied in/out
constraints.

-fdump-rtl-auto_inc_dec
Dump after auto-inc-dec discovery. This pass is only run on
architectures that have auto inc or auto dec instructions.

-fdump-rtl-barriers
Dump after cleaning up the barrier instructions.

-fdump-rtl-bbpart
Dump after partitioning hot and cold basic blocks.

-fdump-rtl-bbro
Dump after block reordering.

-fdump-rtl-btl1
-fdump-rtl-btl2
-fdump-rtl-btl1 and -fdump-rtl-btl2 enable dumping after the
two branch target load optimization passes.

-fdump-rtl-bypass
Dump after jump bypassing and control flow optimizations.

-fdump-rtl-combine
Dump after the RTL instruction combination pass.

-fdump-rtl-compgotos
Dump after duplicating the computed gotos.

-fdump-rtl-ce1
-fdump-rtl-ce2
-fdump-rtl-ce3
-fdump-rtl-ce1, -fdump-rtl-ce2, and -fdump-rtl-ce3 enable
dumping after the three if conversion passes.

-fdump-rtl-cprop_hardreg
Dump after hard register copy propagation.

-fdump-rtl-csa
Dump after combining stack adjustments.

-fdump-rtl-cse1
-fdump-rtl-cse2
-fdump-rtl-cse1 and -fdump-rtl-cse2 enable dumping after the
two common subexpression elimination passes.

-fdump-rtl-dce
Dump after the standalone dead code elimination passes.

-fdump-rtl-dbr
Dump after delayed branch scheduling.

-fdump-rtl-dce1
-fdump-rtl-dce2
-fdump-rtl-dce1 and -fdump-rtl-dce2 enable dumping after the
two dead store elimination passes.

-fdump-rtl-eh
Dump after finalization of EH handling code.

-fdump-rtl-eh_ranges
Dump after conversion of EH handling range regions.

-fdump-rtl-expand
Dump after RTL generation.

-fdump-rtl-fwprop1
-fdump-rtl-fwprop2
-fdump-rtl-fwprop1 and -fdump-rtl-fwprop2 enable dumping after
the two forward propagation passes.

-fdump-rtl-gcse1
-fdump-rtl-gcse2
-fdump-rtl-gcse1 and -fdump-rtl-gcse2 enable dumping after
global common subexpression elimination.

-fdump-rtl-init-regs
Dump after the initialization of the registers.

-fdump-rtl-initvals
Dump after the computation of the initial value sets.

-fdump-rtl-into_cfglayout
Dump after converting to cfglayout mode.

-fdump-rtl-ira
Dump after iterated register allocation.

-fdump-rtl-jump
Dump after the second jump optimization.

-fdump-rtl-loop2
-fdump-rtl-loop2 enables dumping after the rtl loop
optimization passes.

-fdump-rtl-mach
Dump after performing the machine dependent reorganization
pass, if that pass exists.

-fdump-rtl-mode_sw
Dump after removing redundant mode switches.

-fdump-rtl-rnreg
Dump after register renumbering.

-fdump-rtl-outof_cfglayout
Dump after converting from cfglayout mode.

-fdump-rtl-peephole2
Dump after the peephole pass.

-fdump-rtl-postreload
Dump after post-reload optimizations.

-fdump-rtl-pro_and_epilogue
Dump after generating the function prologues and epilogues.

-fdump-rtl-sched1
-fdump-rtl-sched2
-fdump-rtl-sched1 and -fdump-rtl-sched2 enable dumping after
the basic block scheduling passes.

-fdump-rtl-ree
Dump after sign/zero extension elimination.

-fdump-rtl-seqabstr
Dump after common sequence discovery.

-fdump-rtl-shorten
Dump after shortening branches.

-fdump-rtl-sibling
Dump after sibling call optimizations.

-fdump-rtl-split1
-fdump-rtl-split2
-fdump-rtl-split3
-fdump-rtl-split4
-fdump-rtl-split5
These options enable dumping after five rounds of instruction
splitting.

-fdump-rtl-sms
Dump after modulo scheduling. This pass is only run on some
architectures.

-fdump-rtl-stack
Dump after conversion from GCC's "flat register file" registers
to the x87's stack-like registers. This pass is only run on
x86 variants.

-fdump-rtl-subreg1
-fdump-rtl-subreg2
-fdump-rtl-subreg1 and -fdump-rtl-subreg2 enable dumping after
the two subreg expansion passes.

-fdump-rtl-unshare
Dump after all rtl has been unshared.

-fdump-rtl-vartrack
Dump after variable tracking.

-fdump-rtl-vregs
Dump after converting virtual registers to hard registers.

-fdump-rtl-web
Dump after live range splitting.

-fdump-rtl-regclass
-fdump-rtl-subregs_of_mode_init
-fdump-rtl-subregs_of_mode_finish
-fdump-rtl-dfinit
-fdump-rtl-dfinish
These dumps are defined but always produce empty files.

-da
-fdump-rtl-all
Produce all the dumps listed above.

-dA Annotate the assembler output with miscellaneous debugging
information.

-dD Dump all macro definitions, at the end of preprocessing, in
addition to normal output.

-dH Produce a core dump whenever an error occurs.

-dp Annotate the assembler output with a comment indicating which
pattern and alternative is used. The length and cost of each
instruction are also printed.

-dP Dump the RTL in the assembler output as a comment before each
instruction. Also turns on -dp annotation.

-dx Just generate RTL for a function instead of compiling it.
Usually used with -fdump-rtl-expand.

-fdump-debug
Dump debugging information generated during the debug generation
phase.

-fdump-earlydebug
Dump debugging information generated during the early debug
generation phase.

-fdump-noaddr
When doing debugging dumps, suppress address output. This makes it
more feasible to use diff on debugging dumps for compiler
invocations with different compiler binaries and/or different text
/ bss / data / heap / stack / dso start locations.

-freport-bug
Collect and dump debug information into a temporary file if an
internal compiler error (ICE) occurs.

-fdump-unnumbered
When doing debugging dumps, suppress instruction numbers and
address output. This makes it more feasible to use diff on
debugging dumps for compiler invocations with different options, in
particular with and without -g.

-fdump-unnumbered-links
When doing debugging dumps (see -d option above), suppress
instruction numbers for the links to the previous and next
instructions in a sequence.

-fdump-ipa-switch
-fdump-ipa-switch-options
Control the dumping at various stages of inter-procedural analysis
language tree to a file. The file name is generated by appending a
switch specific suffix to the source file name, and the file is
created in the same directory as the output file. The following
dumps are possible:

all Enables all inter-procedural analysis dumps.

cgraph
Dumps information about call-graph optimization, unused
function removal, and inlining decisions.

inline
Dump after function inlining.

Additionally, the options -optimized, -missed, -note, and -all can
be provided, with the same meaning as for -fopt-info, defaulting to
-optimized.

For example, -fdump-ipa-inline-optimized-missed will emit
information on callsites that were inlined, along with callsites
that were not inlined.

By default, the dump will contain messages about successful
optimizations (equivalent to -optimized) together with low-level
details about the analysis.

-fdump-lang-all
-fdump-lang-switch
-fdump-lang-switch-options
-fdump-lang-switch-options=filename
Control the dumping of language-specific information. The options
and filename portions behave as described in the -fdump-tree
option. The following switch values are accepted:

all Enable all language-specific dumps.

class
Dump class hierarchy information. Virtual table information is
emitted unless 'slim' is specified. This option is applicable
to C++ only.

raw Dump the raw internal tree data. This option is applicable to
C++ only.

-fdump-passes
Print on stderr the list of optimization passes that are turned on
and off by the current command-line options.

-fdump-statistics-option
Enable and control dumping of pass statistics in a separate file.
The file name is generated by appending a suffix ending in
.statistics to the source file name, and the file is created in the
same directory as the output file. If the -option form is used,
-stats causes counters to be summed over the whole compilation unit
while -details dumps every event as the passes generate them. The
default with no option is to sum counters for each function
compiled.

-fdump-tree-all
-fdump-tree-switch
-fdump-tree-switch-options
-fdump-tree-switch-options=filename
Control the dumping at various stages of processing the
intermediate language tree to a file. If the -options form is
used, options is a list of - separated options which control the
details of the dump. Not all options are applicable to all dumps;
those that are not meaningful are ignored. The following options
are available

address
Print the address of each node. Usually this is not meaningful
as it changes according to the environment and source file.
Its primary use is for tying up a dump file with a debug
environment.

asmname
If "DECL_ASSEMBLER_NAME" has been set for a given decl, use
that in the dump instead of "DECL_NAME". Its primary use is
ease of use working backward from mangled names in the assembly
file.

slim
When dumping front-end intermediate representations, inhibit
dumping of members of a scope or body of a function merely
because that scope has been reached. Only dump such items when
they are directly reachable by some other path.

When dumping pretty-printed trees, this option inhibits dumping
the bodies of control structures.

When dumping RTL, print the RTL in slim (condensed) form
instead of the default LISP-like representation.

raw Print a raw representation of the tree. By default, trees are
pretty-printed into a C-like representation.

details
Enable more detailed dumps (not honored by every dump option).
Also include information from the optimization passes.

stats
Enable dumping various statistics about the pass (not honored
by every dump option).

blocks
Enable showing basic block boundaries (disabled in raw dumps).

graph
For each of the other indicated dump files (-fdump-rtl-pass),
dump a representation of the control flow graph suitable for
viewing with GraphViz to file.passid.pass.dot. Each function
in the file is pretty-printed as a subgraph, so that GraphViz
can render them all in a single plot.

This option currently only works for RTL dumps, and the RTL is
always dumped in slim form.

vops
Enable showing virtual operands for every statement.

lineno
Enable showing line numbers for statements.

uid Enable showing the unique ID ("DECL_UID") for each variable.

verbose
Enable showing the tree dump for each statement.

eh Enable showing the EH region number holding each statement.

scev
Enable showing scalar evolution analysis details.

optimized
Enable showing optimization information (only available in
certain passes).

missed
Enable showing missed optimization information (only available
in certain passes).

note
Enable other detailed optimization information (only available
in certain passes).

all Turn on all options, except raw, slim, verbose and lineno.

optall
Turn on all optimization options, i.e., optimized, missed, and
note.

To determine what tree dumps are available or find the dump for a
pass of interest follow the steps below.

1. Invoke GCC with -fdump-passes and in the stderr output look for
a code that corresponds to the pass you are interested in. For
example, the codes "tree-evrp", "tree-vrp1", and "tree-vrp2"
correspond to the three Value Range Propagation passes. The
number at the end distinguishes distinct invocations of the
same pass.

2. To enable the creation of the dump file, append the pass code
to the -fdump- option prefix and invoke GCC with it. For
example, to enable the dump from the Early Value Range
Propagation pass, invoke GCC with the -fdump-tree-evrp option.
Optionally, you may specify the name of the dump file. If you
don't specify one, GCC creates as described below.

3. Find the pass dump in a file whose name is composed of three
components separated by a period: the name of the source file
GCC was invoked to compile, a numeric suffix indicating the
pass number followed by the letter t for tree passes (and the
letter r for RTL passes), and finally the pass code. For
example, the Early VRP pass dump might be in a file named
myfile.c.038t.evrp in the current working directory. Note that
the numeric codes are not stable and may change from one
version of GCC to another.

-fopt-info
-fopt-info-options
-fopt-info-options=filename
Controls optimization dumps from various optimization passes. If
the -options form is used, options is a list of - separated option
keywords to select the dump details and optimizations.

The options can be divided into three groups:

1. options describing what kinds of messages should be emitted,

2. options describing the verbosity of the dump, and

3. options describing which optimizations should be included.

The options from each group can be freely mixed as they are non-
overlapping. However, in case of any conflicts, the later options
override the earlier options on the command line.

The following options control which kinds of messages should be
emitted:

optimized
Print information when an optimization is successfully applied.
It is up to a pass to decide which information is relevant. For
example, the vectorizer passes print the source location of
loops which are successfully vectorized.

missed
Print information about missed optimizations. Individual passes
control which information to include in the output.

note
Print verbose information about optimizations, such as certain
transformations, more detailed messages about decisions etc.

all Print detailed optimization information. This includes
optimized, missed, and note.

The following option controls the dump verbosity:

internals
By default, only "high-level" messages are emitted. This option
enables additional, more detailed, messages, which are likely
to only be of interest to GCC developers.

One or more of the following option keywords can be used to
describe a group of optimizations:

ipa Enable dumps from all interprocedural optimizations.

loop
Enable dumps from all loop optimizations.

inline
Enable dumps from all inlining optimizations.

omp Enable dumps from all OMP (Offloading and Multi Processing)
optimizations.

vec Enable dumps from all vectorization optimizations.

optall
Enable dumps from all optimizations. This is a superset of the
optimization groups listed above.

If options is omitted, it defaults to optimized-optall, which means
to dump messages about successful optimizations from all the
passes, omitting messages that are treated as "internals".

If the filename is provided, then the dumps from all the applicable
optimizations are concatenated into the filename. Otherwise the
dump is output onto stderr. Though multiple -fopt-info options are
accepted, only one of them can include a filename. If other
filenames are provided then all but the first such option are
ignored.

Note that the output filename is overwritten in case of multiple
translation units. If a combined output from multiple translation
units is desired, stderr should be used instead.

In the following example, the optimization info is output to
stderr:

gcc -O3 -fopt-info

This example:

gcc -O3 -fopt-info-missed=missed.all

outputs missed optimization report from all the passes into
missed.all, and this one:

gcc -O2 -ftree-vectorize -fopt-info-vec-missed

prints information about missed optimization opportunities from
vectorization passes on stderr. Note that -fopt-info-vec-missed is
equivalent to -fopt-info-missed-vec. The order of the optimization
group names and message types listed after -fopt-info does not
matter.

As another example,

gcc -O3 -fopt-info-inline-optimized-missed=inline.txt

outputs information about missed optimizations as well as optimized
locations from all the inlining passes into inline.txt.

Finally, consider:

gcc -fopt-info-vec-missed=vec.miss -fopt-info-loop-optimized=loop.opt

Here the two output filenames vec.miss and loop.opt are in conflict
since only one output file is allowed. In this case, only the first
option takes effect and the subsequent options are ignored. Thus
only vec.miss is produced which contains dumps from the vectorizer
about missed opportunities.

-fsave-optimization-record
Write a SRCFILE.opt-record.json.gz file detailing what
optimizations were performed, for those optimizations that support
-fopt-info.

This option is experimental and the format of the data within the
compressed JSON file is subject to change.

It is roughly equivalent to a machine-readable version of
-fopt-info-all, as a collection of messages with source file, line
number and column number, with the following additional data for
each message:

* the execution count of the code being optimized, along with
metadata about whether this was from actual profile data, or
just an estimate, allowing consumers to prioritize messages by
code hotness,

* the function name of the code being optimized, where
applicable,

* the "inlining chain" for the code being optimized, so that when
a function is inlined into several different places (which
might themselves be inlined), the reader can distinguish
between the copies,

* objects identifying those parts of the message that refer to
expressions, statements or symbol-table nodes, which of these
categories they are, and, when available, their source code
location,

* the GCC pass that emitted the message, and

* the location in GCC's own code from which the message was
emitted

Additionally, some messages are logically nested within other
messages, reflecting implementation details of the optimization
passes.

-fsched-verbose=n
On targets that use instruction scheduling, this option controls
the amount of debugging output the scheduler prints to the dump
files.

For n greater than zero, -fsched-verbose outputs the same
information as -fdump-rtl-sched1 and -fdump-rtl-sched2. For n
greater than one, it also output basic block probabilities,
detailed ready list information and unit/insn info. For n greater
than two, it includes RTL at abort point, control-flow and regions
info. And for n over four, -fsched-verbose also includes
dependence info.

-fenable-kind-pass
-fdisable-kind-pass=range-list
This is a set of options that are used to explicitly disable/enable
optimization passes. These options are intended for use for
debugging GCC. Compiler users should use regular options for
enabling/disabling passes instead.

-fdisable-ipa-pass
Disable IPA pass pass. pass is the pass name. If the same pass
is statically invoked in the compiler multiple times, the pass
name should be appended with a sequential number starting from
1.

-fdisable-rtl-pass
-fdisable-rtl-pass=range-list
Disable RTL pass pass. pass is the pass name. If the same
pass is statically invoked in the compiler multiple times, the
pass name should be appended with a sequential number starting
from 1. range-list is a comma-separated list of function
ranges or assembler names. Each range is a number pair
separated by a colon. The range is inclusive in both ends. If
the range is trivial, the number pair can be simplified as a
single number. If the function's call graph node's uid falls
within one of the specified ranges, the pass is disabled for
that function. The uid is shown in the function header of a
dump file, and the pass names can be dumped by using option
-fdump-passes.

-fdisable-tree-pass
-fdisable-tree-pass=range-list
Disable tree pass pass. See -fdisable-rtl for the description
of option arguments.

-fenable-ipa-pass
Enable IPA pass pass. pass is the pass name. If the same pass
is statically invoked in the compiler multiple times, the pass
name should be appended with a sequential number starting from
1.

-fenable-rtl-pass
-fenable-rtl-pass=range-list
Enable RTL pass pass. See -fdisable-rtl for option argument
description and examples.

-fenable-tree-pass
-fenable-tree-pass=range-list
Enable tree pass pass. See -fdisable-rtl for the description
of option arguments.

Here are some examples showing uses of these options.

# disable ccp1 for all functions
-fdisable-tree-ccp1
# disable complete unroll for function whose cgraph node uid is 1
-fenable-tree-cunroll=1
# disable gcse2 for functions at the following ranges [1,1],
# [300,400], and [400,1000]
# disable gcse2 for functions foo and foo2
-fdisable-rtl-gcse2=foo,foo2
# disable early inlining
-fdisable-tree-einline
# disable ipa inlining
-fdisable-ipa-inline
# enable tree full unroll
-fenable-tree-unroll

-fchecking
-fchecking=n
Enable internal consistency checking. The default depends on the
compiler configuration. -fchecking=2 enables further internal
consistency checking that might affect code generation.

-frandom-seed=string
This option provides a seed that GCC uses in place of random
numbers in generating certain symbol names that have to be
different in every compiled file. It is also used to place unique
stamps in coverage data files and the object files that produce
them. You can use the -frandom-seed option to produce reproducibly
identical object files.

The string can either be a number (decimal, octal or hex) or an
arbitrary string (in which case it's converted to a number by
computing CRC32).

The string should be different for every file you compile.

-save-temps
-save-temps=cwd
Store the usual "temporary" intermediate files permanently; place
them in the current directory and name them based on the source
file. Thus, compiling foo.c with -c -save-temps produces files
foo.i and foo.s, as well as foo.o. This creates a preprocessed
foo.i output file even though the compiler now normally uses an
integrated preprocessor.

When used in combination with the -x command-line option,
-save-temps is sensible enough to avoid over writing an input
source file with the same extension as an intermediate file. The
corresponding intermediate file may be obtained by renaming the
source file before using -save-temps.

If you invoke GCC in parallel, compiling several different source
files that share a common base name in different subdirectories or
the same source file compiled for multiple output destinations, it
is likely that the different parallel compilers will interfere with
each other, and overwrite the temporary files. For instance:

gcc -save-temps -o outdir1/foo.o indir1/foo.c&
gcc -save-temps -o outdir2/foo.o indir2/foo.c&

may result in foo.i and foo.o being written to simultaneously by
both compilers.

-save-temps=obj
Store the usual "temporary" intermediate files permanently. If the
-o option is used, the temporary files are based on the object
file. If the -o option is not used, the -save-temps=obj switch
behaves like -save-temps.

For example:

gcc -save-temps=obj -c foo.c
gcc -save-temps=obj -c bar.c -o dir/xbar.o
gcc -save-temps=obj foobar.c -o dir2/yfoobar

creates foo.i, foo.s, dir/xbar.i, dir/xbar.s, dir2/yfoobar.i,
dir2/yfoobar.s, and dir2/yfoobar.o.

-time[=file]
Report the CPU time taken by each subprocess in the compilation
sequence. For C source files, this is the compiler proper and
assembler (plus the linker if linking is done).

Without the specification of an output file, the output looks like
this:

# cc1 0.12 0.01
# as 0.00 0.01

The first number on each line is the "user time", that is time
spent executing the program itself. The second number is "system
time", time spent executing operating system routines on behalf of
the program. Both numbers are in seconds.

With the specification of an output file, the output is appended to
the named file, and it looks like this:

0.12 0.01 cc1 <options>
0.00 0.01 as <options>

The "user time" and the "system time" are moved before the program
name, and the options passed to the program are displayed, so that
one can later tell what file was being compiled, and with which
options.

-fdump-final-insns[=file]
Dump the final internal representation (RTL) to file. If the
optional argument is omitted (or if file is "."), the name of the
dump file is determined by appending ".gkd" to the compilation
output file name.

-fcompare-debug[=opts]
If no error occurs during compilation, run the compiler a second
time, adding opts and -fcompare-debug-second to the arguments
passed to the second compilation. Dump the final internal
representation in both compilations, and print an error if they
differ.

If the equal sign is omitted, the default -gtoggle is used.

The environment variable GCC_COMPARE_DEBUG, if defined, non-empty
and nonzero, implicitly enables -fcompare-debug. If
GCC_COMPARE_DEBUG is defined to a string starting with a dash, then
it is used for opts, otherwise the default -gtoggle is used.

-fcompare-debug=, with the equal sign but without opts, is
equivalent to -fno-compare-debug, which disables the dumping of the
final representation and the second compilation, preventing even
GCC_COMPARE_DEBUG from taking effect.

To verify full coverage during -fcompare-debug testing, set
GCC_COMPARE_DEBUG to say -fcompare-debug-not-overridden, which GCC
rejects as an invalid option in any actual compilation (rather than
preprocessing, assembly or linking). To get just a warning,
setting GCC_COMPARE_DEBUG to -w%n-fcompare-debug not overridden
will do.

-fcompare-debug-second
This option is implicitly passed to the compiler for the second
compilation requested by -fcompare-debug, along with options to
silence warnings, and omitting other options that would cause the
compiler to produce output to files or to standard output as a side
effect. Dump files and preserved temporary files are renamed so as
to contain the ".gk" additional extension during the second
compilation, to avoid overwriting those generated by the first.

When this option is passed to the compiler driver, it causes the
first compilation to be skipped, which makes it useful for little
other than debugging the compiler proper.

-gtoggle
Turn off generation of debug info, if leaving out this option
generates it, or turn it on at level 2 otherwise. The position of
this argument in the command line does not matter; it takes effect
after all other options are processed, and it does so only once, no
matter how many times it is given. This is mainly intended to be
used with -fcompare-debug.

-fvar-tracking-assignments-toggle
Toggle -fvar-tracking-assignments, in the same way that -gtoggle
toggles -g.

-Q Makes the compiler print out each function name as it is compiled,
and print some statistics about each pass when it finishes.

-ftime-report
Makes the compiler print some statistics about the time consumed by
each pass when it finishes.

-ftime-report-details
Record the time consumed by infrastructure parts separately for
each pass.

-fira-verbose=n
Control the verbosity of the dump file for the integrated register
allocator. The default value is 5. If the value n is greater or
equal to 10, the dump output is sent to stderr using the same
format as n minus 10.

-flto-report
Prints a report with internal details on the workings of the link-
time optimizer. The contents of this report vary from version to
version. It is meant to be useful to GCC developers when
processing object files in LTO mode (via -flto).

Disabled by default.

-flto-report-wpa
Like -flto-report, but only print for the WPA phase of Link Time
Optimization.

-fmem-report
Makes the compiler print some statistics about permanent memory
allocation when it finishes.

-fmem-report-wpa
Makes the compiler print some statistics about permanent memory
allocation for the WPA phase only.

-fpre-ipa-mem-report
-fpost-ipa-mem-report
Makes the compiler print some statistics about permanent memory
allocation before or after interprocedural optimization.

-fprofile-report
Makes the compiler print some statistics about consistency of the
(estimated) profile and effect of individual passes.

-fstack-usage
Makes the compiler output stack usage information for the program,
on a per-function basis. The filename for the dump is made by
appending .su to the auxname. auxname is generated from the name
of the output file, if explicitly specified and it is not an
executable, otherwise it is the basename of the source file. An
entry is made up of three fields:

* The name of the function.

* A number of bytes.

* One or more qualifiers: "static", "dynamic", "bounded".

The qualifier "static" means that the function manipulates the
stack statically: a fixed number of bytes are allocated for the
frame on function entry and released on function exit; no stack
adjustments are otherwise made in the function. The second field
is this fixed number of bytes.

The qualifier "dynamic" means that the function manipulates the
stack dynamically: in addition to the static allocation described
above, stack adjustments are made in the body of the function, for
example to push/pop arguments around function calls. If the
qualifier "bounded" is also present, the amount of these
adjustments is bounded at compile time and the second field is an
upper bound of the total amount of stack used by the function. If
it is not present, the amount of these adjustments is not bounded
at compile time and the second field only represents the bounded
part.

-fstats
Emit statistics about front-end processing at the end of the
compilation. This option is supported only by the C++ front end,
and the information is generally only useful to the G++ development
team.

-fdbg-cnt-list
Print the name and the counter upper bound for all debug counters.

-fdbg-cnt=counter-value-list
Set the internal debug counter lower and upper bound. counter-
value-list is a comma-separated list of
name:lower_bound:upper_bound tuples which sets the lower and the
upper bound of each debug counter name. The lower_bound is
optional and is zero initialized if not set. All debug counters
have the initial upper bound of "UINT_MAX"; thus "dbg_cnt" returns
true always unless the upper bound is set by this option. For
example, with -fdbg-cnt=dce:2:4,tail_call:10, "dbg_cnt(dce)"
returns true only for third and fourth invocation. For
"dbg_cnt(tail_call)" true is returned for first 10 invocations.

-print-file-name=library
Print the full absolute name of the library file library that would
be used when linking---and don't do anything else. With this
option, GCC does not compile or link anything; it just prints the
file name.

-print-multi-directory
Print the directory name corresponding to the multilib selected by
any other switches present in the command line. This directory is
supposed to exist in GCC_EXEC_PREFIX.

-print-multi-lib
Print the mapping from multilib directory names to compiler
switches that enable them. The directory name is separated from
the switches by ;, and each switch starts with an @ instead of the
-, without spaces between multiple switches. This is supposed to
ease shell processing.

-print-multi-os-directory
Print the path to OS libraries for the selected multilib, relative
to some lib subdirectory. If OS libraries are present in the lib
subdirectory and no multilibs are used, this is usually just ., if
OS libraries are present in libsuffix sibling directories this
prints e.g. ../lib64, ../lib or ../lib32, or if OS libraries are
present in lib/subdir subdirectories it prints e.g. amd64, sparcv9
or ev6.

-print-multiarch
Print the path to OS libraries for the selected multiarch, relative
to some lib subdirectory.

-print-prog-name=program
Like -print-file-name, but searches for a program such as cpp.

-print-libgcc-file-name
Same as -print-file-name=libgcc.a.

This is useful when you use -nostdlib or -nodefaultlibs but you do
want to link with libgcc.a. You can do:

gcc -nostdlib <files>... `gcc -print-libgcc-file-name`

-print-search-dirs
Print the name of the configured installation directory and a list
of program and library directories gcc searches---and don't do
anything else.

This is useful when gcc prints the error message installation
problem, cannot exec cpp0: No such file or directory. To resolve
this you either need to put cpp0 and the other compiler components
where gcc expects to find them, or you can set the environment
variable GCC_EXEC_PREFIX to the directory where you installed them.
Don't forget the trailing /.

-print-sysroot
Print the target sysroot directory that is used during compilation.
This is the target sysroot specified either at configure time or
using the --sysroot option, possibly with an extra suffix that
depends on compilation options. If no target sysroot is specified,
the option prints nothing.

-print-sysroot-headers-suffix
Print the suffix added to the target sysroot when searching for
headers, or give an error if the compiler is not configured with
such a suffix---and don't do anything else.

-dumpmachine
Print the compiler's target machine (for example,
i686-pc-linux-gnu)---and don't do anything else.

-dumpversion
Print the compiler version (for example, 3.0, 6.3.0 or 7)---and
don't do anything else. This is the compiler version used in
filesystem paths and specs. Depending on how the compiler has been
configured it can be just a single number (major version), two
numbers separated by a dot (major and minor version) or three
numbers separated by dots (major, minor and patchlevel version).

-dumpfullversion
Print the full compiler version---and don't do anything else. The
output is always three numbers separated by dots, major, minor and
patchlevel version.

-dumpspecs
Print the compiler's built-in specs---and don't do anything else.
(This is used when GCC itself is being built.)

Machine-Dependent Options
Each target machine supported by GCC can have its own options---for
example, to allow you to compile for a particular processor variant or
ABI, or to control optimizations specific to that machine. By
convention, the names of machine-specific options start with -m.

Some configurations of the compiler also support additional target-
specific options, usually for compatibility with other compilers on the
same platform.

AArch64 Options

These options are defined for AArch64 implementations:

-mabi=name
Generate code for the specified data model. Permissible values are
ilp32 for SysV-like data model where int, long int and pointers are
32 bits, and lp64 for SysV-like data model where int is 32 bits,
but long int and pointers are 64 bits.

The default depends on the specific target configuration. Note
that the LP64 and ILP32 ABIs are not link-compatible; you must
compile your entire program with the same ABI, and link with a
compatible set of libraries.

-mbig-endian
Generate big-endian code. This is the default when GCC is
configured for an aarch64_be-*-* target.

-mgeneral-regs-only
Generate code which uses only the general-purpose registers. This
will prevent the compiler from using floating-point and Advanced
SIMD registers but will not impose any restrictions on the
assembler.

-mlittle-endian
Generate little-endian code. This is the default when GCC is
configured for an aarch64-*-* but not an aarch64_be-*-* target.

-mcmodel=tiny
Generate code for the tiny code model. The program and its
statically defined symbols must be within 1MB of each other.
Programs can be statically or dynamically linked.

-mcmodel=small
Generate code for the small code model. The program and its
statically defined symbols must be within 4GB of each other.
Programs can be statically or dynamically linked. This is the
default code model.

-mcmodel=large
Generate code for the large code model. This makes no assumptions
about addresses and sizes of sections. Programs can be statically
linked only.

-mstrict-align
-mno-strict-align
Avoid or allow generating memory accesses that may not be aligned
on a natural object boundary as described in the architecture
specification.

-momit-leaf-frame-pointer
-mno-omit-leaf-frame-pointer
Omit or keep the frame pointer in leaf functions. The former
behavior is the default.

-mstack-protector-guard=guard
-mstack-protector-guard-reg=reg
-mstack-protector-guard-offset=offset
Generate stack protection code using canary at guard. Supported
locations are global for a global canary or sysreg for a canary in
an appropriate system register.

With the latter choice the options -mstack-protector-guard-reg=reg
and -mstack-protector-guard-offset=offset furthermore specify which
system register to use as base register for reading the canary, and
from what offset from that base register. There is no default
register or offset as this is entirely for use within the Linux
kernel.

-mtls-dialect=desc
Use TLS descriptors as the thread-local storage mechanism for
dynamic accesses of TLS variables. This is the default.

-mtls-dialect=traditional
Use traditional TLS as the thread-local storage mechanism for
dynamic accesses of TLS variables.

-mtls-size=size
Specify bit size of immediate TLS offsets. Valid values are 12,
24, 32, 48. This option requires binutils 2.26 or newer.

-mfix-cortex-a53-835769
-mno-fix-cortex-a53-835769
Enable or disable the workaround for the ARM Cortex-A53 erratum
number 835769. This involves inserting a NOP instruction between
memory instructions and 64-bit integer multiply-accumulate
instructions.

-mfix-cortex-a53-843419
-mno-fix-cortex-a53-843419
Enable or disable the workaround for the ARM Cortex-A53 erratum
number 843419. This erratum workaround is made at link time and
this will only pass the corresponding flag to the linker.

-mlow-precision-recip-sqrt
-mno-low-precision-recip-sqrt
Enable or disable the reciprocal square root approximation. This
option only has an effect if -ffast-math or
-funsafe-math-optimizations is used as well. Enabling this reduces
precision of reciprocal square root results to about 16 bits for
single precision and to 32 bits for double precision.

-mlow-precision-sqrt
-mno-low-precision-sqrt
Enable or disable the square root approximation. This option only
has an effect if -ffast-math or -funsafe-math-optimizations is used
as well. Enabling this reduces precision of square root results to
about 16 bits for single precision and to 32 bits for double
precision. If enabled, it implies -mlow-precision-recip-sqrt.

-mlow-precision-div
-mno-low-precision-div
Enable or disable the division approximation. This option only has
an effect if -ffast-math or -funsafe-math-optimizations is used as
well. Enabling this reduces precision of division results to about
16 bits for single precision and to 32 bits for double precision.

-mtrack-speculation
-mno-track-speculation
Enable or disable generation of additional code to track
speculative execution through conditional branches. The tracking
state can then be used by the compiler when expanding calls to
"__builtin_speculation_safe_copy" to permit a more efficient code
sequence to be generated.

-march=name
Specify the name of the target architecture and, optionally, one or
more feature modifiers. This option has the form
-march=arch{+[no]feature}*.

The permissible values for arch are armv8-a, armv8.1-a, armv8.2-a,
armv8.3-a, armv8.4-a, armv8.5-a or native.

The value armv8.5-a implies armv8.4-a and enables compiler support
for the ARMv8.5-A architecture extensions.

The value armv8.4-a implies armv8.3-a and enables compiler support
for the ARMv8.4-A architecture extensions.

The value armv8.3-a implies armv8.2-a and enables compiler support
for the ARMv8.3-A architecture extensions.

The value armv8.2-a implies armv8.1-a and enables compiler support
for the ARMv8.2-A architecture extensions.

The value armv8.1-a implies armv8-a and enables compiler support
for the ARMv8.1-A architecture extension. In particular, it
enables the +crc, +lse, and +rdma features.

The value native is available on native AArch64 GNU/Linux and
causes the compiler to pick the architecture of the host system.
This option has no effect if the compiler is unable to recognize
the architecture of the host system,

The permissible values for feature are listed in the sub-section on
aarch64-feature-modifiers,,-march and -mcpu Feature Modifiers.
Where conflicting feature modifiers are specified, the right-most
feature is used.

GCC uses name to determine what kind of instructions it can emit
when generating assembly code. If -march is specified without
either of -mtune or -mcpu also being specified, the code is tuned
to perform well across a range of target processors implementing
the target architecture.

-mtune=name
Specify the name of the target processor for which GCC should tune
the performance of the code. Permissible values for this option
are: generic, cortex-a35, cortex-a53, cortex-a55, cortex-a57,
cortex-a72, cortex-a73, cortex-a75, cortex-a76, ares, exynos-m1,
emag, falkor, neoverse-e1,neoverse-n1,qdf24xx, saphira, phecda,
xgene1, vulcan, octeontx, octeontx81, octeontx83, thunderx,
thunderxt88, thunderxt88p1, thunderxt81, tsv110, thunderxt83,
thunderx2t99, cortex-a57.cortex-a53, cortex-a72.cortex-a53,
cortex-a73.cortex-a35, cortex-a73.cortex-a53,
cortex-a75.cortex-a55, cortex-a76.cortex-a55 native.

The values cortex-a57.cortex-a53, cortex-a72.cortex-a53,
cortex-a73.cortex-a35, cortex-a73.cortex-a53,
cortex-a75.cortex-a55, cortex-a76.cortex-a55 specify that GCC
should tune for a big.LITTLE system.

Additionally on native AArch64 GNU/Linux systems the value native
tunes performance to the host system. This option has no effect if
the compiler is unable to recognize the processor of the host
system.

Where none of -mtune=, -mcpu= or -march= are specified, the code is
tuned to perform well across a range of target processors.

This option cannot be suffixed by feature modifiers.

-mcpu=name
Specify the name of the target processor, optionally suffixed by
one or more feature modifiers. This option has the form
-mcpu=cpu{+[no]feature}*, where the permissible values for cpu are
the same as those available for -mtune. The permissible values for
feature are documented in the sub-section on
aarch64-feature-modifiers,,-march and -mcpu Feature Modifiers.
Where conflicting feature modifiers are specified, the right-most
feature is used.

GCC uses name to determine what kind of instructions it can emit
when generating assembly code (as if by -march) and to determine
the target processor for which to tune for performance (as if by
-mtune). Where this option is used in conjunction with -march or
-mtune, those options take precedence over the appropriate part of
this option.

-moverride=string
Override tuning decisions made by the back-end in response to a
-mtune= switch. The syntax, semantics, and accepted values for
string in this option are not guaranteed to be consistent across
releases.

This option is only intended to be useful when developing GCC.

-mverbose-cost-dump
Enable verbose cost model dumping in the debug dump files. This
option is provided for use in debugging the compiler.

-mpc-relative-literal-loads
-mno-pc-relative-literal-loads
Enable or disable PC-relative literal loads. With this option
literal pools are accessed using a single instruction and emitted
after each function. This limits the maximum size of functions to
1MB. This is enabled by default for -mcmodel=tiny.

-msign-return-address=scope
Select the function scope on which return address signing will be
applied. Permissible values are none, which disables return
address signing, non-leaf, which enables pointer signing for
functions which are not leaf functions, and all, which enables
pointer signing for all functions. The default value is none. This
option has been deprecated by -mbranch-protection.

-mbranch-protection=none|standard|pac-ret[+leaf]|bti
Select the branch protection features to use. none is the default
and turns off all types of branch protection. standard turns on
all types of branch protection features. If a feature has
additional tuning options, then standard sets it to its standard
level. pac-ret[+leaf] turns on return address signing to its
standard level: signing functions that save the return address to
memory (non-leaf functions will practically always do this) using
the a-key. The optional argument leaf can be used to extend the
signing to include leaf functions. bti turns on branch target
identification mechanism.

-msve-vector-bits=bits
Specify the number of bits in an SVE vector register. This option
only has an effect when SVE is enabled.

GCC supports two forms of SVE code generation: "vector-length
agnostic" output that works with any size of vector register and
"vector-length specific" output that allows GCC to make assumptions
about the vector length when it is useful for optimization reasons.
The possible values of bits are: scalable, 128, 256, 512, 1024 and
2048. Specifying scalable selects vector-length agnostic output.
At present -msve-vector-bits=128 also generates vector-length
agnostic output. All other values generate vector-length specific
code. The behavior of these values may change in future releases
and no value except scalable should be relied on for producing code
that is portable across different hardware SVE vector lengths.

The default is -msve-vector-bits=scalable, which produces vector-
length agnostic code.

-march and -mcpu Feature Modifiers

Feature modifiers used with -march and -mcpu can be any of the
following and their inverses nofeature:

crc Enable CRC extension. This is on by default for -march=armv8.1-a.

crypto
Enable Crypto extension. This also enables Advanced SIMD and
floating-point instructions.

fp Enable floating-point instructions. This is on by default for all
possible values for options -march and -mcpu.

simd
Enable Advanced SIMD instructions. This also enables floating-
point instructions. This is on by default for all possible values
for options -march and -mcpu.

sve Enable Scalable Vector Extension instructions. This also enables
Advanced SIMD and floating-point instructions.

lse Enable Large System Extension instructions. This is on by default
for -march=armv8.1-a.

rdma
Enable Round Double Multiply Accumulate instructions. This is on
by default for -march=armv8.1-a.

fp16
Enable FP16 extension. This also enables floating-point
instructions.

fp16fml
Enable FP16 fmla extension. This also enables FP16 extensions and
floating-point instructions. This option is enabled by default for
-march=armv8.4-a. Use of this option with architectures prior to
Armv8.2-A is not supported.

rcpc
Enable the RcPc extension. This does not change code generation
from GCC, but is passed on to the assembler, enabling inline asm
statements to use instructions from the RcPc extension.

dotprod
Enable the Dot Product extension. This also enables Advanced SIMD
instructions.

aes Enable the Armv8-a aes and pmull crypto extension. This also
enables Advanced SIMD instructions.

sha2
Enable the Armv8-a sha2 crypto extension. This also enables
Advanced SIMD instructions.

sha3
Enable the sha512 and sha3 crypto extension. This also enables
Advanced SIMD instructions. Use of this option with architectures
prior to Armv8.2-A is not supported.

sm4 Enable the sm3 and sm4 crypto extension. This also enables
Advanced SIMD instructions. Use of this option with architectures
prior to Armv8.2-A is not supported.

profile
Enable the Statistical Profiling extension. This option is only to
enable the extension at the assembler level and does not affect
code generation.

rng Enable the Armv8.5-a Random Number instructions. This option is
only to enable the extension at the assembler level and does not
affect code generation.

memtag
Enable the Armv8.5-a Memory Tagging Extensions. This option is
only to enable the extension at the assembler level and does not
affect code generation.

sb Enable the Armv8-a Speculation Barrier instruction. This option is
only to enable the extension at the assembler level and does not
affect code generation. This option is enabled by default for
-march=armv8.5-a.

ssbs
Enable the Armv8-a Speculative Store Bypass Safe instruction. This
option is only to enable the extension at the assembler level and
does not affect code generation. This option is enabled by default
for -march=armv8.5-a.

predres
Enable the Armv8-a Execution and Data Prediction Restriction
instructions. This option is only to enable the extension at the
assembler level and does not affect code generation. This option
is enabled by default for -march=armv8.5-a.

Feature crypto implies aes, sha2, and simd, which implies fp.
Conversely, nofp implies nosimd, which implies nocrypto, noaes and
nosha2.

Adapteva Epiphany Options

These -m options are defined for Adapteva Epiphany:

-mhalf-reg-file
Don't allocate any register in the range "r32"..."r63". That
allows code to run on hardware variants that lack these registers.

-mprefer-short-insn-regs
Preferentially allocate registers that allow short instruction
generation. This can result in increased instruction count, so
this may either reduce or increase overall code size.

-mbranch-cost=num
Set the cost of branches to roughly num "simple" instructions.
This cost is only a heuristic and is not guaranteed to produce
consistent results across releases.

-mcmove
Enable the generation of conditional moves.

-mnops=num
Emit num NOPs before every other generated instruction.

-mno-soft-cmpsf
For single-precision floating-point comparisons, emit an "fsub"
instruction and test the flags. This is faster than a software
comparison, but can get incorrect results in the presence of NaNs,
or when two different small numbers are compared such that their
difference is calculated as zero. The default is -msoft-cmpsf,
which uses slower, but IEEE-compliant, software comparisons.

-mstack-offset=num
Set the offset between the top of the stack and the stack pointer.
E.g., a value of 8 means that the eight bytes in the range
"sp+0...sp+7" can be used by leaf functions without stack
allocation. Values other than 8 or 16 are untested and unlikely to
work. Note also that this option changes the ABI; compiling a
program with a different stack offset than the libraries have been
compiled with generally does not work. This option can be useful
if you want to evaluate if a different stack offset would give you
better code, but to actually use a different stack offset to build
working programs, it is recommended to configure the toolchain with
the appropriate --with-stack-offset=num option.

-mno-round-nearest
Make the scheduler assume that the rounding mode has been set to
truncating. The default is -mround-nearest.

-mlong-calls
If not otherwise specified by an attribute, assume all calls might
be beyond the offset range of the "b" / "bl" instructions, and
therefore load the function address into a register before
performing a (otherwise direct) call. This is the default.

-mshort-calls
If not otherwise specified by an attribute, assume all direct calls
are in the range of the "b" / "bl" instructions, so use these
instructions for direct calls. The default is -mlong-calls.

-msmall16
Assume addresses can be loaded as 16-bit unsigned values. This
does not apply to function addresses for which -mlong-calls
semantics are in effect.

-mfp-mode=mode
Set the prevailing mode of the floating-point unit. This
determines the floating-point mode that is provided and expected at
function call and return time. Making this mode match the mode you
predominantly need at function start can make your programs smaller
and faster by avoiding unnecessary mode switches.

mode can be set to one the following values:

caller
Any mode at function entry is valid, and retained or restored
when the function returns, and when it calls other functions.
This mode is useful for compiling libraries or other
compilation units you might want to incorporate into different
programs with different prevailing FPU modes, and the
convenience of being able to use a single object file outweighs
the size and speed overhead for any extra mode switching that
might be needed, compared with what would be needed with a more
specific choice of prevailing FPU mode.

truncate
This is the mode used for floating-point calculations with
truncating (i.e. round towards zero) rounding mode. That
includes conversion from floating point to integer.

round-nearest
This is the mode used for floating-point calculations with
round-to-nearest-or-even rounding mode.

int This is the mode used to perform integer calculations in the
FPU, e.g. integer multiply, or integer multiply-and-
accumulate.

The default is -mfp-mode=caller

-mno-split-lohi
-mno-postinc
-mno-postmodify
Code generation tweaks that disable, respectively, splitting of
32-bit loads, generation of post-increment addresses, and
generation of post-modify addresses. The defaults are msplit-lohi,
-mpost-inc, and -mpost-modify.

-mnovect-double
Change the preferred SIMD mode to SImode. The default is
-mvect-double, which uses DImode as preferred SIMD mode.

-max-vect-align=num
The maximum alignment for SIMD vector mode types. num may be 4 or
8. The default is 8. Note that this is an ABI change, even though
many library function interfaces are unaffected if they don't use
SIMD vector modes in places that affect size and/or alignment of
relevant types.

-msplit-vecmove-early
Split vector moves into single word moves before reload. In theory
this can give better register allocation, but so far the reverse
seems to be generally the case.

-m1reg-reg
Specify a register to hold the constant -1, which makes loading
small negative constants and certain bitmasks faster. Allowable
values for reg are r43 and r63, which specify use of that register
as a fixed register, and none, which means that no register is used
for this purpose. The default is -m1reg-none.

AMD GCN Options

These options are defined specifically for the AMD GCN port.

-march=gpu
-mtune=gpu
Set architecture type or tuning for gpu. Supported values for gpu
are

fiji
Compile for GCN3 Fiji devices (gfx803).

gfx900
Compile for GCN5 Vega 10 devices (gfx900).

-mstack-size=bytes
Specify how many bytes of stack space will be requested for each
GPU thread (wave-front). Beware that there may be many threads and
limited memory available. The size of the stack allocation may
also have an impact on run-time performance. The default is 32KB
when using OpenACC or OpenMP, and 1MB otherwise.

ARC Options

The following options control the architecture variant for which code
is being compiled:

-mbarrel-shifter
Generate instructions supported by barrel shifter. This is the
default unless -mcpu=ARC601 or -mcpu=ARCEM is in effect.

-mjli-always
Force to call a function using jli_s instruction. This option is
valid only for ARCv2 architecture.

-mcpu=cpu
Set architecture type, register usage, and instruction scheduling
parameters for cpu. There are also shortcut alias options
available for backward compatibility and convenience. Supported
values for cpu are

arc600
Compile for ARC600. Aliases: -mA6, -mARC600.

arc601
Compile for ARC601. Alias: -mARC601.

arc700
Compile for ARC700. Aliases: -mA7, -mARC700. This is the
default when configured with --with-cpu=arc700.

arcem
Compile for ARC EM.

archs
Compile for ARC HS.

em Compile for ARC EM CPU with no hardware extensions.

em4 Compile for ARC EM4 CPU.

em4_dmips
Compile for ARC EM4 DMIPS CPU.

em4_fpus
Compile for ARC EM4 DMIPS CPU with the single-precision
floating-point extension.

em4_fpuda
Compile for ARC EM4 DMIPS CPU with single-precision floating-
point and double assist instructions.

hs Compile for ARC HS CPU with no hardware extensions except the
atomic instructions.

hs34
Compile for ARC HS34 CPU.

hs38
Compile for ARC HS38 CPU.

hs38_linux
Compile for ARC HS38 CPU with all hardware extensions on.

arc600_norm
Compile for ARC 600 CPU with "norm" instructions enabled.

arc600_mul32x16
Compile for ARC 600 CPU with "norm" and 32x16-bit multiply
instructions enabled.

arc600_mul64
Compile for ARC 600 CPU with "norm" and "mul64"-family
instructions enabled.

arc601_norm
Compile for ARC 601 CPU with "norm" instructions enabled.

arc601_mul32x16
Compile for ARC 601 CPU with "norm" and 32x16-bit multiply
instructions enabled.

arc601_mul64
Compile for ARC 601 CPU with "norm" and "mul64"-family
instructions enabled.

nps400
Compile for ARC 700 on NPS400 chip.

em_mini
Compile for ARC EM minimalist configuration featuring reduced
register set.

-mdpfp
-mdpfp-compact
Generate double-precision FPX instructions, tuned for the compact
implementation.

-mdpfp-fast
Generate double-precision FPX instructions, tuned for the fast
implementation.

-mno-dpfp-lrsr
Disable "lr" and "sr" instructions from using FPX extension aux
registers.

-mea
Generate extended arithmetic instructions. Currently only "divaw",
"adds", "subs", and "sat16" are supported. This is always enabled
for -mcpu=ARC700.

-mno-mpy
Do not generate "mpy"-family instructions for ARC700. This option
is deprecated.

-mmul32x16
Generate 32x16-bit multiply and multiply-accumulate instructions.

-mmul64
Generate "mul64" and "mulu64" instructions. Only valid for
-mcpu=ARC600.

-mnorm
Generate "norm" instructions. This is the default if -mcpu=ARC700
is in effect.

-mspfp
-mspfp-compact
Generate single-precision FPX instructions, tuned for the compact
implementation.

-mspfp-fast
Generate single-precision FPX instructions, tuned for the fast
implementation.

-msimd
Enable generation of ARC SIMD instructions via target-specific
builtins. Only valid for -mcpu=ARC700.

-msoft-float
This option ignored; it is provided for compatibility purposes
only. Software floating-point code is emitted by default, and this
default can overridden by FPX options; -mspfp, -mspfp-compact, or
-mspfp-fast for single precision, and -mdpfp, -mdpfp-compact, or
-mdpfp-fast for double precision.

-mswap
Generate "swap" instructions.

-matomic
This enables use of the locked load/store conditional extension to
implement atomic memory built-in functions. Not available for ARC
6xx or ARC EM cores.

-mdiv-rem
Enable "div" and "rem" instructions for ARCv2 cores.

-mcode-density
Enable code density instructions for ARC EM. This option is on by
default for ARC HS.

-mll64
Enable double load/store operations for ARC HS cores.

-mtp-regno=regno
Specify thread pointer register number.

-mmpy-option=multo
Compile ARCv2 code with a multiplier design option. You can
specify the option using either a string or numeric value for
multo. wlh1 is the default value. The recognized values are:

0
none
No multiplier available.

1
w 16x16 multiplier, fully pipelined. The following instructions
are enabled: "mpyw" and "mpyuw".

2
wlh1
32x32 multiplier, fully pipelined (1 stage). The following
instructions are additionally enabled: "mpy", "mpyu", "mpym",
"mpymu", and "mpy_s".

3
wlh2
32x32 multiplier, fully pipelined (2 stages). The following
instructions are additionally enabled: "mpy", "mpyu", "mpym",
"mpymu", and "mpy_s".

4
wlh3
Two 16x16 multipliers, blocking, sequential. The following
instructions are additionally enabled: "mpy", "mpyu", "mpym",
"mpymu", and "mpy_s".

5
wlh4
One 16x16 multiplier, blocking, sequential. The following
instructions are additionally enabled: "mpy", "mpyu", "mpym",
"mpymu", and "mpy_s".

6
wlh5
One 32x4 multiplier, blocking, sequential. The following
instructions are additionally enabled: "mpy", "mpyu", "mpym",
"mpymu", and "mpy_s".

7
plus_dmpy
ARC HS SIMD support.

8
plus_macd
ARC HS SIMD support.

9
plus_qmacw
ARC HS SIMD support.

This option is only available for ARCv2 cores.

-mfpu=fpu
Enables support for specific floating-point hardware extensions for
ARCv2 cores. Supported values for fpu are:

fpus
Enables support for single-precision floating-point hardware
extensions.

fpud
Enables support for double-precision floating-point hardware
extensions. The single-precision floating-point extension is
also enabled. Not available for ARC EM.

fpuda
Enables support for double-precision floating-point hardware
extensions using double-precision assist instructions. The
single-precision floating-point extension is also enabled.
This option is only available for ARC EM.

fpuda_div
Enables support for double-precision floating-point hardware
extensions using double-precision assist instructions. The
single-precision floating-point, square-root, and divide
extensions are also enabled. This option is only available for
ARC EM.

fpuda_fma
Enables support for double-precision floating-point hardware
extensions using double-precision assist instructions. The
single-precision floating-point and fused multiply and add
hardware extensions are also enabled. This option is only
available for ARC EM.

fpuda_all
Enables support for double-precision floating-point hardware
extensions using double-precision assist instructions. All
single-precision floating-point hardware extensions are also
enabled. This option is only available for ARC EM.

fpus_div
Enables support for single-precision floating-point, square-
root and divide hardware extensions.

fpud_div
Enables support for double-precision floating-point, square-
root and divide hardware extensions. This option includes
option fpus_div. Not available for ARC EM.

fpus_fma
Enables support for single-precision floating-point and fused
multiply and add hardware extensions.

fpud_fma
Enables support for double-precision floating-point and fused
multiply and add hardware extensions. This option includes
option fpus_fma. Not available for ARC EM.

fpus_all
Enables support for all single-precision floating-point
hardware extensions.

fpud_all
Enables support for all single- and double-precision floating-
point hardware extensions. Not available for ARC EM.

-mirq-ctrl-saved=register-range, blink, lp_count
Specifies general-purposes registers that the processor
automatically saves/restores on interrupt entry and exit.
register-range is specified as two registers separated by a dash.
The register range always starts with "r0", the upper limit is "fp"
register. blink and lp_count are optional. This option is only
valid for ARC EM and ARC HS cores.

-mrgf-banked-regs=number
Specifies the number of registers replicated in second register
bank on entry to fast interrupt. Fast interrupts are interrupts
with the highest priority level P0. These interrupts save only PC
and STATUS32 registers to avoid memory transactions during
interrupt entry and exit sequences. Use this option when you are
using fast interrupts in an ARC V2 family processor. Permitted
values are 4, 8, 16, and 32.

-mlpc-width=width
Specify the width of the "lp_count" register. Valid values for
width are 8, 16, 20, 24, 28 and 32 bits. The default width is
fixed to 32 bits. If the width is less than 32, the compiler does
not attempt to transform loops in your program to use the zero-
delay loop mechanism unless it is known that the "lp_count"
register can hold the required loop-counter value. Depending on
the width specified, the compiler and run-time library might
continue to use the loop mechanism for various needs. This option
defines macro "__ARC_LPC_WIDTH__" with the value of width.

-mrf16
This option instructs the compiler to generate code for a 16-entry
register file. This option defines the "__ARC_RF16__" preprocessor
macro.

-mbranch-index
Enable use of "bi" or "bih" instructions to implement jump tables.

The following options are passed through to the assembler, and also
define preprocessor macro symbols.

-mdsp-packa
Passed down to the assembler to enable the DSP Pack A extensions.
Also sets the preprocessor symbol "__Xdsp_packa". This option is
deprecated.

-mdvbf
Passed down to the assembler to enable the dual Viterbi butterfly
extension. Also sets the preprocessor symbol "__Xdvbf". This
option is deprecated.

-mlock
Passed down to the assembler to enable the locked load/store
conditional extension. Also sets the preprocessor symbol
"__Xlock".

-mmac-d16
Passed down to the assembler. Also sets the preprocessor symbol
"__Xxmac_d16". This option is deprecated.

-mmac-24
Passed down to the assembler. Also sets the preprocessor symbol
"__Xxmac_24". This option is deprecated.

-mrtsc
Passed down to the assembler to enable the 64-bit time-stamp
counter extension instruction. Also sets the preprocessor symbol
"__Xrtsc". This option is deprecated.

-mswape
Passed down to the assembler to enable the swap byte ordering
extension instruction. Also sets the preprocessor symbol
"__Xswape".

-mtelephony
Passed down to the assembler to enable dual- and single-operand
instructions for telephony. Also sets the preprocessor symbol
"__Xtelephony". This option is deprecated.

-mxy
Passed down to the assembler to enable the XY memory extension.
Also sets the preprocessor symbol "__Xxy".

The following options control how the assembly code is annotated:

-misize
Annotate assembler instructions with estimated addresses.

-mannotate-align
Explain what alignment considerations lead to the decision to make
an instruction short or long.

The following options are passed through to the linker:

-marclinux
Passed through to the linker, to specify use of the "arclinux"
emulation. This option is enabled by default in tool chains built
for "arc-linux-uclibc" and "arceb-linux-uclibc" targets when
profiling is not requested.

-marclinux_prof
Passed through to the linker, to specify use of the "arclinux_prof"
emulation. This option is enabled by default in tool chains built
for "arc-linux-uclibc" and "arceb-linux-uclibc" targets when
profiling is requested.

The following options control the semantics of generated code:

-mlong-calls
Generate calls as register indirect calls, thus providing access to
the full 32-bit address range.

-mmedium-calls
Don't use less than 25-bit addressing range for calls, which is the
offset available for an unconditional branch-and-link instruction.
Conditional execution of function calls is suppressed, to allow use
of the 25-bit range, rather than the 21-bit range with conditional
branch-and-link. This is the default for tool chains built for
"arc-linux-uclibc" and "arceb-linux-uclibc" targets.

-G num
Put definitions of externally-visible data in a small data section
if that data is no bigger than num bytes. The default value of num
is 4 for any ARC configuration, or 8 when we have double load/store
operations.

-mno-sdata
Do not generate sdata references. This is the default for tool
chains built for "arc-linux-uclibc" and "arceb-linux-uclibc"
targets.

-mvolatile-cache
Use ordinarily cached memory accesses for volatile references.
This is the default.

-mno-volatile-cache
Enable cache bypass for volatile references.

The following options fine tune code generation:

-malign-call
Do alignment optimizations for call instructions.

-mauto-modify-reg
Enable the use of pre/post modify with register displacement.

-mbbit-peephole
Enable bbit peephole2.

-mno-brcc
This option disables a target-specific pass in arc_reorg to
generate compare-and-branch ("brcc") instructions. It has no
effect on generation of these instructions driven by the combiner
pass.

-mcase-vector-pcrel
Use PC-relative switch case tables to enable case table shortening.
This is the default for -Os.

-mcompact-casesi
Enable compact "casesi" pattern. This is the default for -Os, and
only available for ARCv1 cores. This option is deprecated.

-mno-cond-exec
Disable the ARCompact-specific pass to generate conditional
execution instructions.

Due to delay slot scheduling and interactions between operand
numbers, literal sizes, instruction lengths, and the support for
conditional execution, the target-independent pass to generate
conditional execution is often lacking, so the ARC port has kept a
special pass around that tries to find more conditional execution
generation opportunities after register allocation, branch
shortening, and delay slot scheduling have been done. This pass
generally, but not always, improves performance and code size, at
the cost of extra compilation time, which is why there is an option
to switch it off. If you have a problem with call instructions
exceeding their allowable offset range because they are
conditionalized, you should consider using -mmedium-calls instead.

-mearly-cbranchsi
Enable pre-reload use of the "cbranchsi" pattern.

-mexpand-adddi
Expand "adddi3" and "subdi3" at RTL generation time into "add.f",
"adc" etc. This option is deprecated.

-mindexed-loads
Enable the use of indexed loads. This can be problematic because
some optimizers then assume that indexed stores exist, which is not
the case.

-mlra
Enable Local Register Allocation. This is still experimental for
ARC, so by default the compiler uses standard reload (i.e.
-mno-lra).

-mlra-priority-none
Don't indicate any priority for target registers.

-mlra-priority-compact
Indicate target register priority for r0..r3 / r12..r15.

-mlra-priority-noncompact
Reduce target register priority for r0..r3 / r12..r15.

-mmillicode
When optimizing for size (using -Os), prologues and epilogues that
have to save or restore a large number of registers are often
shortened by using call to a special function in libgcc; this is
referred to as a millicode call. As these calls can pose
performance issues, and/or cause linking issues when linking in a
nonstandard way, this option is provided to turn on or off
millicode call generation.

-mcode-density-frame
This option enable the compiler to emit "enter" and "leave"
instructions. These instructions are only valid for CPUs with
code-density feature.

-mmixed-code
Tweak register allocation to help 16-bit instruction generation.
This generally has the effect of decreasing the average instruction
size while increasing the instruction count.

-mq-class
Enable q instruction alternatives. This is the default for -Os.

-mRcq
Enable Rcq constraint handling. Most short code generation depends
on this. This is the default.

-mRcw
Enable Rcw constraint handling. Most ccfsm condexec mostly depends
on this. This is the default.

-msize-level=level
Fine-tune size optimization with regards to instruction lengths and
alignment. The recognized values for level are:

0 No size optimization. This level is deprecated and treated
like 1.

1 Short instructions are used opportunistically.

2 In addition, alignment of loops and of code after barriers are
dropped.

3 In addition, optional data alignment is dropped, and the option
Os is enabled.

This defaults to 3 when -Os is in effect. Otherwise, the behavior
when this is not set is equivalent to level 1.

-mtune=cpu
Set instruction scheduling parameters for cpu, overriding any
implied by -mcpu=.

Supported values for cpu are

ARC600
Tune for ARC600 CPU.

ARC601
Tune for ARC601 CPU.

ARC700
Tune for ARC700 CPU with standard multiplier block.

ARC700-xmac
Tune for ARC700 CPU with XMAC block.

ARC725D
Tune for ARC725D CPU.

ARC750D
Tune for ARC750D CPU.

-mmultcost=num
Cost to assume for a multiply instruction, with 4 being equal to a
normal instruction.

-munalign-prob-threshold=probability
Set probability threshold for unaligning branches. When tuning for
ARC700 and optimizing for speed, branches without filled delay slot
are preferably emitted unaligned and long, unless profiling
indicates that the probability for the branch to be taken is below
probability. The default is (REG_BR_PROB_BASE/2), i.e. 5000.

The following options are maintained for backward compatibility, but
are now deprecated and will be removed in a future release:

-margonaut
Obsolete FPX.

-mbig-endian
-EB Compile code for big-endian targets. Use of these options is now
deprecated. Big-endian code is supported by configuring GCC to
build "arceb-elf32" and "arceb-linux-uclibc" targets, for which big
endian is the default.

-mlittle-endian
-EL Compile code for little-endian targets. Use of these options is
now deprecated. Little-endian code is supported by configuring GCC
to build "arc-elf32" and "arc-linux-uclibc" targets, for which
little endian is the default.

-mbarrel_shifter
Replaced by -mbarrel-shifter.

-mdpfp_compact
Replaced by -mdpfp-compact.

-mdpfp_fast
Replaced by -mdpfp-fast.

-mdsp_packa
Replaced by -mdsp-packa.

-mEA
Replaced by -mea.

-mmac_24
Replaced by -mmac-24.

-mmac_d16
Replaced by -mmac-d16.

-mspfp_compact
Replaced by -mspfp-compact.

-mspfp_fast
Replaced by -mspfp-fast.

-mtune=cpu
Values arc600, arc601, arc700 and arc700-xmac for cpu are replaced
by ARC600, ARC601, ARC700 and ARC700-xmac respectively.

-multcost=num
Replaced by -mmultcost.

ARM Options

These -m options are defined for the ARM port:

-mabi=name
Generate code for the specified ABI. Permissible values are: apcs-
gnu, atpcs, aapcs, aapcs-linux and iwmmxt.

-mapcs-frame
Generate a stack frame that is compliant with the ARM Procedure
Call Standard for all functions, even if this is not strictly
necessary for correct execution of the code. Specifying
-fomit-frame-pointer with this option causes the stack frames not
to be generated for leaf functions. The default is
-mno-apcs-frame. This option is deprecated.

-mapcs
This is a synonym for -mapcs-frame and is deprecated.

-mthumb-interwork
Generate code that supports calling between the ARM and Thumb
instruction sets. Without this option, on pre-v5 architectures,
the two instruction sets cannot be reliably used inside one
program. The default is -mno-thumb-interwork, since slightly
larger code is generated when -mthumb-interwork is specified. In
AAPCS configurations this option is meaningless.

-mno-sched-prolog
Prevent the reordering of instructions in the function prologue, or
the merging of those instruction with the instructions in the
function's body. This means that all functions start with a
recognizable set of instructions (or in fact one of a choice from a
small set of different function prologues), and this information
can be used to locate the start of functions inside an executable
piece of code. The default is -msched-prolog.

-mfloat-abi=name
Specifies which floating-point ABI to use. Permissible values are:
soft, softfp and hard.

Specifying soft causes GCC to generate output containing library
calls for floating-point operations. softfp allows the generation
of code using hardware floating-point instructions, but still uses
the soft-float calling conventions. hard allows generation of
floating-point instructions and uses FPU-specific calling
conventions.

The default depends on the specific target configuration. Note
that the hard-float and soft-float ABIs are not link-compatible;
you must compile your entire program with the same ABI, and link
with a compatible set of libraries.

-mlittle-endian
Generate code for a processor running in little-endian mode. This
is the default for all standard configurations.

-mbig-endian
Generate code for a processor running in big-endian mode; the
default is to compile code for a little-endian processor.

-mbe8
-mbe32
When linking a big-endian image select between BE8 and BE32
formats. The option has no effect for little-endian images and is
ignored. The default is dependent on the selected target
architecture. For ARMv6 and later architectures the default is
BE8, for older architectures the default is BE32. BE32 format has
been deprecated by ARM.

-march=name[+extension...]
This specifies the name of the target ARM architecture. GCC uses
this name to determine what kind of instructions it can emit when
generating assembly code. This option can be used in conjunction
with or instead of the -mcpu= option.

Permissible names are: armv4t, armv5t, armv5te, armv6, armv6j,
armv6k, armv6kz, armv6t2, armv6z, armv6zk, armv7, armv7-a, armv7ve,
armv8-a, armv8.1-a, armv8.2-a, armv8.3-a, armv8.4-a, armv8.5-a,
armv7-r, armv8-r, armv6-m, armv6s-m, armv7-m, armv7e-m,
armv8-m.base, armv8-m.main, iwmmxt and iwmmxt2.

Additionally, the following architectures, which lack support for
the Thumb execution state, are recognized but support is
deprecated: armv4.

Many of the architectures support extensions. These can be added
by appending +extension to the architecture name. Extension
options are processed in order and capabilities accumulate. An
extension will also enable any necessary base extensions upon which
it depends. For example, the +crypto extension will always enable
the +simd extension. The exception to the additive construction is
for extensions that are prefixed with +no...: these extensions
disable the specified option and any other extensions that may
depend on the presence of that extension.

For example, -march=armv7-a+simd+nofp+vfpv4 is equivalent to
writing -march=armv7-a+vfpv4 since the +simd option is entirely
disabled by the +nofp option that follows it.

Most extension names are generically named, but have an effect that
is dependent upon the architecture to which it is applied. For
example, the +simd option can be applied to both armv7-a and
armv8-a architectures, but will enable the original ARMv7-A
Advanced SIMD (Neon) extensions for armv7-a and the ARMv8-A variant
for armv8-a.

The table below lists the supported extensions for each
architecture. Architectures not mentioned do not support any
extensions.

armv5te
armv6
armv6j
armv6k
armv6kz
armv6t2
armv6z
armv6zk
+fp The VFPv2 floating-point instructions. The extension
+vfpv2 can be used as an alias for this extension.

+nofp
Disable the floating-point instructions.

armv7
The common subset of the ARMv7-A, ARMv7-R and ARMv7-M
architectures.

+fp The VFPv3 floating-point instructions, with 16 double-
precision registers. The extension +vfpv3-d16 can be used
as an alias for this extension. Note that floating-point
is not supported by the base ARMv7-M architecture, but is
compatible with both the ARMv7-A and ARMv7-R architectures.

+nofp
Disable the floating-point instructions.

armv7-a
+mp The multiprocessing extension.

+sec
The security extension.

+fp The VFPv3 floating-point instructions, with 16 double-
precision registers. The extension +vfpv3-d16 can be used
as an alias for this extension.

+simd
The Advanced SIMD (Neon) v1 and the VFPv3 floating-point
instructions. The extensions +neon and +neon-vfpv3 can be
used as aliases for this extension.

+vfpv3
The VFPv3 floating-point instructions, with 32 double-
precision registers.

+vfpv3-d16-fp16
The VFPv3 floating-point instructions, with 16 double-
precision registers and the half-precision floating-point
conversion operations.

+vfpv3-fp16
The VFPv3 floating-point instructions, with 32 double-
precision registers and the half-precision floating-point
conversion operations.

+vfpv4-d16
The VFPv4 floating-point instructions, with 16 double-
precision registers.

+vfpv4
The VFPv4 floating-point instructions, with 32 double-
precision registers.

+neon-fp16
The Advanced SIMD (Neon) v1 and the VFPv3 floating-point
instructions, with the half-precision floating-point
conversion operations.

+neon-vfpv4
The Advanced SIMD (Neon) v2 and the VFPv4 floating-point
instructions.

+nosimd
Disable the Advanced SIMD instructions (does not disable
floating point).

+nofp
Disable the floating-point and Advanced SIMD instructions.

armv7ve
The extended version of the ARMv7-A architecture with support
for virtualization.

+fp The VFPv4 floating-point instructions, with 16 double-
precision registers. The extension +vfpv4-d16 can be used
as an alias for this extension.

+simd
The Advanced SIMD (Neon) v2 and the VFPv4 floating-point
instructions. The extension +neon-vfpv4 can be used as an
alias for this extension.

+vfpv3-d16
The VFPv3 floating-point instructions, with 16 double-
precision registers.

+vfpv3
The VFPv3 floating-point instructions, with 32 double-
precision registers.

+vfpv3-d16-fp16
The VFPv3 floating-point instructions, with 16 double-
precision registers and the half-precision floating-point
conversion operations.

+vfpv3-fp16
The VFPv3 floating-point instructions, with 32 double-
precision registers and the half-precision floating-point
conversion operations.

+vfpv4-d16
The VFPv4 floating-point instructions, with 16 double-
precision registers.

+vfpv4
The VFPv4 floating-point instructions, with 32 double-
precision registers.

+neon
The Advanced SIMD (Neon) v1 and the VFPv3 floating-point
instructions. The extension +neon-vfpv3 can be used as an
alias for this extension.

+neon-fp16
The Advanced SIMD (Neon) v1 and the VFPv3 floating-point
instructions, with the half-precision floating-point
conversion operations.

+nosimd
Disable the Advanced SIMD instructions (does not disable
floating point).

+nofp
Disable the floating-point and Advanced SIMD instructions.

armv8-a
+crc
The Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) instructions.

+simd
The ARMv8-A Advanced SIMD and floating-point instructions.

+crypto
The cryptographic instructions.

+nocrypto
Disable the cryptographic instructions.

+nofp
Disable the floating-point, Advanced SIMD and cryptographic
instructions.

+sb Speculation Barrier Instruction.

+predres
Execution and Data Prediction Restriction Instructions.

armv8.1-a
+simd
The ARMv8.1-A Advanced SIMD and floating-point
instructions.

+crypto
The cryptographic instructions. This also enables the
Advanced SIMD and floating-point instructions.

+nocrypto
Disable the cryptographic instructions.

+nofp
Disable the floating-point, Advanced SIMD and cryptographic
instructions.

+sb Speculation Barrier Instruction.

+predres
Execution and Data Prediction Restriction Instructions.

armv8.2-a
armv8.3-a
+fp16
The half-precision floating-point data processing
instructions. This also enables the Advanced SIMD and
floating-point instructions.

+fp16fml
The half-precision floating-point fmla extension. This
also enables the half-precision floating-point extension
and Advanced SIMD and floating-point instructions.

+simd
The ARMv8.1-A Advanced SIMD and floating-point
instructions.

+crypto
The cryptographic instructions. This also enables the
Advanced SIMD and floating-point instructions.

+dotprod
Enable the Dot Product extension. This also enables
Advanced SIMD instructions.

+nocrypto
Disable the cryptographic extension.

+nofp
Disable the floating-point, Advanced SIMD and cryptographic
instructions.

+sb Speculation Barrier Instruction.

+predres
Execution and Data Prediction Restriction Instructions.

armv8.4-a
+fp16
The half-precision floating-point data processing
instructions. This also enables the Advanced SIMD and
floating-point instructions as well as the Dot Product
extension and the half-precision floating-point fmla
extension.

+simd
The ARMv8.3-A Advanced SIMD and floating-point instructions
as well as the Dot Product extension.

+crypto
The cryptographic instructions. This also enables the
Advanced SIMD and floating-point instructions as well as
the Dot Product extension.

+nocrypto
Disable the cryptographic extension.

+nofp
Disable the floating-point, Advanced SIMD and cryptographic
instructions.

+sb Speculation Barrier Instruction.

+predres
Execution and Data Prediction Restriction Instructions.

armv8.5-a
+fp16
The half-precision floating-point data processing
instructions. This also enables the Advanced SIMD and
floating-point instructions as well as the Dot Product
extension and the half-precision floating-point fmla
extension.

+simd
The ARMv8.3-A Advanced SIMD and floating-point instructions
as well as the Dot Product extension.

+crypto
The cryptographic instructions. This also enables the
Advanced SIMD and floating-point instructions as well as
the Dot Product extension.

+nocrypto
Disable the cryptographic extension.

+nofp
Disable the floating-point, Advanced SIMD and cryptographic
instructions.

armv7-r
+fp.sp
The single-precision VFPv3 floating-point instructions.
The extension +vfpv3xd can be used as an alias for this
extension.

+fp The VFPv3 floating-point instructions with 16 double-
precision registers. The extension +vfpv3-d16 can be used
as an alias for this extension.

+vfpv3xd-d16-fp16
The single-precision VFPv3 floating-point instructions with
16 double-precision registers and the half-precision
floating-point conversion operations.

+vfpv3-d16-fp16
The VFPv3 floating-point instructions with 16 double-
precision registers and the half-precision floating-point
conversion operations.

+nofp
Disable the floating-point extension.

+idiv
The ARM-state integer division instructions.

+noidiv
Disable the ARM-state integer division extension.

armv7e-m
+fp The single-precision VFPv4 floating-point instructions.

+fpv5
The single-precision FPv5 floating-point instructions.

+fp.dp
The single- and double-precision FPv5 floating-point
instructions.

+nofp
Disable the floating-point extensions.

armv8-m.main
+dsp
The DSP instructions.

+nodsp
Disable the DSP extension.

+fp The single-precision floating-point instructions.

+fp.dp
The single- and double-precision floating-point
instructions.

+nofp
Disable the floating-point extension.

armv8-r
+crc
The Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) instructions.

+fp.sp
The single-precision FPv5 floating-point instructions.

+simd
The ARMv8-A Advanced SIMD and floating-point instructions.

+crypto
The cryptographic instructions.

+nocrypto
Disable the cryptographic instructions.

+nofp
Disable the floating-point, Advanced SIMD and cryptographic
instructions.

-march=native causes the compiler to auto-detect the architecture
of the build computer. At present, this feature is only supported
on GNU/Linux, and not all architectures are recognized. If the
auto-detect is unsuccessful the option has no effect.

-mtune=name
This option specifies the name of the target ARM processor for
which GCC should tune the performance of the code. For some ARM
implementations better performance can be obtained by using this
option. Permissible names are: arm7tdmi, arm7tdmi-s, arm710t,
arm720t, arm740t, strongarm, strongarm110, strongarm1100,
0strongarm1110, arm8, arm810, arm9, arm9e, arm920, arm920t,
arm922t, arm946e-s, arm966e-s, arm968e-s, arm926ej-s, arm940t,
arm9tdmi, arm10tdmi, arm1020t, arm1026ej-s, arm10e, arm1020e,
arm1022e, arm1136j-s, arm1136jf-s, mpcore, mpcorenovfp,
arm1156t2-s, arm1156t2f-s, arm1176jz-s, arm1176jzf-s,
generic-armv7-a, cortex-a5, cortex-a7, cortex-a8, cortex-a9,
cortex-a12, cortex-a15, cortex-a17, cortex-a32, cortex-a35,
cortex-a53, cortex-a55, cortex-a57, cortex-a72, cortex-a73,
cortex-a75, cortex-a76, ares, cortex-r4, cortex-r4f, cortex-r5,
cortex-r7, cortex-r8, cortex-r52, cortex-m0, cortex-m0plus,
cortex-m1, cortex-m3, cortex-m4, cortex-m7, cortex-m23, cortex-m33,
cortex-m1.small-multiply, cortex-m0.small-multiply,
cortex-m0plus.small-multiply, exynos-m1, marvell-pj4, neoverse-n1,
xscale, iwmmxt, iwmmxt2, ep9312, fa526, fa626, fa606te, fa626te,
fmp626, fa726te, xgene1.

Additionally, this option can specify that GCC should tune the
performance of the code for a big.LITTLE system. Permissible names
are: cortex-a15.cortex-a7, cortex-a17.cortex-a7,
cortex-a57.cortex-a53, cortex-a72.cortex-a53,
cortex-a72.cortex-a35, cortex-a73.cortex-a53,
cortex-a75.cortex-a55, cortex-a76.cortex-a55.

-mtune=generic-arch specifies that GCC should tune the performance
for a blend of processors within architecture arch. The aim is to
generate code that run well on the current most popular processors,
balancing between optimizations that benefit some CPUs in the
range, and avoiding performance pitfalls of other CPUs. The
effects of this option may change in future GCC versions as CPU
models come and go.

-mtune permits the same extension options as -mcpu, but the
extension options do not affect the tuning of the generated code.

-mtune=native causes the compiler to auto-detect the CPU of the
build computer. At present, this feature is only supported on
GNU/Linux, and not all architectures are recognized. If the auto-
detect is unsuccessful the option has no effect.

-mcpu=name[+extension...]
This specifies the name of the target ARM processor. GCC uses this
name to derive the name of the target ARM architecture (as if
specified by -march) and the ARM processor type for which to tune
for performance (as if specified by -mtune). Where this option is
used in conjunction with -march or -mtune, those options take
precedence over the appropriate part of this option.

Many of the supported CPUs implement optional architectural
extensions. Where this is so the architectural extensions are
normally enabled by default. If implementations that lack the
extension exist, then the extension syntax can be used to disable
those extensions that have been omitted. For floating-point and
Advanced SIMD (Neon) instructions, the settings of the options
-mfloat-abi and -mfpu must also be considered: floating-point and
Advanced SIMD instructions will only be used if -mfloat-abi is not
set to soft; and any setting of -mfpu other than auto will override
the available floating-point and SIMD extension instructions.

For example, cortex-a9 can be found in three major configurations:
integer only, with just a floating-point unit or with floating-
point and Advanced SIMD. The default is to enable all the
instructions, but the extensions +nosimd and +nofp can be used to
disable just the SIMD or both the SIMD and floating-point
instructions respectively.

Permissible names for this option are the same as those for -mtune.

The following extension options are common to the listed CPUs:

+nodsp
Disable the DSP instructions on cortex-m33.

+nofp
Disables the floating-point instructions on arm9e, arm946e-s,
arm966e-s, arm968e-s, arm10e, arm1020e, arm1022e, arm926ej-s,
arm1026ej-s, cortex-r5, cortex-r7, cortex-r8, cortex-m4,
cortex-m7 and cortex-m33. Disables the floating-point and SIMD
instructions on generic-armv7-a, cortex-a5, cortex-a7,
cortex-a8, cortex-a9, cortex-a12, cortex-a15, cortex-a17,
cortex-a15.cortex-a7, cortex-a17.cortex-a7, cortex-a32,
cortex-a35, cortex-a53 and cortex-a55.

+nofp.dp
Disables the double-precision component of the floating-point
instructions on cortex-r5, cortex-r7, cortex-r8, cortex-r52 and
cortex-m7.

+nosimd
Disables the SIMD (but not floating-point) instructions on
generic-armv7-a, cortex-a5, cortex-a7 and cortex-a9.

+crypto
Enables the cryptographic instructions on cortex-a32,
cortex-a35, cortex-a53, cortex-a55, cortex-a57, cortex-a72,
cortex-a73, cortex-a75, exynos-m1, xgene1,
cortex-a57.cortex-a53, cortex-a72.cortex-a53,
cortex-a73.cortex-a35, cortex-a73.cortex-a53 and
cortex-a75.cortex-a55.

Additionally the generic-armv7-a pseudo target defaults to VFPv3
with 16 double-precision registers. It supports the following
extension options: mp, sec, vfpv3-d16, vfpv3, vfpv3-d16-fp16,
vfpv3-fp16, vfpv4-d16, vfpv4, neon, neon-vfpv3, neon-fp16,
neon-vfpv4. The meanings are the same as for the extensions to
-march=armv7-a.

-mcpu=generic-arch is also permissible, and is equivalent to
-march=arch -mtune=generic-arch. See -mtune for more information.

-mcpu=native causes the compiler to auto-detect the CPU of the
build computer. At present, this feature is only supported on
GNU/Linux, and not all architectures are recognized. If the auto-
detect is unsuccessful the option has no effect.

-mfpu=name
This specifies what floating-point hardware (or hardware emulation)
is available on the target. Permissible names are: auto, vfpv2,
vfpv3, vfpv3-fp16, vfpv3-d16, vfpv3-d16-fp16, vfpv3xd,
vfpv3xd-fp16, neon-vfpv3, neon-fp16, vfpv4, vfpv4-d16, fpv4-sp-d16,
neon-vfpv4, fpv5-d16, fpv5-sp-d16, fp-armv8, neon-fp-armv8 and
crypto-neon-fp-armv8. Note that neon is an alias for neon-vfpv3
and vfp is an alias for vfpv2.

The setting auto is the default and is special. It causes the
compiler to select the floating-point and Advanced SIMD
instructions based on the settings of -mcpu and -march.

If the selected floating-point hardware includes the NEON extension
(e.g. -mfpu=neon), note that floating-point operations are not
generated by GCC's auto-vectorization pass unless
-funsafe-math-optimizations is also specified. This is because
NEON hardware does not fully implement the IEEE 754 standard for
floating-point arithmetic (in particular denormal values are
treated as zero), so the use of NEON instructions may lead to a
loss of precision.

You can also set the fpu name at function level by using the
"target("fpu=")" function attributes or pragmas.

-mfp16-format=name
Specify the format of the "__fp16" half-precision floating-point
type. Permissible names are none, ieee, and alternative; the
default is none, in which case the "__fp16" type is not defined.

-mstructure-size-boundary=n
The sizes of all structures and unions are rounded up to a multiple
of the number of bits set by this option. Permissible values are
8, 32 and 64. The default value varies for different toolchains.
For the COFF targeted toolchain the default value is 8. A value of
64 is only allowed if the underlying ABI supports it.

Specifying a larger number can produce faster, more efficient code,
but can also increase the size of the program. Different values
are potentially incompatible. Code compiled with one value cannot
necessarily expect to work with code or libraries compiled with
another value, if they exchange information using structures or
unions.

This option is deprecated.

-mabort-on-noreturn
Generate a call to the function "abort" at the end of a "noreturn"
function. It is executed if the function tries to return.

-mlong-calls
-mno-long-calls
Tells the compiler to perform function calls by first loading the
address of the function into a register and then performing a
subroutine call on this register. This switch is needed if the
target function lies outside of the 64-megabyte addressing range of
the offset-based version of subroutine call instruction.

Even if this switch is enabled, not all function calls are turned
into long calls. The heuristic is that static functions, functions
that have the "short_call" attribute, functions that are inside the
scope of a "#pragma no_long_calls" directive, and functions whose
definitions have already been compiled within the current
compilation unit are not turned into long calls. The exceptions to
this rule are that weak function definitions, functions with the
"long_call" attribute or the "section" attribute, and functions
that are within the scope of a "#pragma long_calls" directive are
always turned into long calls.

This feature is not enabled by default. Specifying -mno-long-calls
restores the default behavior, as does placing the function calls
within the scope of a "#pragma long_calls_off" directive. Note
these switches have no effect on how the compiler generates code to
handle function calls via function pointers.

-msingle-pic-base
Treat the register used for PIC addressing as read-only, rather
than loading it in the prologue for each function. The runtime
system is responsible for initializing this register with an
appropriate value before execution begins.

-mpic-register=reg
Specify the register to be used for PIC addressing. For standard
PIC base case, the default is any suitable register determined by
compiler. For single PIC base case, the default is R9 if target is
EABI based or stack-checking is enabled, otherwise the default is
R10.

-mpic-data-is-text-relative
Assume that the displacement between the text and data segments is
fixed at static link time. This permits using PC-relative
addressing operations to access data known to be in the data
segment. For non-VxWorks RTP targets, this option is enabled by
default. When disabled on such targets, it will enable
-msingle-pic-base by default.

-mpoke-function-name
Write the name of each function into the text section, directly
preceding the function prologue. The generated code is similar to
this:

t0
.ascii "arm_poke_function_name", 0
.align
t1
.word 0xff000000 + (t1 - t0)
arm_poke_function_name
mov ip, sp
stmfd sp!, {fp, ip, lr, pc}
sub fp, ip, #4

When performing a stack backtrace, code can inspect the value of
"pc" stored at "fp + 0". If the trace function then looks at
location "pc - 12" and the top 8 bits are set, then we know that
there is a function name embedded immediately preceding this
location and has length "((pc[-3]) & 0xff000000)".

-mthumb
-marm
Select between generating code that executes in ARM and Thumb
states. The default for most configurations is to generate code
that executes in ARM state, but the default can be changed by
configuring GCC with the --with-mode=state configure option.

You can also override the ARM and Thumb mode for each function by
using the "target("thumb")" and "target("arm")" function attributes
or pragmas.

-mflip-thumb
Switch ARM/Thumb modes on alternating functions. This option is
provided for regression testing of mixed Thumb/ARM code generation,
and is not intended for ordinary use in compiling code.

-mtpcs-frame
Generate a stack frame that is compliant with the Thumb Procedure
Call Standard for all non-leaf functions. (A leaf function is one
that does not call any other functions.) The default is
-mno-tpcs-frame.

-mtpcs-leaf-frame
Generate a stack frame that is compliant with the Thumb Procedure
Call Standard for all leaf functions. (A leaf function is one that
does not call any other functions.) The default is
-mno-apcs-leaf-frame.

-mcallee-super-interworking
Gives all externally visible functions in the file being compiled
an ARM instruction set header which switches to Thumb mode before
executing the rest of the function. This allows these functions to
be called from non-interworking code. This option is not valid in
AAPCS configurations because interworking is enabled by default.

-mcaller-super-interworking
Allows calls via function pointers (including virtual functions) to
execute correctly regardless of whether the target code has been
compiled for interworking or not. There is a small overhead in the
cost of executing a function pointer if this option is enabled.
This option is not valid in AAPCS configurations because
interworking is enabled by default.

-mtp=name
Specify the access model for the thread local storage pointer. The
valid models are soft, which generates calls to "__aeabi_read_tp",
cp15, which fetches the thread pointer from "cp15" directly
(supported in the arm6k architecture), and auto, which uses the
best available method for the selected processor. The default
setting is auto.

-mtls-dialect=dialect
Specify the dialect to use for accessing thread local storage. Two
dialects are supported---gnu and gnu2. The gnu dialect selects the
original GNU scheme for supporting local and global dynamic TLS
models. The gnu2 dialect selects the GNU descriptor scheme, which
provides better performance for shared libraries. The GNU
descriptor scheme is compatible with the original scheme, but does
require new assembler, linker and library support. Initial and
local exec TLS models are unaffected by this option and always use
the original scheme.

-mword-relocations
Only generate absolute relocations on word-sized values (i.e.
R_ARM_ABS32). This is enabled by default on targets (uClinux,
SymbianOS) where the runtime loader imposes this restriction, and
when -fpic or -fPIC is specified. This option conflicts with
-mslow-flash-data.

-mfix-cortex-m3-ldrd
Some Cortex-M3 cores can cause data corruption when "ldrd"
instructions with overlapping destination and base registers are
used. This option avoids generating these instructions. This
option is enabled by default when -mcpu=cortex-m3 is specified.

-munaligned-access
-mno-unaligned-access
Enables (or disables) reading and writing of 16- and 32- bit values
from addresses that are not 16- or 32- bit aligned. By default
unaligned access is disabled for all pre-ARMv6, all ARMv6-M and for
ARMv8-M Baseline architectures, and enabled for all other
architectures. If unaligned access is not enabled then words in
packed data structures are accessed a byte at a time.

The ARM attribute "Tag_CPU_unaligned_access" is set in the
generated object file to either true or false, depending upon the
setting of this option. If unaligned access is enabled then the
preprocessor symbol "__ARM_FEATURE_UNALIGNED" is also defined.

-mneon-for-64bits
Enables using Neon to handle scalar 64-bits operations. This is
disabled by default since the cost of moving data from core
registers to Neon is high.

-mslow-flash-data
Assume loading data from flash is slower than fetching instruction.
Therefore literal load is minimized for better performance. This
option is only supported when compiling for ARMv7 M-profile and off
by default. It conflicts with -mword-relocations.

-masm-syntax-unified
Assume inline assembler is using unified asm syntax. The default
is currently off which implies divided syntax. This option has no
impact on Thumb2. However, this may change in future releases of
GCC. Divided syntax should be considered deprecated.

-mrestrict-it
Restricts generation of IT blocks to conform to the rules of
ARMv8-A. IT blocks can only contain a single 16-bit instruction
from a select set of instructions. This option is on by default for
ARMv8-A Thumb mode.

-mprint-tune-info
Print CPU tuning information as comment in assembler file. This is
an option used only for regression testing of the compiler and not
intended for ordinary use in compiling code. This option is
disabled by default.

-mverbose-cost-dump
Enable verbose cost model dumping in the debug dump files. This
option is provided for use in debugging the compiler.

-mpure-code
Do not allow constant data to be placed in code sections.
Additionally, when compiling for ELF object format give all text
sections the ELF processor-specific section attribute
"SHF_ARM_PURECODE". This option is only available when generating
non-pic code for M-profile targets with the MOVT instruction.

-mcmse
Generate secure code as per the "ARMv8-M Security Extensions:
Requirements on Development Tools Engineering Specification", which
can be found on
<http://infocenter.arm.com/help/topic/com.arm.doc.ecm0359818/ECM0359818_armv8m_security_extensions_reqs_on_dev_tools_1_0.pdf>.

AVR Options

These options are defined for AVR implementations:

-mmcu=mcu
Specify Atmel AVR instruction set architectures (ISA) or MCU type.

The default for this option is@tie{}avr2.

GCC supports the following AVR devices and ISAs:

"avr2"
"Classic" devices with up to 8@tie{}KiB of program memory.
mcu@tie{}= "attiny22", "attiny26", "at90c8534", "at90s2313",
"at90s2323", "at90s2333", "at90s2343", "at90s4414",
"at90s4433", "at90s4434", "at90s8515", "at90s8535".

"avr25"
"Classic" devices with up to 8@tie{}KiB of program memory and
with the "MOVW" instruction. mcu@tie{}= "ata5272", "ata6616c",
"attiny13", "attiny13a", "attiny2313", "attiny2313a",
"attiny24", "attiny24a", "attiny25", "attiny261", "attiny261a",
"attiny43u", "attiny4313", "attiny44", "attiny44a",
"attiny441", "attiny45", "attiny461", "attiny461a", "attiny48",
"attiny828", "attiny84", "attiny84a", "attiny841", "attiny85",
"attiny861", "attiny861a", "attiny87", "attiny88", "at86rf401".

"avr3"
"Classic" devices with 16@tie{}KiB up to 64@tie{}KiB of
program memory. mcu@tie{}= "at43usb355", "at76c711".

"avr31"
"Classic" devices with 128@tie{}KiB of program memory.
mcu@tie{}= "atmega103", "at43usb320".

"avr35"
"Classic" devices with 16@tie{}KiB up to 64@tie{}KiB of program
memory and with the "MOVW" instruction. mcu@tie{}= "ata5505",
"ata6617c", "ata664251", "atmega16u2", "atmega32u2",
"atmega8u2", "attiny1634", "attiny167", "at90usb162",
"at90usb82".

"avr4"
"Enhanced" devices with up to 8@tie{}KiB of program memory.
mcu@tie{}= "ata6285", "ata6286", "ata6289", "ata6612c",
"atmega48", "atmega48a", "atmega48p", "atmega48pa",
"atmega48pb", "atmega8", "atmega8a", "atmega8hva",
"atmega8515", "atmega8535", "atmega88", "atmega88a",
"atmega88p", "atmega88pa", "atmega88pb", "at90pwm1",
"at90pwm2", "at90pwm2b", "at90pwm3", "at90pwm3b", "at90pwm81".

"avr5"
"Enhanced" devices with 16@tie{}KiB up to 64@tie{}KiB of
program memory. mcu@tie{}= "ata5702m322", "ata5782",
"ata5790", "ata5790n", "ata5791", "ata5795", "ata5831",
"ata6613c", "ata6614q", "ata8210", "ata8510", "atmega16",
"atmega16a", "atmega16hva", "atmega16hva2", "atmega16hvb",
"atmega16hvbrevb", "atmega16m1", "atmega16u4", "atmega161",
"atmega162", "atmega163", "atmega164a", "atmega164p",
"atmega164pa", "atmega165", "atmega165a", "atmega165p",
"atmega165pa", "atmega168", "atmega168a", "atmega168p",
"atmega168pa", "atmega168pb", "atmega169", "atmega169a",
"atmega169p", "atmega169pa", "atmega32", "atmega32a",
"atmega32c1", "atmega32hvb", "atmega32hvbrevb", "atmega32m1",
"atmega32u4", "atmega32u6", "atmega323", "atmega324a",
"atmega324p", "atmega324pa", "atmega325", "atmega325a",
"atmega325p", "atmega325pa", "atmega3250", "atmega3250a",
"atmega3250p", "atmega3250pa", "atmega328", "atmega328p",
"atmega328pb", "atmega329", "atmega329a", "atmega329p",
"atmega329pa", "atmega3290", "atmega3290a", "atmega3290p",
"atmega3290pa", "atmega406", "atmega64", "atmega64a",
"atmega64c1", "atmega64hve", "atmega64hve2", "atmega64m1",
"atmega64rfr2", "atmega640", "atmega644", "atmega644a",
"atmega644p", "atmega644pa", "atmega644rfr2", "atmega645",
"atmega645a", "atmega645p", "atmega6450", "atmega6450a",
"atmega6450p", "atmega649", "atmega649a", "atmega649p",
"atmega6490", "atmega6490a", "atmega6490p", "at90can32",
"at90can64", "at90pwm161", "at90pwm216", "at90pwm316",
"at90scr100", "at90usb646", "at90usb647", "at94k", "m3000".

"avr51"
"Enhanced" devices with 128@tie{}KiB of program memory.
mcu@tie{}= "atmega128", "atmega128a", "atmega128rfa1",
"atmega128rfr2", "atmega1280", "atmega1281", "atmega1284",
"atmega1284p", "atmega1284rfr2", "at90can128", "at90usb1286",
"at90usb1287".

"avr6"
"Enhanced" devices with 3-byte PC, i.e. with more than
128@tie{}KiB of program memory. mcu@tie{}= "atmega256rfr2",
"atmega2560", "atmega2561", "atmega2564rfr2".

"avrxmega2"
"XMEGA" devices with more than 8@tie{}KiB and up to 64@tie{}KiB
of program memory. mcu@tie{}= "atxmega16a4", "atxmega16a4u",
"atxmega16c4", "atxmega16d4", "atxmega16e5", "atxmega32a4",
"atxmega32a4u", "atxmega32c3", "atxmega32c4", "atxmega32d3",
"atxmega32d4", "atxmega32e5", "atxmega8e5".

"avrxmega3"
"XMEGA" devices with up to 64@tie{}KiB of combined program
memory and RAM, and with program memory visible in the RAM
address space. mcu@tie{}= "attiny1614", "attiny1616",
"attiny1617", "attiny212", "attiny214", "attiny3214",
"attiny3216", "attiny3217", "attiny412", "attiny414",
"attiny416", "attiny417", "attiny814", "attiny816",
"attiny817".

"avrxmega4"
"XMEGA" devices with more than 64@tie{}KiB and up to
128@tie{}KiB of program memory. mcu@tie{}= "atxmega64a3",
"atxmega64a3u", "atxmega64a4u", "atxmega64b1", "atxmega64b3",
"atxmega64c3", "atxmega64d3", "atxmega64d4".

"avrxmega5"
"XMEGA" devices with more than 64@tie{}KiB and up to
128@tie{}KiB of program memory and more than 64@tie{}KiB of
RAM. mcu@tie{}= "atxmega64a1", "atxmega64a1u".

"avrxmega6"
"XMEGA" devices with more than 128@tie{}KiB of program memory.
mcu@tie{}= "atxmega128a3", "atxmega128a3u", "atxmega128b1",
"atxmega128b3", "atxmega128c3", "atxmega128d3", "atxmega128d4",
"atxmega192a3", "atxmega192a3u", "atxmega192c3",
"atxmega192d3", "atxmega256a3", "atxmega256a3b",
"atxmega256a3bu", "atxmega256a3u", "atxmega256c3",
"atxmega256d3", "atxmega384c3", "atxmega384d3".

"avrxmega7"
"XMEGA" devices with more than 128@tie{}KiB of program memory
and more than 64@tie{}KiB of RAM. mcu@tie{}= "atxmega128a1",
"atxmega128a1u", "atxmega128a4u".

"avrtiny"
"TINY" Tiny core devices with 512@tie{}B up to 4@tie{}KiB of
program memory. mcu@tie{}= "attiny10", "attiny20", "attiny4",
"attiny40", "attiny5", "attiny9".

"avr1"
This ISA is implemented by the minimal AVR core and supported
for assembler only. mcu@tie{}= "attiny11", "attiny12",
"attiny15", "attiny28", "at90s1200".

-mabsdata
Assume that all data in static storage can be accessed by LDS / STS
instructions. This option has only an effect on reduced Tiny
devices like ATtiny40. See also the "absdata" AVR Variable
Attributes,variable attribute.

-maccumulate-args
Accumulate outgoing function arguments and acquire/release the
needed stack space for outgoing function arguments once in function
prologue/epilogue. Without this option, outgoing arguments are
pushed before calling a function and popped afterwards.

Popping the arguments after the function call can be expensive on
AVR so that accumulating the stack space might lead to smaller
executables because arguments need not be removed from the stack
after such a function call.

This option can lead to reduced code size for functions that
perform several calls to functions that get their arguments on the
stack like calls to printf-like functions.

-mbranch-cost=cost
Set the branch costs for conditional branch instructions to cost.
Reasonable values for cost are small, non-negative integers. The
default branch cost is 0.

-mcall-prologues
Functions prologues/epilogues are expanded as calls to appropriate
subroutines. Code size is smaller.

-mgas-isr-prologues
Interrupt service routines (ISRs) may use the "__gcc_isr" pseudo
instruction supported by GNU Binutils. If this option is on, the
feature can still be disabled for individual ISRs by means of the
AVR Function Attributes,,"no_gccisr" function attribute. This
feature is activated per default if optimization is on (but not
with -Og, @pxref{Optimize Options}), and if GNU Binutils support
PR21683 ("https://sourceware.org/PR21683").

-mint8
Assume "int" to be 8-bit integer. This affects the sizes of all
types: a "char" is 1 byte, an "int" is 1 byte, a "long" is 2 bytes,
and "long long" is 4 bytes. Please note that this option does not
conform to the C standards, but it results in smaller code size.

-mmain-is-OS_task
Do not save registers in "main". The effect is the same like
attaching attribute AVR Function Attributes,,"OS_task" to "main".
It is activated per default if optimization is on.

-mn-flash=num
Assume that the flash memory has a size of num times 64@tie{}KiB.

-mno-interrupts
Generated code is not compatible with hardware interrupts. Code
size is smaller.

-mrelax
Try to replace "CALL" resp. "JMP" instruction by the shorter
"RCALL" resp. "RJMP" instruction if applicable. Setting -mrelax
just adds the --mlink-relax option to the assembler's command line
and the --relax option to the linker's command line.

Jump relaxing is performed by the linker because jump offsets are
not known before code is located. Therefore, the assembler code
generated by the compiler is the same, but the instructions in the
executable may differ from instructions in the assembler code.

Relaxing must be turned on if linker stubs are needed, see the
section on "EIND" and linker stubs below.

-mrmw
Assume that the device supports the Read-Modify-Write instructions
"XCH", "LAC", "LAS" and "LAT".

-mshort-calls
Assume that "RJMP" and "RCALL" can target the whole program memory.

This option is used internally for multilib selection. It is not
an optimization option, and you don't need to set it by hand.

-msp8
Treat the stack pointer register as an 8-bit register, i.e. assume
the high byte of the stack pointer is zero. In general, you don't
need to set this option by hand.

This option is used internally by the compiler to select and build
multilibs for architectures "avr2" and "avr25". These
architectures mix devices with and without "SPH". For any setting
other than -mmcu=avr2 or -mmcu=avr25 the compiler driver adds or
removes this option from the compiler proper's command line,
because the compiler then knows if the device or architecture has
an 8-bit stack pointer and thus no "SPH" register or not.

-mstrict-X
Use address register "X" in a way proposed by the hardware. This
means that "X" is only used in indirect, post-increment or pre-
decrement addressing.

Without this option, the "X" register may be used in the same way
as "Y" or "Z" which then is emulated by additional instructions.
For example, loading a value with "X+const" addressing with a small
non-negative "const < 64" to a register Rn is performed as

adiw r26, const ; X += const
ld <Rn>, X ; <Rn> = *X
sbiw r26, const ; X -= const

-mtiny-stack
Only change the lower 8@tie{}bits of the stack pointer.

-mfract-convert-truncate
Allow to use truncation instead of rounding towards zero for
fractional fixed-point types.

-nodevicelib
Don't link against AVR-LibC's device specific library "lib<mcu>.a".

-Waddr-space-convert
Warn about conversions between address spaces in the case where the
resulting address space is not contained in the incoming address
space.

-Wmisspelled-isr
Warn if the ISR is misspelled, i.e. without __vector prefix.
Enabled by default.

"EIND" and Devices with More Than 128 Ki Bytes of Flash

Pointers in the implementation are 16@tie{}bits wide. The address of a
function or label is represented as word address so that indirect jumps
and calls can target any code address in the range of 64@tie{}Ki words.

In order to facilitate indirect jump on devices with more than
128@tie{}Ki bytes of program memory space, there is a special function
register called "EIND" that serves as most significant part of the
target address when "EICALL" or "EIJMP" instructions are used.

Indirect jumps and calls on these devices are handled as follows by the
compiler and are subject to some limitations:

* The compiler never sets "EIND".

* The compiler uses "EIND" implicitly in "EICALL"/"EIJMP"
instructions or might read "EIND" directly in order to emulate an
indirect call/jump by means of a "RET" instruction.

* The compiler assumes that "EIND" never changes during the startup
code or during the application. In particular, "EIND" is not
saved/restored in function or interrupt service routine
prologue/epilogue.

* For indirect calls to functions and computed goto, the linker
generates stubs. Stubs are jump pads sometimes also called
trampolines. Thus, the indirect call/jump jumps to such a stub.
The stub contains a direct jump to the desired address.

* Linker relaxation must be turned on so that the linker generates
the stubs correctly in all situations. See the compiler option
-mrelax and the linker option --relax. There are corner cases
where the linker is supposed to generate stubs but aborts without
relaxation and without a helpful error message.

* The default linker script is arranged for code with "EIND = 0". If
code is supposed to work for a setup with "EIND != 0", a custom
linker script has to be used in order to place the sections whose
name start with ".trampolines" into the segment where "EIND" points
to.

* The startup code from libgcc never sets "EIND". Notice that
startup code is a blend of code from libgcc and AVR-LibC. For the
impact of AVR-LibC on "EIND", see the AVR-LibC user manual
("http://nongnu.org/avr-libc/user-manual/").

* It is legitimate for user-specific startup code to set up "EIND"
early, for example by means of initialization code located in
section ".init3". Such code runs prior to general startup code that
initializes RAM and calls constructors, but after the bit of
startup code from AVR-LibC that sets "EIND" to the segment where
the vector table is located.

#include <avr/io.h>

static void
__attribute__((section(".init3"),naked,used,no_instrument_function))
init3_set_eind (void)
{
__asm volatile ("ldi r24,pm_hh8(__trampolines_start)\n\t"
"out %i0,r24" :: "n" (&EIND) : "r24","memory");
}

The "__trampolines_start" symbol is defined in the linker script.

* Stubs are generated automatically by the linker if the following
two conditions are met:

-<The address of a label is taken by means of the "gs" modifier>
(short for generate stubs) like so:

LDI r24, lo8(gs(<func>))
LDI r25, hi8(gs(<func>))

-<The final location of that label is in a code segment>
outside the segment where the stubs are located.

* The compiler emits such "gs" modifiers for code labels in the
following situations:

-<Taking address of a function or code label.>
-<Computed goto.>
-<If prologue-save function is used, see -mcall-prologues>
command-line option.

-<Switch/case dispatch tables. If you do not want such dispatch>
tables you can specify the -fno-jump-tables command-line
option.

-<C and C++ constructors/destructors called during
startup/shutdown.>
-<If the tools hit a "gs()" modifier explained above.>
* Jumping to non-symbolic addresses like so is not supported:

int main (void)
{
/* Call function at word address 0x2 */
return ((int(*)(void)) 0x2)();
}

Instead, a stub has to be set up, i.e. the function has to be
called through a symbol ("func_4" in the example):

int main (void)
{
extern int func_4 (void);

/* Call function at byte address 0x4 */
return func_4();
}

and the application be linked with -Wl,--defsym,func_4=0x4.
Alternatively, "func_4" can be defined in the linker script.

Handling of the "RAMPD", "RAMPX", "RAMPY" and "RAMPZ" Special Function
Registers

Some AVR devices support memories larger than the 64@tie{}KiB range
that can be accessed with 16-bit pointers. To access memory locations
outside this 64@tie{}KiB range, the content of a "RAMP" register is
used as high part of the address: The "X", "Y", "Z" address register is
concatenated with the "RAMPX", "RAMPY", "RAMPZ" special function
register, respectively, to get a wide address. Similarly, "RAMPD" is
used together with direct addressing.

* The startup code initializes the "RAMP" special function registers
with zero.

* If a AVR Named Address Spaces,named address space other than
generic or "__flash" is used, then "RAMPZ" is set as needed before
the operation.

* If the device supports RAM larger than 64@tie{}KiB and the compiler
needs to change "RAMPZ" to accomplish an operation, "RAMPZ" is
reset to zero after the operation.

* If the device comes with a specific "RAMP" register, the ISR
prologue/epilogue saves/restores that SFR and initializes it with
zero in case the ISR code might (implicitly) use it.

* RAM larger than 64@tie{}KiB is not supported by GCC for AVR
targets. If you use inline assembler to read from locations
outside the 16-bit address range and change one of the "RAMP"
registers, you must reset it to zero after the access.

AVR Built-in Macros

GCC defines several built-in macros so that the user code can test for
the presence or absence of features. Almost any of the following
built-in macros are deduced from device capabilities and thus triggered
by the -mmcu= command-line option.

For even more AVR-specific built-in macros see AVR Named Address Spaces
and AVR Built-in Functions.

"__AVR_ARCH__"
Build-in macro that resolves to a decimal number that identifies
the architecture and depends on the -mmcu=mcu option. Possible
values are:

2, 25, 3, 31, 35, 4, 5, 51, 6

for mcu="avr2", "avr25", "avr3", "avr31", "avr35", "avr4", "avr5",
"avr51", "avr6",

respectively and

100, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107

for mcu="avrtiny", "avrxmega2", "avrxmega3", "avrxmega4",
"avrxmega5", "avrxmega6", "avrxmega7", respectively. If mcu
specifies a device, this built-in macro is set accordingly. For
example, with -mmcu=atmega8 the macro is defined to 4.

"__AVR_Device__"
Setting -mmcu=device defines this built-in macro which reflects the
device's name. For example, -mmcu=atmega8 defines the built-in
macro "__AVR_ATmega8__", -mmcu=attiny261a defines
"__AVR_ATtiny261A__", etc.

The built-in macros' names follow the scheme "__AVR_Device__" where
Device is the device name as from the AVR user manual. The
difference between Device in the built-in macro and device in
-mmcu=device is that the latter is always lowercase.

If device is not a device but only a core architecture like avr51,
this macro is not defined.

"__AVR_DEVICE_NAME__"
Setting -mmcu=device defines this built-in macro to the device's
name. For example, with -mmcu=atmega8 the macro is defined to
"atmega8".

If device is not a device but only a core architecture like avr51,
this macro is not defined.

"__AVR_XMEGA__"
The device / architecture belongs to the XMEGA family of devices.

"__AVR_HAVE_ELPM__"
The device has the "ELPM" instruction.

"__AVR_HAVE_ELPMX__"
The device has the "ELPM Rn,Z" and "ELPM Rn,Z+" instructions.

"__AVR_HAVE_MOVW__"
The device has the "MOVW" instruction to perform 16-bit register-
register moves.

"__AVR_HAVE_LPMX__"
The device has the "LPM Rn,Z" and "LPM Rn,Z+" instructions.

"__AVR_HAVE_MUL__"
The device has a hardware multiplier.

"__AVR_HAVE_JMP_CALL__"
The device has the "JMP" and "CALL" instructions. This is the case
for devices with more than 8@tie{}KiB of program memory.

"__AVR_HAVE_EIJMP_EICALL__"
"__AVR_3_BYTE_PC__"
The device has the "EIJMP" and "EICALL" instructions. This is the
case for devices with more than 128@tie{}KiB of program memory.
This also means that the program counter (PC) is 3@tie{}bytes wide.

"__AVR_2_BYTE_PC__"
The program counter (PC) is 2@tie{}bytes wide. This is the case for
devices with up to 128@tie{}KiB of program memory.

"__AVR_HAVE_8BIT_SP__"
"__AVR_HAVE_16BIT_SP__"
The stack pointer (SP) register is treated as 8-bit respectively
16-bit register by the compiler. The definition of these macros is
affected by -mtiny-stack.

"__AVR_HAVE_SPH__"
"__AVR_SP8__"
The device has the SPH (high part of stack pointer) special
function register or has an 8-bit stack pointer, respectively. The
definition of these macros is affected by -mmcu= and in the cases
of -mmcu=avr2 and -mmcu=avr25 also by -msp8.

"__AVR_HAVE_RAMPD__"
"__AVR_HAVE_RAMPX__"
"__AVR_HAVE_RAMPY__"
"__AVR_HAVE_RAMPZ__"
The device has the "RAMPD", "RAMPX", "RAMPY", "RAMPZ" special
function register, respectively.

"__NO_INTERRUPTS__"
This macro reflects the -mno-interrupts command-line option.

"__AVR_ERRATA_SKIP__"
"__AVR_ERRATA_SKIP_JMP_CALL__"
Some AVR devices (AT90S8515, ATmega103) must not skip 32-bit
instructions because of a hardware erratum. Skip instructions are
"SBRS", "SBRC", "SBIS", "SBIC" and "CPSE". The second macro is
only defined if "__AVR_HAVE_JMP_CALL__" is also set.

"__AVR_ISA_RMW__"
The device has Read-Modify-Write instructions (XCH, LAC, LAS and
LAT).

"__AVR_SFR_OFFSET__=offset"
Instructions that can address I/O special function registers
directly like "IN", "OUT", "SBI", etc. may use a different address
as if addressed by an instruction to access RAM like "LD" or "STS".
This offset depends on the device architecture and has to be
subtracted from the RAM address in order to get the respective
I/O@tie{}address.

"__AVR_SHORT_CALLS__"
The -mshort-calls command line option is set.

"__AVR_PM_BASE_ADDRESS__=addr"
Some devices support reading from flash memory by means of "LD*"
instructions. The flash memory is seen in the data address space
at an offset of "__AVR_PM_BASE_ADDRESS__". If this macro is not
defined, this feature is not available. If defined, the address
space is linear and there is no need to put ".rodata" into RAM.
This is handled by the default linker description file, and is
currently available for "avrtiny" and "avrxmega3". Even more
convenient, there is no need to use address spaces like "__flash"
or features like attribute "progmem" and "pgm_read_*".

"__WITH_AVRLIBC__"
The compiler is configured to be used together with AVR-Libc. See
the --with-avrlibc configure option.

Blackfin Options

-mcpu=cpu[-sirevision]
Specifies the name of the target Blackfin processor. Currently,
cpu can be one of bf512, bf514, bf516, bf518, bf522, bf523, bf524,
bf525, bf526, bf527, bf531, bf532, bf533, bf534, bf536, bf537,
bf538, bf539, bf542, bf544, bf547, bf548, bf549, bf542m, bf544m,
bf547m, bf548m, bf549m, bf561, bf592.

The optional sirevision specifies the silicon revision of the
target Blackfin processor. Any workarounds available for the
targeted silicon revision are enabled. If sirevision is none, no
workarounds are enabled. If sirevision is any, all workarounds for
the targeted processor are enabled. The "__SILICON_REVISION__"
macro is defined to two hexadecimal digits representing the major
and minor numbers in the silicon revision. If sirevision is none,
the "__SILICON_REVISION__" is not defined. If sirevision is any,
the "__SILICON_REVISION__" is defined to be 0xffff. If this
optional sirevision is not used, GCC assumes the latest known
silicon revision of the targeted Blackfin processor.

GCC defines a preprocessor macro for the specified cpu. For the
bfin-elf toolchain, this option causes the hardware BSP provided by
libgloss to be linked in if -msim is not given.

Without this option, bf532 is used as the processor by default.

Note that support for bf561 is incomplete. For bf561, only the
preprocessor macro is defined.

-msim
Specifies that the program will be run on the simulator. This
causes the simulator BSP provided by libgloss to be linked in.
This option has effect only for bfin-elf toolchain. Certain other
options, such as -mid-shared-library and -mfdpic, imply -msim.

-momit-leaf-frame-pointer
Don't keep the frame pointer in a register for leaf functions.
This avoids the instructions to save, set up and restore frame
pointers and makes an extra register available in leaf functions.

-mspecld-anomaly
When enabled, the compiler ensures that the generated code does not
contain speculative loads after jump instructions. If this option
is used, "__WORKAROUND_SPECULATIVE_LOADS" is defined.

-mno-specld-anomaly
Don't generate extra code to prevent speculative loads from
occurring.

-mcsync-anomaly
When enabled, the compiler ensures that the generated code does not
contain CSYNC or SSYNC instructions too soon after conditional
branches. If this option is used, "__WORKAROUND_SPECULATIVE_SYNCS"
is defined.

-mno-csync-anomaly
Don't generate extra code to prevent CSYNC or SSYNC instructions
from occurring too soon after a conditional branch.

-mlow64k
When enabled, the compiler is free to take advantage of the
knowledge that the entire program fits into the low 64k of memory.

-mno-low64k
Assume that the program is arbitrarily large. This is the default.

-mstack-check-l1
Do stack checking using information placed into L1 scratchpad
memory by the uClinux kernel.

-mid-shared-library
Generate code that supports shared libraries via the library ID
method. This allows for execute in place and shared libraries in
an environment without virtual memory management. This option
implies -fPIC. With a bfin-elf target, this option implies -msim.

-mno-id-shared-library
Generate code that doesn't assume ID-based shared libraries are
being used. This is the default.

-mleaf-id-shared-library
Generate code that supports shared libraries via the library ID
method, but assumes that this library or executable won't link
against any other ID shared libraries. That allows the compiler to
use faster code for jumps and calls.

-mno-leaf-id-shared-library
Do not assume that the code being compiled won't link against any
ID shared libraries. Slower code is generated for jump and call
insns.

-mshared-library-id=n
Specifies the identification number of the ID-based shared library
being compiled. Specifying a value of 0 generates more compact
code; specifying other values forces the allocation of that number
to the current library but is no more space- or time-efficient than
omitting this option.

-msep-data
Generate code that allows the data segment to be located in a
different area of memory from the text segment. This allows for
execute in place in an environment without virtual memory
management by eliminating relocations against the text section.

-mno-sep-data
Generate code that assumes that the data segment follows the text
segment. This is the default.

-mlong-calls
-mno-long-calls
Tells the compiler to perform function calls by first loading the
address of the function into a register and then performing a
subroutine call on this register. This switch is needed if the
target function lies outside of the 24-bit addressing range of the
offset-based version of subroutine call instruction.

This feature is not enabled by default. Specifying -mno-long-calls
restores the default behavior. Note these switches have no effect
on how the compiler generates code to handle function calls via
function pointers.

-mfast-fp
Link with the fast floating-point library. This library relaxes
some of the IEEE floating-point standard's rules for checking
inputs against Not-a-Number (NAN), in the interest of performance.

-minline-plt
Enable inlining of PLT entries in function calls to functions that
are not known to bind locally. It has no effect without -mfdpic.

-mmulticore
Build a standalone application for multicore Blackfin processors.
This option causes proper start files and link scripts supporting
multicore to be used, and defines the macro "__BFIN_MULTICORE". It
can only be used with -mcpu=bf561[-sirevision].

This option can be used with -mcorea or -mcoreb, which selects the
one-application-per-core programming model. Without -mcorea or
-mcoreb, the single-application/dual-core programming model is
used. In this model, the main function of Core B should be named as
"coreb_main".

If this option is not used, the single-core application programming
model is used.

-mcorea
Build a standalone application for Core A of BF561 when using the
one-application-per-core programming model. Proper start files and
link scripts are used to support Core A, and the macro
"__BFIN_COREA" is defined. This option can only be used in
conjunction with -mmulticore.

-mcoreb
Build a standalone application for Core B of BF561 when using the
one-application-per-core programming model. Proper start files and
link scripts are used to support Core B, and the macro
"__BFIN_COREB" is defined. When this option is used, "coreb_main"
should be used instead of "main". This option can only be used in
conjunction with -mmulticore.

-msdram
Build a standalone application for SDRAM. Proper start files and
link scripts are used to put the application into SDRAM, and the
macro "__BFIN_SDRAM" is defined. The loader should initialize
SDRAM before loading the application.

-micplb
Assume that ICPLBs are enabled at run time. This has an effect on
certain anomaly workarounds. For Linux targets, the default is to
assume ICPLBs are enabled; for standalone applications the default
is off.

C6X Options

-march=name
This specifies the name of the target architecture. GCC uses this
name to determine what kind of instructions it can emit when
generating assembly code. Permissible names are: c62x, c64x,
c64x+, c67x, c67x+, c674x.

-mbig-endian
Generate code for a big-endian target.

-mlittle-endian
Generate code for a little-endian target. This is the default.

-msim
Choose startup files and linker script suitable for the simulator.

-msdata=default
Put small global and static data in the ".neardata" section, which
is pointed to by register "B14". Put small uninitialized global
and static data in the ".bss" section, which is adjacent to the
".neardata" section. Put small read-only data into the ".rodata"
section. The corresponding sections used for large pieces of data
are ".fardata", ".far" and ".const".

-msdata=all
Put all data, not just small objects, into the sections reserved
for small data, and use addressing relative to the "B14" register
to access them.

-msdata=none
Make no use of the sections reserved for small data, and use
absolute addresses to access all data. Put all initialized global
and static data in the ".fardata" section, and all uninitialized
data in the ".far" section. Put all constant data into the
".const" section.

CRIS Options

These options are defined specifically for the CRIS ports.

-march=architecture-type
-mcpu=architecture-type
Generate code for the specified architecture. The choices for
architecture-type are v3, v8 and v10 for respectively ETRAX 4,
ETRAX 100, and ETRAX 100 LX. Default is v0 except for cris-axis-
linux-gnu, where the default is v10.

-mtune=architecture-type
Tune to architecture-type everything applicable about the generated
code, except for the ABI and the set of available instructions.
The choices for architecture-type are the same as for
-march=architecture-type.

-mmax-stack-frame=n
Warn when the stack frame of a function exceeds n bytes.

-metrax4
-metrax100
The options -metrax4 and -metrax100 are synonyms for -march=v3 and
-march=v8 respectively.

-mmul-bug-workaround
-mno-mul-bug-workaround
Work around a bug in the "muls" and "mulu" instructions for CPU
models where it applies. This option is active by default.

-mpdebug
Enable CRIS-specific verbose debug-related information in the
assembly code. This option also has the effect of turning off the
#NO_APP formatted-code indicator to the assembler at the beginning
of the assembly file.

-mcc-init
Do not use condition-code results from previous instruction; always
emit compare and test instructions before use of condition codes.

-mno-side-effects
Do not emit instructions with side effects in addressing modes
other than post-increment.

-mstack-align
-mno-stack-align
-mdata-align
-mno-data-align
-mconst-align
-mno-const-align
These options (no- options) arrange (eliminate arrangements) for
the stack frame, individual data and constants to be aligned for
the maximum single data access size for the chosen CPU model. The
default is to arrange for 32-bit alignment. ABI details such as
structure layout are not affected by these options.

-m32-bit
-m16-bit
-m8-bit
Similar to the stack- data- and const-align options above, these
options arrange for stack frame, writable data and constants to all
be 32-bit, 16-bit or 8-bit aligned. The default is 32-bit
alignment.

-mno-prologue-epilogue
-mprologue-epilogue
With -mno-prologue-epilogue, the normal function prologue and
epilogue which set up the stack frame are omitted and no return
instructions or return sequences are generated in the code. Use
this option only together with visual inspection of the compiled
code: no warnings or errors are generated when call-saved registers
must be saved, or storage for local variables needs to be
allocated.

-mno-gotplt
-mgotplt
With -fpic and -fPIC, don't generate (do generate) instruction
sequences that load addresses for functions from the PLT part of
the GOT rather than (traditional on other architectures) calls to
the PLT. The default is -mgotplt.

-melf
Legacy no-op option only recognized with the cris-axis-elf and
cris-axis-linux-gnu targets.

-mlinux
Legacy no-op option only recognized with the cris-axis-linux-gnu
target.

-sim
This option, recognized for the cris-axis-elf, arranges to link
with input-output functions from a simulator library. Code,
initialized data and zero-initialized data are allocated
consecutively.

-sim2
Like -sim, but pass linker options to locate initialized data at
0x40000000 and zero-initialized data at 0x80000000.

CR16 Options

These options are defined specifically for the CR16 ports.

-mmac
Enable the use of multiply-accumulate instructions. Disabled by
default.

-mcr16cplus
-mcr16c
Generate code for CR16C or CR16C+ architecture. CR16C+ architecture
is default.

-msim
Links the library libsim.a which is in compatible with simulator.
Applicable to ELF compiler only.

-mint32
Choose integer type as 32-bit wide.

-mbit-ops
Generates "sbit"/"cbit" instructions for bit manipulations.

-mdata-model=model
Choose a data model. The choices for model are near, far or medium.
medium is default. However, far is not valid with -mcr16c, as the
CR16C architecture does not support the far data model.

C-SKY Options

GCC supports these options when compiling for C-SKY V2 processors.

-march=arch
Specify the C-SKY target architecture. Valid values for arch are:
ck801, ck802, ck803, ck807, and ck810. The default is ck810.

-mcpu=cpu
Specify the C-SKY target processor. Valid values for cpu are:
ck801, ck801t, ck802, ck802t, ck802j, ck803, ck803h, ck803t,
ck803ht, ck803f, ck803fh, ck803e, ck803eh, ck803et, ck803eht,
ck803ef, ck803efh, ck803ft, ck803eft, ck803efht, ck803r1, ck803hr1,
ck803tr1, ck803htr1, ck803fr1, ck803fhr1, ck803er1, ck803ehr1,
ck803etr1, ck803ehtr1, ck803efr1, ck803efhr1, ck803ftr1,
ck803eftr1, ck803efhtr1, ck803s, ck803st, ck803se, ck803sf,
ck803sef, ck803seft, ck807e, ck807ef, ck807, ck807f, ck810e,
ck810et, ck810ef, ck810eft, ck810, ck810v, ck810f, ck810t, ck810fv,
ck810tv, ck810ft, and ck810ftv.

-mbig-endian
-EB
-mlittle-endian
-EL Select big- or little-endian code. The default is little-endian.

-mhard-float
-msoft-float
Select hardware or software floating-point implementations. The
default is soft float.

-mdouble-float
-mno-double-float
When -mhard-float is in effect, enable generation of double-
precision float instructions. This is the default except when
compiling for CK803.

-mfdivdu
-mno-fdivdu
When -mhard-float is in effect, enable generation of "frecipd",
"fsqrtd", and "fdivd" instructions. This is the default except
when compiling for CK803.

-mfpu=fpu
Select the floating-point processor. This option can only be used
with -mhard-float. Values for fpu are fpv2_sf (equivalent to
-mno-double-float -mno-fdivdu), fpv2 (-mdouble-float -mno-divdu),
and fpv2_divd (-mdouble-float -mdivdu).

-melrw
-mno-elrw
Enable the extended "lrw" instruction. This option defaults to on
for CK801 and off otherwise.

-mistack
-mno-istack
Enable interrupt stack instructions; the default is off.

The -mistack option is required to handle the "interrupt" and "isr"
function attributes.

-mmp
Enable multiprocessor instructions; the default is off.

-mcp
Enable coprocessor instructions; the default is off.

-mcache
Enable coprocessor instructions; the default is off.

-msecurity
Enable C-SKY security instructions; the default is off.

-mtrust
Enable C-SKY trust instructions; the default is off.

-mdsp
-medsp
-mvdsp
Enable C-SKY DSP, Enhanced DSP, or Vector DSP instructions,
respectively. All of these options default to off.

-mdiv
-mno-div
Generate divide instructions. Default is off.

-msmart
-mno-smart
Generate code for Smart Mode, using only registers numbered 0-7 to
allow use of 16-bit instructions. This option is ignored for CK801
where this is the required behavior, and it defaults to on for
CK802. For other targets, the default is off.

-mhigh-registers
-mno-high-registers
Generate code using the high registers numbered 16-31. This option
is not supported on CK801, CK802, or CK803, and is enabled by
default for other processors.

-manchor
-mno-anchor
Generate code using global anchor symbol addresses.

-mpushpop
-mno-pushpop
Generate code using "push" and "pop" instructions. This option
defaults to on.

-mmultiple-stld
-mstm
-mno-multiple-stld
-mno-stm
Generate code using "stm" and "ldm" instructions. This option
isn't supported on CK801 but is enabled by default on other
processors.

-mconstpool
-mno-constpool
Create constant pools in the compiler instead of deferring it to
the assembler. This option is the default and required for correct
code generation on CK801 and CK802, and is optional on other
processors.

-mstack-size
-mno-stack-size
Emit ".stack_size" directives for each function in the assembly
output. This option defaults to off.

-mccrt
-mno-ccrt
Generate code for the C-SKY compiler runtime instead of libgcc.
This option defaults to off.

-mbranch-cost=n
Set the branch costs to roughly "n" instructions. The default is
1.

-msched-prolog
-mno-sched-prolog
Permit scheduling of function prologue and epilogue sequences.
Using this option can result in code that is not compliant with the
C-SKY V2 ABI prologue requirements and that cannot be debugged or
backtraced. It is disabled by default.

Darwin Options

These options are defined for all architectures running the Darwin
operating system.

FSF GCC on Darwin does not create "fat" object files; it creates an
object file for the single architecture that GCC was built to target.
Apple's GCC on Darwin does create "fat" files if multiple -arch options
are used; it does so by running the compiler or linker multiple times
and joining the results together with lipo.

The subtype of the file created (like ppc7400 or ppc970 or i686) is
determined by the flags that specify the ISA that GCC is targeting,
like -mcpu or -march. The -force_cpusubtype_ALL option can be used to
override this.

The Darwin tools vary in their behavior when presented with an ISA
mismatch. The assembler, as, only permits instructions to be used that
are valid for the subtype of the file it is generating, so you cannot
put 64-bit instructions in a ppc750 object file. The linker for shared
libraries, /usr/bin/libtool, fails and prints an error if asked to
create a shared library with a less restrictive subtype than its input
files (for instance, trying to put a ppc970 object file in a ppc7400
library). The linker for executables, ld, quietly gives the executable
the most restrictive subtype of any of its input files.

-Fdir
Add the framework directory dir to the head of the list of
directories to be searched for header files. These directories are
interleaved with those specified by -I options and are scanned in a
left-to-right order.

A framework directory is a directory with frameworks in it. A
framework is a directory with a Headers and/or PrivateHeaders
directory contained directly in it that ends in .framework. The
name of a framework is the name of this directory excluding the
.framework. Headers associated with the framework are found in one
of those two directories, with Headers being searched first. A
subframework is a framework directory that is in a framework's
Frameworks directory. Includes of subframework headers can only
appear in a header of a framework that contains the subframework,
or in a sibling subframework header. Two subframeworks are
siblings if they occur in the same framework. A subframework
should not have the same name as a framework; a warning is issued
if this is violated. Currently a subframework cannot have
subframeworks; in the future, the mechanism may be extended to
support this. The standard frameworks can be found in
/System/Library/Frameworks and /Library/Frameworks. An example
include looks like "#include <Framework/header.h>", where Framework
denotes the name of the framework and header.h is found in the
PrivateHeaders or Headers directory.

-iframeworkdir
Like -F except the directory is a treated as a system directory.
The main difference between this -iframework and -F is that with
-iframework the compiler does not warn about constructs contained
within header files found via dir. This option is valid only for
the C family of languages.

-gused
Emit debugging information for symbols that are used. For stabs
debugging format, this enables -feliminate-unused-debug-symbols.
This is by default ON.

-gfull
Emit debugging information for all symbols and types.

-mmacosx-version-min=version
The earliest version of MacOS X that this executable will run on is
version. Typical values of version include 10.1, 10.2, and 10.3.9.

If the compiler was built to use the system's headers by default,
then the default for this option is the system version on which the
compiler is running, otherwise the default is to make choices that
are compatible with as many systems and code bases as possible.

-mkernel
Enable kernel development mode. The -mkernel option sets -static,
-fno-common, -fno-use-cxa-atexit, -fno-exceptions,
-fno-non-call-exceptions, -fapple-kext, -fno-weak and -fno-rtti
where applicable. This mode also sets -mno-altivec, -msoft-float,
-fno-builtin and -mlong-branch for PowerPC targets.

-mone-byte-bool
Override the defaults for "bool" so that "sizeof(bool)==1". By
default "sizeof(bool)" is 4 when compiling for Darwin/PowerPC and 1
when compiling for Darwin/x86, so this option has no effect on x86.

Warning: The -mone-byte-bool switch causes GCC to generate code
that is not binary compatible with code generated without that
switch. Using this switch may require recompiling all other
modules in a program, including system libraries. Use this switch
to conform to a non-default data model.

-mfix-and-continue
-ffix-and-continue
-findirect-data
Generate code suitable for fast turnaround development, such as to
allow GDB to dynamically load .o files into already-running
programs. -findirect-data and -ffix-and-continue are provided for
backwards compatibility.

-all_load
Loads all members of static archive libraries. See man ld(1) for
more information.

-arch_errors_fatal
Cause the errors having to do with files that have the wrong
architecture to be fatal.

-bind_at_load
Causes the output file to be marked such that the dynamic linker
will bind all undefined references when the file is loaded or
launched.

-bundle
Produce a Mach-o bundle format file. See man ld(1) for more
information.

-bundle_loader executable
This option specifies the executable that will load the build
output file being linked. See man ld(1) for more information.

-dynamiclib
When passed this option, GCC produces a dynamic library instead of
an executable when linking, using the Darwin libtool command.

-force_cpusubtype_ALL
This causes GCC's output file to have the ALL subtype, instead of
one controlled by the -mcpu or -march option.

-allowable_client client_name
-client_name
-compatibility_version
-current_version
-dead_strip
-dependency-file
-dylib_file
-dylinker_install_name
-dynamic
-exported_symbols_list
-filelist
-flat_namespace
-force_flat_namespace
-headerpad_max_install_names
-image_base
-init
-install_name
-keep_private_externs
-multi_module
-multiply_defined
-multiply_defined_unused
-noall_load
-no_dead_strip_inits_and_terms
-nofixprebinding
-nomultidefs
-noprebind
-noseglinkedit
-pagezero_size
-prebind
-prebind_all_twolevel_modules
-private_bundle
-read_only_relocs
-sectalign
-sectobjectsymbols
-whyload
-seg1addr
-sectcreate
-sectobjectsymbols
-sectorder
-segaddr
-segs_read_only_addr
-segs_read_write_addr
-seg_addr_table
-seg_addr_table_filename
-seglinkedit
-segprot
-segs_read_only_addr
-segs_read_write_addr
-single_module
-static
-sub_library
-sub_umbrella
-twolevel_namespace
-umbrella
-undefined
-unexported_symbols_list
-weak_reference_mismatches
-whatsloaded
These options are passed to the Darwin linker. The Darwin linker
man page describes them in detail.

DEC Alpha Options

These -m options are defined for the DEC Alpha implementations:

-mno-soft-float
-msoft-float
Use (do not use) the hardware floating-point instructions for
floating-point operations. When -msoft-float is specified,
functions in libgcc.a are used to perform floating-point
operations. Unless they are replaced by routines that emulate the
floating-point operations, or compiled in such a way as to call
such emulations routines, these routines issue floating-point
operations. If you are compiling for an Alpha without floating-
point operations, you must ensure that the library is built so as
not to call them.

Note that Alpha implementations without floating-point operations
are required to have floating-point registers.

-mfp-reg
-mno-fp-regs
Generate code that uses (does not use) the floating-point register
set. -mno-fp-regs implies -msoft-float. If the floating-point
register set is not used, floating-point operands are passed in
integer registers as if they were integers and floating-point
results are passed in $0 instead of $f0. This is a non-standard
calling sequence, so any function with a floating-point argument or
return value called by code compiled with -mno-fp-regs must also be
compiled with that option.

A typical use of this option is building a kernel that does not
use, and hence need not save and restore, any floating-point
registers.

-mieee
The Alpha architecture implements floating-point hardware optimized
for maximum performance. It is mostly compliant with the IEEE
floating-point standard. However, for full compliance, software
assistance is required. This option generates code fully IEEE-
compliant code except that the inexact-flag is not maintained (see
below). If this option is turned on, the preprocessor macro
"_IEEE_FP" is defined during compilation. The resulting code is
less efficient but is able to correctly support denormalized
numbers and exceptional IEEE values such as not-a-number and
plus/minus infinity. Other Alpha compilers call this option
-ieee_with_no_inexact.

-mieee-with-inexact
This is like -mieee except the generated code also maintains the
IEEE inexact-flag. Turning on this option causes the generated
code to implement fully-compliant IEEE math. In addition to
"_IEEE_FP", "_IEEE_FP_EXACT" is defined as a preprocessor macro.
On some Alpha implementations the resulting code may execute
significantly slower than the code generated by default. Since
there is very little code that depends on the inexact-flag, you
should normally not specify this option. Other Alpha compilers
call this option -ieee_with_inexact.

-mfp-trap-mode=trap-mode
This option controls what floating-point related traps are enabled.
Other Alpha compilers call this option -fptm trap-mode. The trap
mode can be set to one of four values:

n This is the default (normal) setting. The only traps that are
enabled are the ones that cannot be disabled in software (e.g.,
division by zero trap).

u In addition to the traps enabled by n, underflow traps are
enabled as well.

su Like u, but the instructions are marked to be safe for software
completion (see Alpha architecture manual for details).

sui Like su, but inexact traps are enabled as well.

-mfp-rounding-mode=rounding-mode
Selects the IEEE rounding mode. Other Alpha compilers call this
option -fprm rounding-mode. The rounding-mode can be one of:

n Normal IEEE rounding mode. Floating-point numbers are rounded
towards the nearest machine number or towards the even machine
number in case of a tie.

m Round towards minus infinity.

c Chopped rounding mode. Floating-point numbers are rounded
towards zero.

d Dynamic rounding mode. A field in the floating-point control
register (fpcr, see Alpha architecture reference manual)
controls the rounding mode in effect. The C library
initializes this register for rounding towards plus infinity.
Thus, unless your program modifies the fpcr, d corresponds to
round towards plus infinity.

-mtrap-precision=trap-precision
In the Alpha architecture, floating-point traps are imprecise.
This means without software assistance it is impossible to recover
from a floating trap and program execution normally needs to be
terminated. GCC can generate code that can assist operating system
trap handlers in determining the exact location that caused a
floating-point trap. Depending on the requirements of an
application, different levels of precisions can be selected:

p Program precision. This option is the default and means a trap
handler can only identify which program caused a floating-point
exception.

f Function precision. The trap handler can determine the
function that caused a floating-point exception.

i Instruction precision. The trap handler can determine the
exact instruction that caused a floating-point exception.

Other Alpha compilers provide the equivalent options called
-scope_safe and -resumption_safe.

-mieee-conformant
This option marks the generated code as IEEE conformant. You must
not use this option unless you also specify -mtrap-precision=i and
either -mfp-trap-mode=su or -mfp-trap-mode=sui. Its only effect is
to emit the line .eflag 48 in the function prologue of the
generated assembly file.

-mbuild-constants
Normally GCC examines a 32- or 64-bit integer constant to see if it
can construct it from smaller constants in two or three
instructions. If it cannot, it outputs the constant as a literal
and generates code to load it from the data segment at run time.

Use this option to require GCC to construct all integer constants
using code, even if it takes more instructions (the maximum is
six).

You typically use this option to build a shared library dynamic
loader. Itself a shared library, it must relocate itself in memory
before it can find the variables and constants in its own data
segment.

-mbwx
-mno-bwx
-mcix
-mno-cix
-mfix
-mno-fix
-mmax
-mno-max
Indicate whether GCC should generate code to use the optional BWX,
CIX, FIX and MAX instruction sets. The default is to use the
instruction sets supported by the CPU type specified via -mcpu=
option or that of the CPU on which GCC was built if none is
specified.

-mfloat-vax
-mfloat-ieee
Generate code that uses (does not use) VAX F and G floating-point
arithmetic instead of IEEE single and double precision.

-mexplicit-relocs
-mno-explicit-relocs
Older Alpha assemblers provided no way to generate symbol
relocations except via assembler macros. Use of these macros does
not allow optimal instruction scheduling. GNU binutils as of
version 2.12 supports a new syntax that allows the compiler to
explicitly mark which relocations should apply to which
instructions. This option is mostly useful for debugging, as GCC
detects the capabilities of the assembler when it is built and sets
the default accordingly.

-msmall-data
-mlarge-data
When -mexplicit-relocs is in effect, static data is accessed via
gp-relative relocations. When -msmall-data is used, objects 8
bytes long or smaller are placed in a small data area (the ".sdata"
and ".sbss" sections) and are accessed via 16-bit relocations off
of the $gp register. This limits the size of the small data area
to 64KB, but allows the variables to be directly accessed via a
single instruction.

The default is -mlarge-data. With this option the data area is
limited to just below 2GB. Programs that require more than 2GB of
data must use "malloc" or "mmap" to allocate the data in the heap
instead of in the program's data segment.

When generating code for shared libraries, -fpic implies
-msmall-data and -fPIC implies -mlarge-data.

-msmall-text
-mlarge-text
When -msmall-text is used, the compiler assumes that the code of
the entire program (or shared library) fits in 4MB, and is thus
reachable with a branch instruction. When -msmall-data is used,
the compiler can assume that all local symbols share the same $gp
value, and thus reduce the number of instructions required for a
function call from 4 to 1.

The default is -mlarge-text.

-mcpu=cpu_type
Set the instruction set and instruction scheduling parameters for
machine type cpu_type. You can specify either the EV style name or
the corresponding chip number. GCC supports scheduling parameters
for the EV4, EV5 and EV6 family of processors and chooses the
default values for the instruction set from the processor you
specify. If you do not specify a processor type, GCC defaults to
the processor on which the compiler was built.

Supported values for cpu_type are

ev4
ev45
21064
Schedules as an EV4 and has no instruction set extensions.

ev5
21164
Schedules as an EV5 and has no instruction set extensions.

ev56
21164a
Schedules as an EV5 and supports the BWX extension.

pca56
21164pc
21164PC
Schedules as an EV5 and supports the BWX and MAX extensions.

ev6
21264
Schedules as an EV6 and supports the BWX, FIX, and MAX
extensions.

ev67
21264a
Schedules as an EV6 and supports the BWX, CIX, FIX, and MAX
extensions.

Native toolchains also support the value native, which selects the
best architecture option for the host processor. -mcpu=native has
no effect if GCC does not recognize the processor.

-mtune=cpu_type
Set only the instruction scheduling parameters for machine type
cpu_type. The instruction set is not changed.

Native toolchains also support the value native, which selects the
best architecture option for the host processor. -mtune=native has
no effect if GCC does not recognize the processor.

-mmemory-latency=time
Sets the latency the scheduler should assume for typical memory
references as seen by the application. This number is highly
dependent on the memory access patterns used by the application and
the size of the external cache on the machine.

Valid options for time are

number
A decimal number representing clock cycles.

L1
L2
L3
main
The compiler contains estimates of the number of clock cycles
for "typical" EV4 & EV5 hardware for the Level 1, 2 & 3 caches
(also called Dcache, Scache, and Bcache), as well as to main
memory. Note that L3 is only valid for EV5.

FR30 Options

These options are defined specifically for the FR30 port.

-msmall-model
Use the small address space model. This can produce smaller code,
but it does assume that all symbolic values and addresses fit into
a 20-bit range.

-mno-lsim
Assume that runtime support has been provided and so there is no
need to include the simulator library (libsim.a) on the linker
command line.

FT32 Options

These options are defined specifically for the FT32 port.

-msim
Specifies that the program will be run on the simulator. This
causes an alternate runtime startup and library to be linked. You
must not use this option when generating programs that will run on
real hardware; you must provide your own runtime library for
whatever I/O functions are needed.

-mlra
Enable Local Register Allocation. This is still experimental for
FT32, so by default the compiler uses standard reload.

-mnodiv
Do not use div and mod instructions.

-mft32b
Enable use of the extended instructions of the FT32B processor.

-mcompress
Compress all code using the Ft32B code compression scheme.

-mnopm
Do not generate code that reads program memory.

FRV Options

-mgpr-32
Only use the first 32 general-purpose registers.

-mgpr-64
Use all 64 general-purpose registers.

-mfpr-32
Use only the first 32 floating-point registers.

-mfpr-64
Use all 64 floating-point registers.

-mhard-float
Use hardware instructions for floating-point operations.

-msoft-float
Use library routines for floating-point operations.

-malloc-cc
Dynamically allocate condition code registers.

-mfixed-cc
Do not try to dynamically allocate condition code registers, only
use "icc0" and "fcc0".

-mdword
Change ABI to use double word insns.

-mno-dword
Do not use double word instructions.

-mdouble
Use floating-point double instructions.

-mno-double
Do not use floating-point double instructions.

-mmedia
Use media instructions.

-mno-media
Do not use media instructions.

-mmuladd
Use multiply and add/subtract instructions.

-mno-muladd
Do not use multiply and add/subtract instructions.

-mfdpic
Select the FDPIC ABI, which uses function descriptors to represent
pointers to functions. Without any PIC/PIE-related options, it
implies -fPIE. With -fpic or -fpie, it assumes GOT entries and
small data are within a 12-bit range from the GOT base address;
with -fPIC or -fPIE, GOT offsets are computed with 32 bits. With a
bfin-elf target, this option implies -msim.

-minline-plt
Enable inlining of PLT entries in function calls to functions that
are not known to bind locally. It has no effect without -mfdpic.
It's enabled by default if optimizing for speed and compiling for
shared libraries (i.e., -fPIC or -fpic), or when an optimization
option such as -O3 or above is present in the command line.

-mTLS
Assume a large TLS segment when generating thread-local code.

-mtls
Do not assume a large TLS segment when generating thread-local
code.

-mgprel-ro
Enable the use of "GPREL" relocations in the FDPIC ABI for data
that is known to be in read-only sections. It's enabled by
default, except for -fpic or -fpie: even though it may help make
the global offset table smaller, it trades 1 instruction for 4.
With -fPIC or -fPIE, it trades 3 instructions for 4, one of which
may be shared by multiple symbols, and it avoids the need for a GOT
entry for the referenced symbol, so it's more likely to be a win.
If it is not, -mno-gprel-ro can be used to disable it.

-multilib-library-pic
Link with the (library, not FD) pic libraries. It's implied by
-mlibrary-pic, as well as by -fPIC and -fpic without -mfdpic. You
should never have to use it explicitly.

-mlinked-fp
Follow the EABI requirement of always creating a frame pointer
whenever a stack frame is allocated. This option is enabled by
default and can be disabled with -mno-linked-fp.

-mlong-calls
Use indirect addressing to call functions outside the current
compilation unit. This allows the functions to be placed anywhere
within the 32-bit address space.

-malign-labels
Try to align labels to an 8-byte boundary by inserting NOPs into
the previous packet. This option only has an effect when VLIW
packing is enabled. It doesn't create new packets; it merely adds
NOPs to existing ones.

-mlibrary-pic
Generate position-independent EABI code.

-macc-4
Use only the first four media accumulator registers.

-macc-8
Use all eight media accumulator registers.

-mpack
Pack VLIW instructions.

-mno-pack
Do not pack VLIW instructions.

-mno-eflags
Do not mark ABI switches in e_flags.

-mcond-move
Enable the use of conditional-move instructions (default).

This switch is mainly for debugging the compiler and will likely be
removed in a future version.

-mno-cond-move
Disable the use of conditional-move instructions.

This switch is mainly for debugging the compiler and will likely be
removed in a future version.

-mscc
Enable the use of conditional set instructions (default).

This switch is mainly for debugging the compiler and will likely be
removed in a future version.

-mno-scc
Disable the use of conditional set instructions.

This switch is mainly for debugging the compiler and will likely be
removed in a future version.

-mcond-exec
Enable the use of conditional execution (default).

This switch is mainly for debugging the compiler and will likely be
removed in a future version.

-mno-cond-exec
Disable the use of conditional execution.

This switch is mainly for debugging the compiler and will likely be
removed in a future version.

-mvliw-branch
Run a pass to pack branches into VLIW instructions (default).

This switch is mainly for debugging the compiler and will likely be
removed in a future version.

-mno-vliw-branch
Do not run a pass to pack branches into VLIW instructions.

This switch is mainly for debugging the compiler and will likely be
removed in a future version.

-mmulti-cond-exec
Enable optimization of "&&" and "||" in conditional execution
(default).

This switch is mainly for debugging the compiler and will likely be
removed in a future version.

-mno-multi-cond-exec
Disable optimization of "&&" and "||" in conditional execution.

This switch is mainly for debugging the compiler and will likely be
removed in a future version.

-mnested-cond-exec
Enable nested conditional execution optimizations (default).

This switch is mainly for debugging the compiler and will likely be
removed in a future version.

-mno-nested-cond-exec
Disable nested conditional execution optimizations.

This switch is mainly for debugging the compiler and will likely be
removed in a future version.

-moptimize-membar
This switch removes redundant "membar" instructions from the
compiler-generated code. It is enabled by default.

-mno-optimize-membar
This switch disables the automatic removal of redundant "membar"
instructions from the generated code.

-mtomcat-stats
Cause gas to print out tomcat statistics.

-mcpu=cpu
Select the processor type for which to generate code. Possible
values are frv, fr550, tomcat, fr500, fr450, fr405, fr400, fr300
and simple.

GNU/Linux Options

These -m options are defined for GNU/Linux targets:

-mglibc
Use the GNU C library. This is the default except on
*-*-linux-*uclibc*, *-*-linux-*musl* and *-*-linux-*android*
targets.

-muclibc
Use uClibc C library. This is the default on *-*-linux-*uclibc*
targets.

-mmusl
Use the musl C library. This is the default on *-*-linux-*musl*
targets.

-mbionic
Use Bionic C library. This is the default on *-*-linux-*android*
targets.

-mandroid
Compile code compatible with Android platform. This is the default
on *-*-linux-*android* targets.

When compiling, this option enables -mbionic, -fPIC,
-fno-exceptions and -fno-rtti by default. When linking, this
option makes the GCC driver pass Android-specific options to the
linker. Finally, this option causes the preprocessor macro
"__ANDROID__" to be defined.

-tno-android-cc
Disable compilation effects of -mandroid, i.e., do not enable
-mbionic, -fPIC, -fno-exceptions and -fno-rtti by default.

-tno-android-ld
Disable linking effects of -mandroid, i.e., pass standard Linux
linking options to the linker.

H8/300 Options

These -m options are defined for the H8/300 implementations:

-mrelax
Shorten some address references at link time, when possible; uses
the linker option -relax.

-mh Generate code for the H8/300H.

-ms Generate code for the H8S.

-mn Generate code for the H8S and H8/300H in the normal mode. This
switch must be used either with -mh or -ms.

-ms2600
Generate code for the H8S/2600. This switch must be used with -ms.

-mexr
Extended registers are stored on stack before execution of function
with monitor attribute. Default option is -mexr. This option is
valid only for H8S targets.

-mno-exr
Extended registers are not stored on stack before execution of
function with monitor attribute. Default option is -mno-exr. This
option is valid only for H8S targets.

-mint32
Make "int" data 32 bits by default.

-malign-300
On the H8/300H and H8S, use the same alignment rules as for the
H8/300. The default for the H8/300H and H8S is to align longs and
floats on 4-byte boundaries. -malign-300 causes them to be aligned
on 2-byte boundaries. This option has no effect on the H8/300.

HPPA Options

These -m options are defined for the HPPA family of computers:

-march=architecture-type
Generate code for the specified architecture. The choices for
architecture-type are 1.0 for PA 1.0, 1.1 for PA 1.1, and 2.0 for
PA 2.0 processors. Refer to /usr/lib/sched.models on an HP-UX
system to determine the proper architecture option for your
machine. Code compiled for lower numbered architectures runs on
higher numbered architectures, but not the other way around.

-mpa-risc-1-0
-mpa-risc-1-1
-mpa-risc-2-0
Synonyms for -march=1.0, -march=1.1, and -march=2.0 respectively.

-mcaller-copies
The caller copies function arguments passed by hidden reference.
This option should be used with care as it is not compatible with
the default 32-bit runtime. However, only aggregates larger than
eight bytes are passed by hidden reference and the option provides
better compatibility with OpenMP.

-mjump-in-delay
This option is ignored and provided for compatibility purposes
only.

-mdisable-fpregs
Prevent floating-point registers from being used in any manner.
This is necessary for compiling kernels that perform lazy context
switching of floating-point registers. If you use this option and
attempt to perform floating-point operations, the compiler aborts.

-mdisable-indexing
Prevent the compiler from using indexing address modes. This
avoids some rather obscure problems when compiling MIG generated
code under MACH.

-mno-space-regs
Generate code that assumes the target has no space registers. This
allows GCC to generate faster indirect calls and use unscaled index
address modes.

Such code is suitable for level 0 PA systems and kernels.

-mfast-indirect-calls
Generate code that assumes calls never cross space boundaries.
This allows GCC to emit code that performs faster indirect calls.

This option does not work in the presence of shared libraries or
nested functions.

-mfixed-range=register-range
Generate code treating the given register range as fixed registers.
A fixed register is one that the register allocator cannot use.
This is useful when compiling kernel code. A register range is
specified as two registers separated by a dash. Multiple register
ranges can be specified separated by a comma.

-mlong-load-store
Generate 3-instruction load and store sequences as sometimes
required by the HP-UX 10 linker. This is equivalent to the +k
option to the HP compilers.

-mportable-runtime
Use the portable calling conventions proposed by HP for ELF
systems.

-mgas
Enable the use of assembler directives only GAS understands.

-mschedule=cpu-type
Schedule code according to the constraints for the machine type
cpu-type. The choices for cpu-type are 700 7100, 7100LC, 7200,
7300 and 8000. Refer to /usr/lib/sched.models on an HP-UX system
to determine the proper scheduling option for your machine. The
default scheduling is 8000.

-mlinker-opt
Enable the optimization pass in the HP-UX linker. Note this makes
symbolic debugging impossible. It also triggers a bug in the HP-UX
8 and HP-UX 9 linkers in which they give bogus error messages when
linking some programs.

-msoft-float
Generate output containing library calls for floating point.
Warning: the requisite libraries are not available for all HPPA
targets. Normally the facilities of the machine's usual C compiler
are used, but this cannot be done directly in cross-compilation.
You must make your own arrangements to provide suitable library
functions for cross-compilation.

-msoft-float changes the calling convention in the output file;
therefore, it is only useful if you compile all of a program with
this option. In particular, you need to compile libgcc.a, the
library that comes with GCC, with -msoft-float in order for this to
work.

-msio
Generate the predefine, "_SIO", for server IO. The default is
-mwsio. This generates the predefines, "__hp9000s700",
"__hp9000s700__" and "_WSIO", for workstation IO. These options
are available under HP-UX and HI-UX.

-mgnu-ld
Use options specific to GNU ld. This passes -shared to ld when
building a shared library. It is the default when GCC is
configured, explicitly or implicitly, with the GNU linker. This
option does not affect which ld is called; it only changes what
parameters are passed to that ld. The ld that is called is
determined by the --with-ld configure option, GCC's program search
path, and finally by the user's PATH. The linker used by GCC can
be printed using which `gcc -print-prog-name=ld`. This option is
only available on the 64-bit HP-UX GCC, i.e. configured with
hppa*64*-*-hpux*.

-mhp-ld
Use options specific to HP ld. This passes -b to ld when building
a shared library and passes +Accept TypeMismatch to ld on all
links. It is the default when GCC is configured, explicitly or
implicitly, with the HP linker. This option does not affect which
ld is called; it only changes what parameters are passed to that
ld. The ld that is called is determined by the --with-ld configure
option, GCC's program search path, and finally by the user's PATH.
The linker used by GCC can be printed using which `gcc
-print-prog-name=ld`. This option is only available on the 64-bit
HP-UX GCC, i.e. configured with hppa*64*-*-hpux*.

-mlong-calls
Generate code that uses long call sequences. This ensures that a
call is always able to reach linker generated stubs. The default
is to generate long calls only when the distance from the call site
to the beginning of the function or translation unit, as the case
may be, exceeds a predefined limit set by the branch type being
used. The limits for normal calls are 7,600,000 and 240,000 bytes,
respectively for the PA 2.0 and PA 1.X architectures. Sibcalls are
always limited at 240,000 bytes.

Distances are measured from the beginning of functions when using
the -ffunction-sections option, or when using the -mgas and
-mno-portable-runtime options together under HP-UX with the SOM
linker.

It is normally not desirable to use this option as it degrades
performance. However, it may be useful in large applications,
particularly when partial linking is used to build the application.

The types of long calls used depends on the capabilities of the
assembler and linker, and the type of code being generated. The
impact on systems that support long absolute calls, and long pic
symbol-difference or pc-relative calls should be relatively small.
However, an indirect call is used on 32-bit ELF systems in pic code
and it is quite long.

-munix=unix-std
Generate compiler predefines and select a startfile for the
specified UNIX standard. The choices for unix-std are 93, 95 and
98. 93 is supported on all HP-UX versions. 95 is available on HP-
UX 10.10 and later. 98 is available on HP-UX 11.11 and later. The
default values are 93 for HP-UX 10.00, 95 for HP-UX 10.10 though to
11.00, and 98 for HP-UX 11.11 and later.

-munix=93 provides the same predefines as GCC 3.3 and 3.4.
-munix=95 provides additional predefines for "XOPEN_UNIX" and
"_XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED", and the startfile unix95.o. -munix=98
provides additional predefines for "_XOPEN_UNIX",
"_XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED", "_INCLUDE__STDC_A1_SOURCE" and
"_INCLUDE_XOPEN_SOURCE_500", and the startfile unix98.o.

It is important to note that this option changes the interfaces for
various library routines. It also affects the operational behavior
of the C library. Thus, extreme care is needed in using this
option.

Library code that is intended to operate with more than one UNIX
standard must test, set and restore the variable
"__xpg4_extended_mask" as appropriate. Most GNU software doesn't
provide this capability.

-nolibdld
Suppress the generation of link options to search libdld.sl when
the -static option is specified on HP-UX 10 and later.

-static
The HP-UX implementation of setlocale in libc has a dependency on
libdld.sl. There isn't an archive version of libdld.sl. Thus,
when the -static option is specified, special link options are
needed to resolve this dependency.

On HP-UX 10 and later, the GCC driver adds the necessary options to
link with libdld.sl when the -static option is specified. This
causes the resulting binary to be dynamic. On the 64-bit port, the
linkers generate dynamic binaries by default in any case. The
-nolibdld option can be used to prevent the GCC driver from adding
these link options.

-threads
Add support for multithreading with the dce thread library under
HP-UX. This option sets flags for both the preprocessor and
linker.

IA-64 Options

These are the -m options defined for the Intel IA-64 architecture.

-mbig-endian
Generate code for a big-endian target. This is the default for HP-
UX.

-mlittle-endian
Generate code for a little-endian target. This is the default for
AIX5 and GNU/Linux.

-mgnu-as
-mno-gnu-as
Generate (or don't) code for the GNU assembler. This is the
default.

-mgnu-ld
-mno-gnu-ld
Generate (or don't) code for the GNU linker. This is the default.

-mno-pic
Generate code that does not use a global pointer register. The
result is not position independent code, and violates the IA-64
ABI.

-mvolatile-asm-stop
-mno-volatile-asm-stop
Generate (or don't) a stop bit immediately before and after
volatile asm statements.

-mregister-names
-mno-register-names
Generate (or don't) in, loc, and out register names for the stacked
registers. This may make assembler output more readable.

-mno-sdata
-msdata
Disable (or enable) optimizations that use the small data section.
This may be useful for working around optimizer bugs.

-mconstant-gp
Generate code that uses a single constant global pointer value.
This is useful when compiling kernel code.

-mauto-pic
Generate code that is self-relocatable. This implies
-mconstant-gp. This is useful when compiling firmware code.

-minline-float-divide-min-latency
Generate code for inline divides of floating-point values using the
minimum latency algorithm.

-minline-float-divide-max-throughput
Generate code for inline divides of floating-point values using the
maximum throughput algorithm.

-mno-inline-float-divide
Do not generate inline code for divides of floating-point values.

-minline-int-divide-min-latency
Generate code for inline divides of integer values using the
minimum latency algorithm.

-minline-int-divide-max-throughput
Generate code for inline divides of integer values using the
maximum throughput algorithm.

-mno-inline-int-divide
Do not generate inline code for divides of integer values.

-minline-sqrt-min-latency
Generate code for inline square roots using the minimum latency
algorithm.

-minline-sqrt-max-throughput
Generate code for inline square roots using the maximum throughput
algorithm.

-mno-inline-sqrt
Do not generate inline code for "sqrt".

-mfused-madd
-mno-fused-madd
Do (don't) generate code that uses the fused multiply/add or
multiply/subtract instructions. The default is to use these
instructions.

-mno-dwarf2-asm
-mdwarf2-asm
Don't (or do) generate assembler code for the DWARF line number
debugging info. This may be useful when not using the GNU
assembler.

-mearly-stop-bits
-mno-early-stop-bits
Allow stop bits to be placed earlier than immediately preceding the
instruction that triggered the stop bit. This can improve
instruction scheduling, but does not always do so.

-mtls-size=tls-size
Specify bit size of immediate TLS offsets. Valid values are 14,
22, and 64.

-mtune=cpu-type
Tune the instruction scheduling for a particular CPU, Valid values
are itanium, itanium1, merced, itanium2, and mckinley.

-milp32
-mlp64
Generate code for a 32-bit or 64-bit environment. The 32-bit
environment sets int, long and pointer to 32 bits. The 64-bit
environment sets int to 32 bits and long and pointer to 64 bits.
These are HP-UX specific flags.

-mno-sched-br-data-spec
-msched-br-data-spec
(Dis/En)able data speculative scheduling before reload. This
results in generation of "ld.a" instructions and the corresponding
check instructions ("ld.c" / "chk.a"). The default setting is
disabled.

-msched-ar-data-spec
-mno-sched-ar-data-spec
(En/Dis)able data speculative scheduling after reload. This
results in generation of "ld.a" instructions and the corresponding
check instructions ("ld.c" / "chk.a"). The default setting is
enabled.

-mno-sched-control-spec
-msched-control-spec
(Dis/En)able control speculative scheduling. This feature is
available only during region scheduling (i.e. before reload). This
results in generation of the "ld.s" instructions and the
corresponding check instructions "chk.s". The default setting is
disabled.

-msched-br-in-data-spec
-mno-sched-br-in-data-spec
(En/Dis)able speculative scheduling of the instructions that are
dependent on the data speculative loads before reload. This is
effective only with -msched-br-data-spec enabled. The default
setting is enabled.

-msched-ar-in-data-spec
-mno-sched-ar-in-data-spec
(En/Dis)able speculative scheduling of the instructions that are
dependent on the data speculative loads after reload. This is
effective only with -msched-ar-data-spec enabled. The default
setting is enabled.

-msched-in-control-spec
-mno-sched-in-control-spec
(En/Dis)able speculative scheduling of the instructions that are
dependent on the control speculative loads. This is effective only
with -msched-control-spec enabled. The default setting is enabled.

-mno-sched-prefer-non-data-spec-insns
-msched-prefer-non-data-spec-insns
If enabled, data-speculative instructions are chosen for schedule
only if there are no other choices at the moment. This makes the
use of the data speculation much more conservative. The default
setting is disabled.

-mno-sched-prefer-non-control-spec-insns
-msched-prefer-non-control-spec-insns
If enabled, control-speculative instructions are chosen for
schedule only if there are no other choices at the moment. This
makes the use of the control speculation much more conservative.
The default setting is disabled.

-mno-sched-count-spec-in-critical-path
-msched-count-spec-in-critical-path
If enabled, speculative dependencies are considered during
computation of the instructions priorities. This makes the use of
the speculation a bit more conservative. The default setting is
disabled.

-msched-spec-ldc
Use a simple data speculation check. This option is on by default.

-msched-control-spec-ldc
Use a simple check for control speculation. This option is on by
default.

-msched-stop-bits-after-every-cycle
Place a stop bit after every cycle when scheduling. This option is
on by default.

-msched-fp-mem-deps-zero-cost
Assume that floating-point stores and loads are not likely to cause
a conflict when placed into the same instruction group. This
option is disabled by default.

-msel-sched-dont-check-control-spec
Generate checks for control speculation in selective scheduling.
This flag is disabled by default.

-msched-max-memory-insns=max-insns
Limit on the number of memory insns per instruction group, giving
lower priority to subsequent memory insns attempting to schedule in
the same instruction group. Frequently useful to prevent cache bank
conflicts. The default value is 1.

-msched-max-memory-insns-hard-limit
Makes the limit specified by msched-max-memory-insns a hard limit,
disallowing more than that number in an instruction group.
Otherwise, the limit is "soft", meaning that non-memory operations
are preferred when the limit is reached, but memory operations may
still be scheduled.

LM32 Options

These -m options are defined for the LatticeMico32 architecture:

-mbarrel-shift-enabled
Enable barrel-shift instructions.

-mdivide-enabled
Enable divide and modulus instructions.

-mmultiply-enabled
Enable multiply instructions.

-msign-extend-enabled
Enable sign extend instructions.

-muser-enabled
Enable user-defined instructions.

M32C Options

-mcpu=name
Select the CPU for which code is generated. name may be one of r8c
for the R8C/Tiny series, m16c for the M16C (up to /60) series,
m32cm for the M16C/80 series, or m32c for the M32C/80 series.

-msim
Specifies that the program will be run on the simulator. This
causes an alternate runtime library to be linked in which supports,
for example, file I/O. You must not use this option when
generating programs that will run on real hardware; you must
provide your own runtime library for whatever I/O functions are
needed.

-memregs=number
Specifies the number of memory-based pseudo-registers GCC uses
during code generation. These pseudo-registers are used like real
registers, so there is a tradeoff between GCC's ability to fit the
code into available registers, and the performance penalty of using
memory instead of registers. Note that all modules in a program
must be compiled with the same value for this option. Because of
that, you must not use this option with GCC's default runtime
libraries.

M32R/D Options

These -m options are defined for Renesas M32R/D architectures:

-m32r2
Generate code for the M32R/2.

-m32rx
Generate code for the M32R/X.

-m32r
Generate code for the M32R. This is the default.

-mmodel=small
Assume all objects live in the lower 16MB of memory (so that their
addresses can be loaded with the "ld24" instruction), and assume
all subroutines are reachable with the "bl" instruction. This is
the default.

The addressability of a particular object can be set with the
"model" attribute.

-mmodel=medium
Assume objects may be anywhere in the 32-bit address space (the
compiler generates "seth/add3" instructions to load their
addresses), and assume all subroutines are reachable with the "bl"
instruction.

-mmodel=large
Assume objects may be anywhere in the 32-bit address space (the
compiler generates "seth/add3" instructions to load their
addresses), and assume subroutines may not be reachable with the
"bl" instruction (the compiler generates the much slower
"seth/add3/jl" instruction sequence).

-msdata=none
Disable use of the small data area. Variables are put into one of
".data", ".bss", or ".rodata" (unless the "section" attribute has
been specified). This is the default.

The small data area consists of sections ".sdata" and ".sbss".
Objects may be explicitly put in the small data area with the
"section" attribute using one of these sections.

-msdata=sdata
Put small global and static data in the small data area, but do not
generate special code to reference them.

-msdata=use
Put small global and static data in the small data area, and
generate special instructions to reference them.

-G num
Put global and static objects less than or equal to num bytes into
the small data or BSS sections instead of the normal data or BSS
sections. The default value of num is 8. The -msdata option must
be set to one of sdata or use for this option to have any effect.

All modules should be compiled with the same -G num value.
Compiling with different values of num may or may not work; if it
doesn't the linker gives an error message---incorrect code is not
generated.

-mdebug
Makes the M32R-specific code in the compiler display some
statistics that might help in debugging programs.

-malign-loops
Align all loops to a 32-byte boundary.

-mno-align-loops
Do not enforce a 32-byte alignment for loops. This is the default.

-missue-rate=number
Issue number instructions per cycle. number can only be 1 or 2.

-mbranch-cost=number
number can only be 1 or 2. If it is 1 then branches are preferred
over conditional code, if it is 2, then the opposite applies.

-mflush-trap=number
Specifies the trap number to use to flush the cache. The default
is 12. Valid numbers are between 0 and 15 inclusive.

-mno-flush-trap
Specifies that the cache cannot be flushed by using a trap.

-mflush-func=name
Specifies the name of the operating system function to call to
flush the cache. The default is _flush_cache, but a function call
is only used if a trap is not available.

-mno-flush-func
Indicates that there is no OS function for flushing the cache.

M680x0 Options

These are the -m options defined for M680x0 and ColdFire processors.
The default settings depend on which architecture was selected when the
compiler was configured; the defaults for the most common choices are
given below.

-march=arch
Generate code for a specific M680x0 or ColdFire instruction set
architecture. Permissible values of arch for M680x0 architectures
are: 68000, 68010, 68020, 68030, 68040, 68060 and cpu32. ColdFire
architectures are selected according to Freescale's ISA
classification and the permissible values are: isaa, isaaplus, isab
and isac.

GCC defines a macro "__mcfarch__" whenever it is generating code
for a ColdFire target. The arch in this macro is one of the -march
arguments given above.

When used together, -march and -mtune select code that runs on a
family of similar processors but that is optimized for a particular
microarchitecture.

-mcpu=cpu
Generate code for a specific M680x0 or ColdFire processor. The
M680x0 cpus are: 68000, 68010, 68020, 68030, 68040, 68060, 68302,
68332 and cpu32. The ColdFire cpus are given by the table below,
which also classifies the CPUs into families:

Family : -mcpu arguments
51 : 51 51ac 51ag 51cn 51em 51je 51jf 51jg 51jm 51mm 51qe 51qm
5206 : 5202 5204 5206
5206e : 5206e
5208 : 5207 5208
5211a : 5210a 5211a
5213 : 5211 5212 5213
5216 : 5214 5216
52235 : 52230 52231 52232 52233 52234 52235
5225 : 5224 5225
52259 : 52252 52254 52255 52256 52258 52259
5235 : 5232 5233 5234 5235 523x
5249 : 5249
5250 : 5250
5271 : 5270 5271
5272 : 5272
5275 : 5274 5275
5282 : 5280 5281 5282 528x
53017 : 53011 53012 53013 53014 53015 53016 53017
5307 : 5307
5329 : 5327 5328 5329 532x
5373 : 5372 5373 537x
5407 : 5407
5475 : 5470 5471 5472 5473 5474 5475 547x 5480 5481 5482 5483 5484
5485

-mcpu=cpu overrides -march=arch if arch is compatible with cpu.
Other combinations of -mcpu and -march are rejected.

GCC defines the macro "__mcf_cpu_cpu" when ColdFire target cpu is
selected. It also defines "__mcf_family_family", where the value
of family is given by the table above.

-mtune=tune
Tune the code for a particular microarchitecture within the
constraints set by -march and -mcpu. The M680x0 microarchitectures
are: 68000, 68010, 68020, 68030, 68040, 68060 and cpu32. The
ColdFire microarchitectures are: cfv1, cfv2, cfv3, cfv4 and cfv4e.

You can also use -mtune=68020-40 for code that needs to run
relatively well on 68020, 68030 and 68040 targets. -mtune=68020-60
is similar but includes 68060 targets as well. These two options
select the same tuning decisions as -m68020-40 and -m68020-60
respectively.

GCC defines the macros "__mcarch" and "__mcarch__" when tuning for
680x0 architecture arch. It also defines "mcarch" unless either
-ansi or a non-GNU -std option is used. If GCC is tuning for a
range of architectures, as selected by -mtune=68020-40 or
-mtune=68020-60, it defines the macros for every architecture in
the range.

GCC also defines the macro "__muarch__" when tuning for ColdFire
microarchitecture uarch, where uarch is one of the arguments given
above.

-m68000
-mc68000
Generate output for a 68000. This is the default when the compiler
is configured for 68000-based systems. It is equivalent to
-march=68000.

Use this option for microcontrollers with a 68000 or EC000 core,
including the 68008, 68302, 68306, 68307, 68322, 68328 and 68356.

-m68010
Generate output for a 68010. This is the default when the compiler
is configured for 68010-based systems. It is equivalent to
-march=68010.

-m68020
-mc68020
Generate output for a 68020. This is the default when the compiler
is configured for 68020-based systems. It is equivalent to
-march=68020.

-m68030
Generate output for a 68030. This is the default when the compiler
is configured for 68030-based systems. It is equivalent to
-march=68030.

-m68040
Generate output for a 68040. This is the default when the compiler
is configured for 68040-based systems. It is equivalent to
-march=68040.

This option inhibits the use of 68881/68882 instructions that have
to be emulated by software on the 68040. Use this option if your
68040 does not have code to emulate those instructions.

-m68060
Generate output for a 68060. This is the default when the compiler
is configured for 68060-based systems. It is equivalent to
-march=68060.

This option inhibits the use of 68020 and 68881/68882 instructions
that have to be emulated by software on the 68060. Use this option
if your 68060 does not have code to emulate those instructions.

-mcpu32
Generate output for a CPU32. This is the default when the compiler
is configured for CPU32-based systems. It is equivalent to
-march=cpu32.

Use this option for microcontrollers with a CPU32 or CPU32+ core,
including the 68330, 68331, 68332, 68333, 68334, 68336, 68340,
68341, 68349 and 68360.

-m5200
Generate output for a 520X ColdFire CPU. This is the default when
the compiler is configured for 520X-based systems. It is
equivalent to -mcpu=5206, and is now deprecated in favor of that
option.

Use this option for microcontroller with a 5200 core, including the
MCF5202, MCF5203, MCF5204 and MCF5206.

-m5206e
Generate output for a 5206e ColdFire CPU. The option is now
deprecated in favor of the equivalent -mcpu=5206e.

-m528x
Generate output for a member of the ColdFire 528X family. The
option is now deprecated in favor of the equivalent -mcpu=528x.

-m5307
Generate output for a ColdFire 5307 CPU. The option is now
deprecated in favor of the equivalent -mcpu=5307.

-m5407
Generate output for a ColdFire 5407 CPU. The option is now
deprecated in favor of the equivalent -mcpu=5407.

-mcfv4e
Generate output for a ColdFire V4e family CPU (e.g. 547x/548x).
This includes use of hardware floating-point instructions. The
option is equivalent to -mcpu=547x, and is now deprecated in favor
of that option.

-m68020-40
Generate output for a 68040, without using any of the new
instructions. This results in code that can run relatively
efficiently on either a 68020/68881 or a 68030 or a 68040. The
generated code does use the 68881 instructions that are emulated on
the 68040.

The option is equivalent to -march=68020 -mtune=68020-40.

-m68020-60
Generate output for a 68060, without using any of the new
instructions. This results in code that can run relatively
efficiently on either a 68020/68881 or a 68030 or a 68040. The
generated code does use the 68881 instructions that are emulated on
the 68060.

The option is equivalent to -march=68020 -mtune=68020-60.

-mhard-float
-m68881
Generate floating-point instructions. This is the default for
68020 and above, and for ColdFire devices that have an FPU. It
defines the macro "__HAVE_68881__" on M680x0 targets and
"__mcffpu__" on ColdFire targets.

-msoft-float
Do not generate floating-point instructions; use library calls
instead. This is the default for 68000, 68010, and 68832 targets.
It is also the default for ColdFire devices that have no FPU.

-mdiv
-mno-div
Generate (do not generate) ColdFire hardware divide and remainder
instructions. If -march is used without -mcpu, the default is "on"
for ColdFire architectures and "off" for M680x0 architectures.
Otherwise, the default is taken from the target CPU (either the
default CPU, or the one specified by -mcpu). For example, the
default is "off" for -mcpu=5206 and "on" for -mcpu=5206e.

GCC defines the macro "__mcfhwdiv__" when this option is enabled.

-mshort
Consider type "int" to be 16 bits wide, like "short int".
Additionally, parameters passed on the stack are also aligned to a
16-bit boundary even on targets whose API mandates promotion to
32-bit.

-mno-short
Do not consider type "int" to be 16 bits wide. This is the
default.

-mnobitfield
-mno-bitfield
Do not use the bit-field instructions. The -m68000, -mcpu32 and
-m5200 options imply -mnobitfield.

-mbitfield
Do use the bit-field instructions. The -m68020 option implies
-mbitfield. This is the default if you use a configuration
designed for a 68020.

-mrtd
Use a different function-calling convention, in which functions
that take a fixed number of arguments return with the "rtd"
instruction, which pops their arguments while returning. This
saves one instruction in the caller since there is no need to pop
the arguments there.

This calling convention is incompatible with the one normally used
on Unix, so you cannot use it if you need to call libraries
compiled with the Unix compiler.

Also, you must provide function prototypes for all functions that
take variable numbers of arguments (including "printf"); otherwise
incorrect code is generated for calls to those functions.

In addition, seriously incorrect code results if you call a
function with too many arguments. (Normally, extra arguments are
harmlessly ignored.)

The "rtd" instruction is supported by the 68010, 68020, 68030,
68040, 68060 and CPU32 processors, but not by the 68000 or 5200.

The default is -mno-rtd.

-malign-int
-mno-align-int
Control whether GCC aligns "int", "long", "long long", "float",
"double", and "long double" variables on a 32-bit boundary
(-malign-int) or a 16-bit boundary (-mno-align-int). Aligning
variables on 32-bit boundaries produces code that runs somewhat
faster on processors with 32-bit busses at the expense of more
memory.

Warning: if you use the -malign-int switch, GCC aligns structures
containing the above types differently than most published
application binary interface specifications for the m68k.

-mpcrel
Use the pc-relative addressing mode of the 68000 directly, instead
of using a global offset table. At present, this option implies
-fpic, allowing at most a 16-bit offset for pc-relative addressing.
-fPIC is not presently supported with -mpcrel, though this could be
supported for 68020 and higher processors.

-mno-strict-align
-mstrict-align
Do not (do) assume that unaligned memory references are handled by
the system.

-msep-data
Generate code that allows the data segment to be located in a
different area of memory from the text segment. This allows for
execute-in-place in an environment without virtual memory
management. This option implies -fPIC.

-mno-sep-data
Generate code that assumes that the data segment follows the text
segment. This is the default.

-mid-shared-library
Generate code that supports shared libraries via the library ID
method. This allows for execute-in-place and shared libraries in
an environment without virtual memory management. This option
implies -fPIC.

-mno-id-shared-library
Generate code that doesn't assume ID-based shared libraries are
being used. This is the default.

-mshared-library-id=n
Specifies the identification number of the ID-based shared library
being compiled. Specifying a value of 0 generates more compact
code; specifying other values forces the allocation of that number
to the current library, but is no more space- or time-efficient
than omitting this option.

-mxgot
-mno-xgot
When generating position-independent code for ColdFire, generate
code that works if the GOT has more than 8192 entries. This code
is larger and slower than code generated without this option. On
M680x0 processors, this option is not needed; -fPIC suffices.

GCC normally uses a single instruction to load values from the GOT.
While this is relatively efficient, it only works if the GOT is
smaller than about 64k. Anything larger causes the linker to
report an error such as:

relocation truncated to fit: R_68K_GOT16O foobar

If this happens, you should recompile your code with -mxgot. It
should then work with very large GOTs. However, code generated
with -mxgot is less efficient, since it takes 4 instructions to
fetch the value of a global symbol.

Note that some linkers, including newer versions of the GNU linker,
can create multiple GOTs and sort GOT entries. If you have such a
linker, you should only need to use -mxgot when compiling a single
object file that accesses more than 8192 GOT entries. Very few do.

These options have no effect unless GCC is generating position-
independent code.

-mlong-jump-table-offsets
Use 32-bit offsets in "switch" tables. The default is to use
16-bit offsets.

MCore Options

These are the -m options defined for the Motorola M*Core processors.

-mhardlit
-mno-hardlit
Inline constants into the code stream if it can be done in two
instructions or less.

-mdiv
-mno-div
Use the divide instruction. (Enabled by default).

-mrelax-immediate
-mno-relax-immediate
Allow arbitrary-sized immediates in bit operations.

-mwide-bitfields
-mno-wide-bitfields
Always treat bit-fields as "int"-sized.

-m4byte-functions
-mno-4byte-functions
Force all functions to be aligned to a 4-byte boundary.

-mcallgraph-data
-mno-callgraph-data
Emit callgraph information.

-mslow-bytes
-mno-slow-bytes
Prefer word access when reading byte quantities.

-mlittle-endian
-mbig-endian
Generate code for a little-endian target.

-m210
-m340
Generate code for the 210 processor.

-mno-lsim
Assume that runtime support has been provided and so omit the
simulator library (libsim.a) from the linker command line.

-mstack-increment=size
Set the maximum amount for a single stack increment operation.
Large values can increase the speed of programs that contain
functions that need a large amount of stack space, but they can
also trigger a segmentation fault if the stack is extended too
much. The default value is 0x1000.

MeP Options

-mabsdiff
Enables the "abs" instruction, which is the absolute difference
between two registers.

-mall-opts
Enables all the optional instructions---average, multiply, divide,
bit operations, leading zero, absolute difference, min/max, clip,
and saturation.

-maverage
Enables the "ave" instruction, which computes the average of two
registers.

-mbased=n
Variables of size n bytes or smaller are placed in the ".based"
section by default. Based variables use the $tp register as a base
register, and there is a 128-byte limit to the ".based" section.

-mbitops
Enables the bit operation instructions---bit test ("btstm"), set
("bsetm"), clear ("bclrm"), invert ("bnotm"), and test-and-set
("tas").

-mc=name
Selects which section constant data is placed in. name may be
tiny, near, or far.

-mclip
Enables the "clip" instruction. Note that -mclip is not useful
unless you also provide -mminmax.

-mconfig=name
Selects one of the built-in core configurations. Each MeP chip has
one or more modules in it; each module has a core CPU and a variety
of coprocessors, optional instructions, and peripherals. The
"MeP-Integrator" tool, not part of GCC, provides these
configurations through this option; using this option is the same
as using all the corresponding command-line options. The default
configuration is default.

-mcop
Enables the coprocessor instructions. By default, this is a 32-bit
coprocessor. Note that the coprocessor is normally enabled via the
-mconfig= option.

-mcop32
Enables the 32-bit coprocessor's instructions.

-mcop64
Enables the 64-bit coprocessor's instructions.

-mivc2
Enables IVC2 scheduling. IVC2 is a 64-bit VLIW coprocessor.

-mdc
Causes constant variables to be placed in the ".near" section.

-mdiv
Enables the "div" and "divu" instructions.

-meb
Generate big-endian code.

-mel
Generate little-endian code.

-mio-volatile
Tells the compiler that any variable marked with the "io" attribute
is to be considered volatile.

-ml Causes variables to be assigned to the ".far" section by default.

-mleadz
Enables the "leadz" (leading zero) instruction.

-mm Causes variables to be assigned to the ".near" section by default.

-mminmax
Enables the "min" and "max" instructions.

-mmult
Enables the multiplication and multiply-accumulate instructions.

-mno-opts
Disables all the optional instructions enabled by -mall-opts.

-mrepeat
Enables the "repeat" and "erepeat" instructions, used for low-
overhead looping.

-ms Causes all variables to default to the ".tiny" section. Note that
there is a 65536-byte limit to this section. Accesses to these
variables use the %gp base register.

-msatur
Enables the saturation instructions. Note that the compiler does
not currently generate these itself, but this option is included
for compatibility with other tools, like "as".

-msdram
Link the SDRAM-based runtime instead of the default ROM-based
runtime.

-msim
Link the simulator run-time libraries.

-msimnovec
Link the simulator runtime libraries, excluding built-in support
for reset and exception vectors and tables.

-mtf
Causes all functions to default to the ".far" section. Without
this option, functions default to the ".near" section.

-mtiny=n
Variables that are n bytes or smaller are allocated to the ".tiny"
section. These variables use the $gp base register. The default
for this option is 4, but note that there's a 65536-byte limit to
the ".tiny" section.

MicroBlaze Options

-msoft-float
Use software emulation for floating point (default).

-mhard-float
Use hardware floating-point instructions.

-mmemcpy
Do not optimize block moves, use "memcpy".

-mno-clearbss
This option is deprecated. Use -fno-zero-initialized-in-bss
instead.

-mcpu=cpu-type
Use features of, and schedule code for, the given CPU. Supported
values are in the format vX.YY.Z, where X is a major version, YY is
the minor version, and Z is compatibility code. Example values are
v3.00.a, v4.00.b, v5.00.a, v5.00.b, v6.00.a.

-mxl-soft-mul
Use software multiply emulation (default).

-mxl-soft-div
Use software emulation for divides (default).

-mxl-barrel-shift
Use the hardware barrel shifter.

-mxl-pattern-compare
Use pattern compare instructions.

-msmall-divides
Use table lookup optimization for small signed integer divisions.

-mxl-stack-check
This option is deprecated. Use -fstack-check instead.

-mxl-gp-opt
Use GP-relative ".sdata"/".sbss" sections.

-mxl-multiply-high
Use multiply high instructions for high part of 32x32 multiply.

-mxl-float-convert
Use hardware floating-point conversion instructions.

-mxl-float-sqrt
Use hardware floating-point square root instruction.

-mbig-endian
Generate code for a big-endian target.

-mlittle-endian
Generate code for a little-endian target.

-mxl-reorder
Use reorder instructions (swap and byte reversed load/store).

-mxl-mode-app-model
Select application model app-model. Valid models are

executable
normal executable (default), uses startup code crt0.o.

-mpic-data-is-text-relative
Assume that the displacement between the text and data segments
is fixed at static link time. This allows data to be
referenced by offset from start of text address instead of GOT
since PC-relative addressing is not supported.

xmdstub
for use with Xilinx Microprocessor Debugger (XMD) based
software intrusive debug agent called xmdstub. This uses
startup file crt1.o and sets the start address of the program
to 0x800.

bootstrap
for applications that are loaded using a bootloader. This
model uses startup file crt2.o which does not contain a
processor reset vector handler. This is suitable for
transferring control on a processor reset to the bootloader
rather than the application.

novectors
for applications that do not require any of the MicroBlaze
vectors. This option may be useful for applications running
within a monitoring application. This model uses crt3.o as a
startup file.

Option -xl-mode-app-model is a deprecated alias for -mxl-mode-app-
model.

MIPS Options

-EB Generate big-endian code.

-EL Generate little-endian code. This is the default for mips*el-*-*
configurations.

-march=arch
Generate code that runs on arch, which can be the name of a generic
MIPS ISA, or the name of a particular processor. The ISA names
are: mips1, mips2, mips3, mips4, mips32, mips32r2, mips32r3,
mips32r5, mips32r6, mips64, mips64r2, mips64r3, mips64r5 and
mips64r6. The processor names are: 4kc, 4km, 4kp, 4ksc, 4kec,
4kem, 4kep, 4ksd, 5kc, 5kf, 20kc, 24kc, 24kf2_1, 24kf1_1, 24kec,
24kef2_1, 24kef1_1, 34kc, 34kf2_1, 34kf1_1, 34kn, 74kc, 74kf2_1,
74kf1_1, 74kf3_2, 1004kc, 1004kf2_1, 1004kf1_1, i6400, i6500,
interaptiv, loongson2e, loongson2f, loongson3a, gs464, gs464e,
gs264e, m4k, m14k, m14kc, m14ke, m14kec, m5100, m5101, octeon,
octeon+, octeon2, octeon3, orion, p5600, p6600, r2000, r3000,
r3900, r4000, r4400, r4600, r4650, r4700, r5900, r6000, r8000,
rm7000, rm9000, r10000, r12000, r14000, r16000, sb1, sr71000,
vr4100, vr4111, vr4120, vr4130, vr4300, vr5000, vr5400, vr5500, xlr
and xlp. The special value from-abi selects the most compatible
architecture for the selected ABI (that is, mips1 for 32-bit ABIs
and mips3 for 64-bit ABIs).

The native Linux/GNU toolchain also supports the value native,
which selects the best architecture option for the host processor.
-march=native has no effect if GCC does not recognize the
processor.

In processor names, a final 000 can be abbreviated as k (for
example, -march=r2k). Prefixes are optional, and vr may be written
r.

Names of the form nf2_1 refer to processors with FPUs clocked at
half the rate of the core, names of the form nf1_1 refer to
processors with FPUs clocked at the same rate as the core, and
names of the form nf3_2 refer to processors with FPUs clocked a
ratio of 3:2 with respect to the core. For compatibility reasons,
nf is accepted as a synonym for nf2_1 while nx and bfx are accepted
as synonyms for nf1_1.

GCC defines two macros based on the value of this option. The
first is "_MIPS_ARCH", which gives the name of target architecture,
as a string. The second has the form "_MIPS_ARCH_foo", where foo
is the capitalized value of "_MIPS_ARCH". For example,
-march=r2000 sets "_MIPS_ARCH" to "r2000" and defines the macro
"_MIPS_ARCH_R2000".

Note that the "_MIPS_ARCH" macro uses the processor names given
above. In other words, it has the full prefix and does not
abbreviate 000 as k. In the case of from-abi, the macro names the
resolved architecture (either "mips1" or "mips3"). It names the
default architecture when no -march option is given.

-mtune=arch
Optimize for arch. Among other things, this option controls the
way instructions are scheduled, and the perceived cost of
arithmetic operations. The list of arch values is the same as for
-march.

When this option is not used, GCC optimizes for the processor
specified by -march. By using -march and -mtune together, it is
possible to generate code that runs on a family of processors, but
optimize the code for one particular member of that family.

-mtune defines the macros "_MIPS_TUNE" and "_MIPS_TUNE_foo", which
work in the same way as the -march ones described above.

-mips1
Equivalent to -march=mips1.

-mips2
Equivalent to -march=mips2.

-mips3
Equivalent to -march=mips3.

-mips4
Equivalent to -march=mips4.

-mips32
Equivalent to -march=mips32.

-mips32r3
Equivalent to -march=mips32r3.

-mips32r5
Equivalent to -march=mips32r5.

-mips32r6
Equivalent to -march=mips32r6.

-mips64
Equivalent to -march=mips64.

-mips64r2
Equivalent to -march=mips64r2.

-mips64r3
Equivalent to -march=mips64r3.

-mips64r5
Equivalent to -march=mips64r5.

-mips64r6
Equivalent to -march=mips64r6.

-mips16
-mno-mips16
Generate (do not generate) MIPS16 code. If GCC is targeting a
MIPS32 or MIPS64 architecture, it makes use of the MIPS16e ASE.

MIPS16 code generation can also be controlled on a per-function
basis by means of "mips16" and "nomips16" attributes.

-mflip-mips16
Generate MIPS16 code on alternating functions. This option is
provided for regression testing of mixed MIPS16/non-MIPS16 code
generation, and is not intended for ordinary use in compiling user
code.

-minterlink-compressed
-mno-interlink-compressed
Require (do not require) that code using the standard
(uncompressed) MIPS ISA be link-compatible with MIPS16 and
microMIPS code, and vice versa.

For example, code using the standard ISA encoding cannot jump
directly to MIPS16 or microMIPS code; it must either use a call or
an indirect jump. -minterlink-compressed therefore disables direct
jumps unless GCC knows that the target of the jump is not
compressed.

-minterlink-mips16
-mno-interlink-mips16
Aliases of -minterlink-compressed and -mno-interlink-compressed.
These options predate the microMIPS ASE and are retained for
backwards compatibility.

-mabi=32
-mabi=o64
-mabi=n32
-mabi=64
-mabi=eabi
Generate code for the given ABI.

Note that the EABI has a 32-bit and a 64-bit variant. GCC normally
generates 64-bit code when you select a 64-bit architecture, but
you can use -mgp32 to get 32-bit code instead.

For information about the O64 ABI, see
<http://gcc.gnu.org/projects/mipso64-abi.html>.

GCC supports a variant of the o32 ABI in which floating-point
registers are 64 rather than 32 bits wide. You can select this
combination with -mabi=32 -mfp64. This ABI relies on the "mthc1"
and "mfhc1" instructions and is therefore only supported for
MIPS32R2, MIPS32R3 and MIPS32R5 processors.

The register assignments for arguments and return values remain the
same, but each scalar value is passed in a single 64-bit register
rather than a pair of 32-bit registers. For example, scalar
floating-point values are returned in $f0 only, not a $f0/$f1 pair.
The set of call-saved registers also remains the same in that the
even-numbered double-precision registers are saved.

Two additional variants of the o32 ABI are supported to enable a
transition from 32-bit to 64-bit registers. These are FPXX
(-mfpxx) and FP64A (-mfp64 -mno-odd-spreg). The FPXX extension
mandates that all code must execute correctly when run using 32-bit
or 64-bit registers. The code can be interlinked with either FP32
or FP64, but not both. The FP64A extension is similar to the FP64
extension but forbids the use of odd-numbered single-precision
registers. This can be used in conjunction with the "FRE" mode of
FPUs in MIPS32R5 processors and allows both FP32 and FP64A code to
interlink and run in the same process without changing FPU modes.

-mabicalls
-mno-abicalls
Generate (do not generate) code that is suitable for SVR4-style
dynamic objects. -mabicalls is the default for SVR4-based systems.

-mshared
-mno-shared
Generate (do not generate) code that is fully position-independent,
and that can therefore be linked into shared libraries. This
option only affects -mabicalls.

All -mabicalls code has traditionally been position-independent,
regardless of options like -fPIC and -fpic. However, as an
extension, the GNU toolchain allows executables to use absolute
accesses for locally-binding symbols. It can also use shorter GP
initialization sequences and generate direct calls to locally-
defined functions. This mode is selected by -mno-shared.

-mno-shared depends on binutils 2.16 or higher and generates
objects that can only be linked by the GNU linker. However, the
option does not affect the ABI of the final executable; it only
affects the ABI of relocatable objects. Using -mno-shared
generally makes executables both smaller and quicker.

-mshared is the default.

-mplt
-mno-plt
Assume (do not assume) that the static and dynamic linkers support
PLTs and copy relocations. This option only affects -mno-shared
-mabicalls. For the n64 ABI, this option has no effect without
-msym32.

You can make -mplt the default by configuring GCC with
--with-mips-plt. The default is -mno-plt otherwise.

-mxgot
-mno-xgot
Lift (do not lift) the usual restrictions on the size of the global
offset table.

relocation truncated to fit: R_MIPS_GOT16 foobar

If this happens, you should recompile your code with -mxgot. This
works with very large GOTs, although the code is also less
efficient, since it takes three instructions to fetch the value of
a global symbol.

Note that some linkers can create multiple GOTs. If you have such
a linker, you should only need to use -mxgot when a single object
file accesses more than 64k's worth of GOT entries. Very few do.

These options have no effect unless GCC is generating position
independent code.

-mgp32
Assume that general-purpose registers are 32 bits wide.

-mgp64
Assume that general-purpose registers are 64 bits wide.

-mfp32
Assume that floating-point registers are 32 bits wide.

-mfp64
Assume that floating-point registers are 64 bits wide.

-mfpxx
Do not assume the width of floating-point registers.

-mhard-float
Use floating-point coprocessor instructions.

-msoft-float
Do not use floating-point coprocessor instructions. Implement
floating-point calculations using library calls instead.

-mno-float
Equivalent to -msoft-float, but additionally asserts that the
program being compiled does not perform any floating-point
operations. This option is presently supported only by some bare-
metal MIPS configurations, where it may select a special set of
libraries that lack all floating-point support (including, for
example, the floating-point "printf" formats). If code compiled
with -mno-float accidentally contains floating-point operations, it
is likely to suffer a link-time or run-time failure.

-msingle-float
Assume that the floating-point coprocessor only supports single-
precision operations.

-mdouble-float
Assume that the floating-point coprocessor supports double-
precision operations. This is the default.

-modd-spreg
-mno-odd-spreg
Enable the use of odd-numbered single-precision floating-point
registers for the o32 ABI. This is the default for processors that
are known to support these registers. When using the o32 FPXX ABI,
-mno-odd-spreg is set by default.

-mabs=2008
-mabs=legacy
These options control the treatment of the special not-a-number
(NaN) IEEE 754 floating-point data with the "abs.fmt" and "neg.fmt"
machine instructions.

By default or when -mabs=legacy is used the legacy treatment is
selected. In this case these instructions are considered
arithmetic and avoided where correct operation is required and the
input operand might be a NaN. A longer sequence of instructions
that manipulate the sign bit of floating-point datum manually is
used instead unless the -ffinite-math-only option has also been
specified.

The -mabs=2008 option selects the IEEE 754-2008 treatment. In this
case these instructions are considered non-arithmetic and therefore
operating correctly in all cases, including in particular where the
input operand is a NaN. These instructions are therefore always
used for the respective operations.

-mnan=2008
-mnan=legacy
These options control the encoding of the special not-a-number
(NaN) IEEE 754 floating-point data.

The -mnan=legacy option selects the legacy encoding. In this case
quiet NaNs (qNaNs) are denoted by the first bit of their trailing
significand field being 0, whereas signaling NaNs (sNaNs) are
denoted by the first bit of their trailing significand field being
1.

The -mnan=2008 option selects the IEEE 754-2008 encoding. In this
case qNaNs are denoted by the first bit of their trailing
significand field being 1, whereas sNaNs are denoted by the first
bit of their trailing significand field being 0.

The default is -mnan=legacy unless GCC has been configured with
--with-nan=2008.

-mllsc
-mno-llsc
Use (do not use) ll, sc, and sync instructions to implement atomic
memory built-in functions. When neither option is specified, GCC
uses the instructions if the target architecture supports them.

-mllsc is useful if the runtime environment can emulate the
instructions and -mno-llsc can be useful when compiling for
nonstandard ISAs. You can make either option the default by
configuring GCC with --with-llsc and --without-llsc respectively.
--with-llsc is the default for some configurations; see the
installation documentation for details.

-mdsp
-mno-dsp
Use (do not use) revision 1 of the MIPS DSP ASE.
This option defines the preprocessor macro "__mips_dsp". It also
defines "__mips_dsp_rev" to 1.

-mdspr2
-mno-dspr2
Use (do not use) revision 2 of the MIPS DSP ASE.
This option defines the preprocessor macros "__mips_dsp" and
"__mips_dspr2". It also defines "__mips_dsp_rev" to 2.

-msmartmips
-mno-smartmips
Use (do not use) the MIPS SmartMIPS ASE.

-mpaired-single
-mno-paired-single
Use (do not use) paired-single floating-point instructions.
This option requires hardware floating-point support to be
enabled.

-mdmx
-mno-mdmx
Use (do not use) MIPS Digital Media Extension instructions. This
option can only be used when generating 64-bit code and requires
hardware floating-point support to be enabled.

-mips3d
-mno-mips3d
Use (do not use) the MIPS-3D ASE. The option -mips3d implies
-mpaired-single.

-mmicromips
-mno-micromips
Generate (do not generate) microMIPS code.

MicroMIPS code generation can also be controlled on a per-function
basis by means of "micromips" and "nomicromips" attributes.

-mmt
-mno-mt
Use (do not use) MT Multithreading instructions.

-mmcu
-mno-mcu
Use (do not use) the MIPS MCU ASE instructions.

-meva
-mno-eva
Use (do not use) the MIPS Enhanced Virtual Addressing instructions.

-mvirt
-mno-virt
Use (do not use) the MIPS Virtualization (VZ) instructions.

-mxpa
-mno-xpa
Use (do not use) the MIPS eXtended Physical Address (XPA)
instructions.

-mcrc
-mno-crc
Use (do not use) the MIPS Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)
instructions.

-mginv
-mno-ginv
Use (do not use) the MIPS Global INValidate (GINV) instructions.

-mloongson-mmi
-mno-loongson-mmi
Use (do not use) the MIPS Loongson MultiMedia extensions
Instructions (MMI).

-mloongson-ext
-mno-loongson-ext
Use (do not use) the MIPS Loongson EXTensions (EXT) instructions.

-mloongson-ext2
-mno-loongson-ext2
Use (do not use) the MIPS Loongson EXTensions r2 (EXT2)
instructions.

-mlong64
Force "long" types to be 64 bits wide. See -mlong32 for an
explanation of the default and the way that the pointer size is
determined.

-mlong32
Force "long", "int", and pointer types to be 32 bits wide.

The default size of "int"s, "long"s and pointers depends on the
ABI. All the supported ABIs use 32-bit "int"s. The n64 ABI uses
64-bit "long"s, as does the 64-bit EABI; the others use 32-bit
"long"s. Pointers are the same size as "long"s, or the same size
as integer registers, whichever is smaller.

-msym32
-mno-sym32
Assume (do not assume) that all symbols have 32-bit values,
regardless of the selected ABI. This option is useful in
combination with -mabi=64 and -mno-abicalls because it allows GCC
to generate shorter and faster references to symbolic addresses.

-G num
Put definitions of externally-visible data in a small data section
if that data is no bigger than num bytes. GCC can then generate
more efficient accesses to the data; see -mgpopt for details.

The default -G option depends on the configuration.

-mlocal-sdata
-mno-local-sdata
Extend (do not extend) the -G behavior to local data too, such as
to static variables in C. -mlocal-sdata is the default for all
configurations.

If the linker complains that an application is using too much small
data, you might want to try rebuilding the less performance-
critical parts with -mno-local-sdata. You might also want to build
large libraries with -mno-local-sdata, so that the libraries leave
more room for the main program.

-mextern-sdata
-mno-extern-sdata
Assume (do not assume) that externally-defined data is in a small
data section if the size of that data is within the -G limit.
-mextern-sdata is the default for all configurations.

If you compile a module Mod with -mextern-sdata -G num -mgpopt, and
Mod references a variable Var that is no bigger than num bytes, you
must make sure that Var is placed in a small data section. If Var
is defined by another module, you must either compile that module
with a high-enough -G setting or attach a "section" attribute to
Var's definition. If Var is common, you must link the application
with a high-enough -G setting.

The easiest way of satisfying these restrictions is to compile and
link every module with the same -G option. However, you may wish
to build a library that supports several different small data
limits. You can do this by compiling the library with the highest
supported -G setting and additionally using -mno-extern-sdata to
stop the library from making assumptions about externally-defined
data.

-mgpopt
-mno-gpopt
Use (do not use) GP-relative accesses for symbols that are known to
be in a small data section; see -G, -mlocal-sdata and
-mextern-sdata. -mgpopt is the default for all configurations.

-mno-gpopt is useful for cases where the $gp register might not
hold the value of "_gp". For example, if the code is part of a
library that might be used in a boot monitor, programs that call
boot monitor routines pass an unknown value in $gp. (In such
situations, the boot monitor itself is usually compiled with -G0.)

-mno-gpopt implies -mno-local-sdata and -mno-extern-sdata.

-membedded-data
-mno-embedded-data
Allocate variables to the read-only data section first if possible,
then next in the small data section if possible, otherwise in data.
This gives slightly slower code than the default, but reduces the
amount of RAM required when executing, and thus may be preferred
for some embedded systems.

-muninit-const-in-rodata
-mno-uninit-const-in-rodata
Put uninitialized "const" variables in the read-only data section.
This option is only meaningful in conjunction with -membedded-data.

-mcode-readable=setting
Specify whether GCC may generate code that reads from executable
sections. There are three possible settings:

-mcode-readable=yes
Instructions may freely access executable sections. This is
the default setting.

-mcode-readable=pcrel
MIPS16 PC-relative load instructions can access executable
sections, but other instructions must not do so. This option
is useful on 4KSc and 4KSd processors when the code TLBs have
the Read Inhibit bit set. It is also useful on processors that
can be configured to have a dual instruction/data SRAM
interface and that, like the M4K, automatically redirect PC-
relative loads to the instruction RAM.

-mcode-readable=no
Instructions must not access executable sections. This option
can be useful on targets that are configured to have a dual
instruction/data SRAM interface but that (unlike the M4K) do
not automatically redirect PC-relative loads to the instruction
RAM.

-msplit-addresses
-mno-split-addresses
Enable (disable) use of the "%hi()" and "%lo()" assembler
relocation operators. This option has been superseded by
-mexplicit-relocs but is retained for backwards compatibility.

-mexplicit-relocs
-mno-explicit-relocs
Use (do not use) assembler relocation operators when dealing with
symbolic addresses. The alternative, selected by
-mno-explicit-relocs, is to use assembler macros instead.

-mexplicit-relocs is the default if GCC was configured to use an
assembler that supports relocation operators.

-mcheck-zero-division
-mno-check-zero-division
Trap (do not trap) on integer division by zero.

The default is -mcheck-zero-division.

-mdivide-traps
-mdivide-breaks
MIPS systems check for division by zero by generating either a
conditional trap or a break instruction. Using traps results in
smaller code, but is only supported on MIPS II and later. Also,
some versions of the Linux kernel have a bug that prevents trap
from generating the proper signal ("SIGFPE"). Use -mdivide-traps
to allow conditional traps on architectures that support them and
-mdivide-breaks to force the use of breaks.

The default is usually -mdivide-traps, but this can be overridden
at configure time using --with-divide=breaks. Divide-by-zero
checks can be completely disabled using -mno-check-zero-division.

-mload-store-pairs
-mno-load-store-pairs
Enable (disable) an optimization that pairs consecutive load or
store instructions to enable load/store bonding. This option is
enabled by default but only takes effect when the selected
architecture is known to support bonding.

-mmemcpy
-mno-memcpy
Force (do not force) the use of "memcpy" for non-trivial block
moves. The default is -mno-memcpy, which allows GCC to inline most
constant-sized copies.

-mlong-calls
-mno-long-calls
Disable (do not disable) use of the "jal" instruction. Calling
functions using "jal" is more efficient but requires the caller and
callee to be in the same 256 megabyte segment.

This option has no effect on abicalls code. The default is
-mno-long-calls.

-mmad
-mno-mad
Enable (disable) use of the "mad", "madu" and "mul" instructions,
as provided by the R4650 ISA.

-mimadd
-mno-imadd
Enable (disable) use of the "madd" and "msub" integer instructions.
The default is -mimadd on architectures that support "madd" and
"msub" except for the 74k architecture where it was found to
generate slower code.

-mfused-madd
-mno-fused-madd
Enable (disable) use of the floating-point multiply-accumulate
instructions, when they are available. The default is
-mfused-madd.

On the R8000 CPU when multiply-accumulate instructions are used,
the intermediate product is calculated to infinite precision and is
not subject to the FCSR Flush to Zero bit. This may be undesirable
in some circumstances. On other processors the result is
numerically identical to the equivalent computation using separate
multiply, add, subtract and negate instructions.

-nocpp
Tell the MIPS assembler to not run its preprocessor over user
assembler files (with a .s suffix) when assembling them.

-mfix-24k
-mno-fix-24k
Work around the 24K E48 (lost data on stores during refill) errata.
The workarounds are implemented by the assembler rather than by
GCC.

-mfix-r4000
-mno-fix-r4000
Work around certain R4000 CPU errata:

- A double-word or a variable shift may give an incorrect result
if executed immediately after starting an integer division.

- A double-word or a variable shift may give an incorrect result
if executed while an integer multiplication is in progress.

- An integer division may give an incorrect result if started in
a delay slot of a taken branch or a jump.

-mfix-r4400
-mno-fix-r4400
Work around certain R4400 CPU errata:

- A double-word or a variable shift may give an incorrect result
if executed immediately after starting an integer division.

-mfix-r10000
-mno-fix-r10000
Work around certain R10000 errata:

- "ll"/"sc" sequences may not behave atomically on revisions
prior to 3.0. They may deadlock on revisions 2.6 and earlier.

This option can only be used if the target architecture supports
branch-likely instructions. -mfix-r10000 is the default when
-march=r10000 is used; -mno-fix-r10000 is the default otherwise.

-mfix-r5900
-mno-fix-r5900
Do not attempt to schedule the preceding instruction into the delay
slot of a branch instruction placed at the end of a short loop of
six instructions or fewer and always schedule a "nop" instruction
there instead. The short loop bug under certain conditions causes
loops to execute only once or twice, due to a hardware bug in the
R5900 chip. The workaround is implemented by the assembler rather
than by GCC.

-mfix-rm7000
-mno-fix-rm7000
Work around the RM7000 "dmult"/"dmultu" errata. The workarounds
are implemented by the assembler rather than by GCC.

-mfix-vr4120
-mno-fix-vr4120
Work around certain VR4120 errata:

- "dmultu" does not always produce the correct result.

- "div" and "ddiv" do not always produce the correct result if
one of the operands is negative.

The workarounds for the division errata rely on special functions
in libgcc.a. At present, these functions are only provided by the
"mips64vr*-elf" configurations.

Other VR4120 errata require a NOP to be inserted between certain
pairs of instructions. These errata are handled by the assembler,
not by GCC itself.

-mfix-vr4130
Work around the VR4130 "mflo"/"mfhi" errata. The workarounds are
implemented by the assembler rather than by GCC, although GCC
avoids using "mflo" and "mfhi" if the VR4130 "macc", "macchi",
"dmacc" and "dmacchi" instructions are available instead.

-mfix-sb1
-mno-fix-sb1
Work around certain SB-1 CPU core errata. (This flag currently
works around the SB-1 revision 2 "F1" and "F2" floating-point
errata.)

-mr10k-cache-barrier=setting
Specify whether GCC should insert cache barriers to avoid the side
effects of speculation on R10K processors.

In common with many processors, the R10K tries to predict the
outcome of a conditional branch and speculatively executes
instructions from the "taken" branch. It later aborts these
instructions if the predicted outcome is wrong. However, on the
R10K, even aborted instructions can have side effects.

This problem only affects kernel stores and, depending on the
system, kernel loads. As an example, a speculatively-executed
store may load the target memory into cache and mark the cache line
as dirty, even if the store itself is later aborted. If a DMA
operation writes to the same area of memory before the "dirty" line
is flushed, the cached data overwrites the DMA-ed data. See the
R10K processor manual for a full description, including other
potential problems.

One workaround is to insert cache barrier instructions before every
memory access that might be speculatively executed and that might
have side effects even if aborted. -mr10k-cache-barrier=setting
controls GCC's implementation of this workaround. It assumes that
aborted accesses to any byte in the following regions does not have
side effects:

1. the memory occupied by the current function's stack frame;

2. the memory occupied by an incoming stack argument;

3. the memory occupied by an object with a link-time-constant
address.

It is the kernel's responsibility to ensure that speculative
accesses to these regions are indeed safe.

If the input program contains a function declaration such as:

void foo (void);

then the implementation of "foo" must allow "j foo" and "jal foo"
to be executed speculatively. GCC honors this restriction for
functions it compiles itself. It expects non-GCC functions (such
as hand-written assembly code) to do the same.

The option has three forms:

-mr10k-cache-barrier=load-store
Insert a cache barrier before a load or store that might be
speculatively executed and that might have side effects even if
aborted.

-mr10k-cache-barrier=store
Insert a cache barrier before a store that might be
speculatively executed and that might have side effects even if
aborted.

-mr10k-cache-barrier=none
Disable the insertion of cache barriers. This is the default
setting.

-mflush-func=func
-mno-flush-func
Specifies the function to call to flush the I and D caches, or to
not call any such function. If called, the function must take the
same arguments as the common "_flush_func", that is, the address of
the memory range for which the cache is being flushed, the size of
the memory range, and the number 3 (to flush both caches). The
default depends on the target GCC was configured for, but commonly
is either "_flush_func" or "__cpu_flush".

mbranch-cost=num
Set the cost of branches to roughly num "simple" instructions.
This cost is only a heuristic and is not guaranteed to produce
consistent results across releases. A zero cost redundantly
selects the default, which is based on the -mtune setting.

-mbranch-likely
-mno-branch-likely
Enable or disable use of Branch Likely instructions, regardless of
the default for the selected architecture. By default, Branch
Likely instructions may be generated if they are supported by the
selected architecture. An exception is for the MIPS32 and MIPS64
architectures and processors that implement those architectures;
for those, Branch Likely instructions are not be generated by
default because the MIPS32 and MIPS64 architectures specifically
deprecate their use.

-mcompact-branches=never
-mcompact-branches=optimal
-mcompact-branches=always
These options control which form of branches will be generated.
The default is -mcompact-branches=optimal.

The -mcompact-branches=never option ensures that compact branch
instructions will never be generated.

The -mcompact-branches=always option ensures that a compact branch
instruction will be generated if available. If a compact branch
instruction is not available, a delay slot form of the branch will
be used instead.

This option is supported from MIPS Release 6 onwards.

The -mcompact-branches=optimal option will cause a delay slot
branch to be used if one is available in the current ISA and the
delay slot is successfully filled. If the delay slot is not
filled, a compact branch will be chosen if one is available.

-mfp-exceptions
-mno-fp-exceptions
Specifies whether FP exceptions are enabled. This affects how FP
instructions are scheduled for some processors. The default is
that FP exceptions are enabled.

For instance, on the SB-1, if FP exceptions are disabled, and we
are emitting 64-bit code, then we can use both FP pipes.
Otherwise, we can only use one FP pipe.

-mvr4130-align
-mno-vr4130-align
The VR4130 pipeline is two-way superscalar, but can only issue two
instructions together if the first one is 8-byte aligned. When
this option is enabled, GCC aligns pairs of instructions that it
thinks should execute in parallel.

This option only has an effect when optimizing for the VR4130. It
normally makes code faster, but at the expense of making it bigger.
It is enabled by default at optimization level -O3.

-msynci
-mno-synci
Enable (disable) generation of "synci" instructions on
architectures that support it. The "synci" instructions (if
enabled) are generated when "__builtin___clear_cache" is compiled.

This option defaults to -mno-synci, but the default can be
overridden by configuring GCC with --with-synci.

When compiling code for single processor systems, it is generally
safe to use "synci". However, on many multi-core (SMP) systems, it
does not invalidate the instruction caches on all cores and may
lead to undefined behavior.

-mrelax-pic-calls
-mno-relax-pic-calls
Try to turn PIC calls that are normally dispatched via register $25
into direct calls. This is only possible if the linker can resolve
the destination at link time and if the destination is within range
for a direct call.

-mrelax-pic-calls is the default if GCC was configured to use an
assembler and a linker that support the ".reloc" assembly directive
and -mexplicit-relocs is in effect. With -mno-explicit-relocs,
this optimization can be performed by the assembler and the linker
alone without help from the compiler.

-mmcount-ra-address
-mno-mcount-ra-address
Emit (do not emit) code that allows "_mcount" to modify the calling
function's return address. When enabled, this option extends the
usual "_mcount" interface with a new ra-address parameter, which
has type "intptr_t *" and is passed in register $12. "_mcount" can
then modify the return address by doing both of the following:

* Returning the new address in register $31.

* Storing the new address in "*ra-address", if ra-address is
nonnull.

The default is -mno-mcount-ra-address.

-mframe-header-opt
-mno-frame-header-opt
Enable (disable) frame header optimization in the o32 ABI. When
using the o32 ABI, calling functions will allocate 16 bytes on the
stack for the called function to write out register arguments.
When enabled, this optimization will suppress the allocation of the
frame header if it can be determined that it is unused.

This optimization is off by default at all optimization levels.

-mlxc1-sxc1
-mno-lxc1-sxc1
When applicable, enable (disable) the generation of "lwxc1",
"swxc1", "ldxc1", "sdxc1" instructions. Enabled by default.

-mmadd4
-mno-madd4
When applicable, enable (disable) the generation of 4-operand
"madd.s", "madd.d" and related instructions. Enabled by default.

MMIX Options

These options are defined for the MMIX:

-mlibfuncs
-mno-libfuncs
Specify that intrinsic library functions are being compiled,
passing all values in registers, no matter the size.

-mepsilon
-mno-epsilon
Generate floating-point comparison instructions that compare with
respect to the "rE" epsilon register.

-mabi=mmixware
-mabi=gnu
Generate code that passes function parameters and return values
that (in the called function) are seen as registers $0 and up, as
opposed to the GNU ABI which uses global registers $231 and up.

-mzero-extend
-mno-zero-extend
When reading data from memory in sizes shorter than 64 bits, use
(do not use) zero-extending load instructions by default, rather
than sign-extending ones.

-mknuthdiv
-mno-knuthdiv
Make the result of a division yielding a remainder have the same
sign as the divisor. With the default, -mno-knuthdiv, the sign of
the remainder follows the sign of the dividend. Both methods are
arithmetically valid, the latter being almost exclusively used.

-mtoplevel-symbols
-mno-toplevel-symbols
Prepend (do not prepend) a : to all global symbols, so the assembly
code can be used with the "PREFIX" assembly directive.

-melf
Generate an executable in the ELF format, rather than the default
mmo format used by the mmix simulator.

-mbranch-predict
-mno-branch-predict
Use (do not use) the probable-branch instructions, when static
branch prediction indicates a probable branch.

-mbase-addresses
-mno-base-addresses
Generate (do not generate) code that uses base addresses. Using a
base address automatically generates a request (handled by the
assembler and the linker) for a constant to be set up in a global
register. The register is used for one or more base address
requests within the range 0 to 255 from the value held in the
register. The generally leads to short and fast code, but the
number of different data items that can be addressed is limited.
This means that a program that uses lots of static data may require
-mno-base-addresses.

-msingle-exit
-mno-single-exit
Force (do not force) generated code to have a single exit point in
each function.

MN10300 Options

These -m options are defined for Matsushita MN10300 architectures:

-mmult-bug
Generate code to avoid bugs in the multiply instructions for the
MN10300 processors. This is the default.

-mno-mult-bug
Do not generate code to avoid bugs in the multiply instructions for
the MN10300 processors.

-mam33
Generate code using features specific to the AM33 processor.

-mno-am33
Do not generate code using features specific to the AM33 processor.
This is the default.

-mam33-2
Generate code using features specific to the AM33/2.0 processor.

-mam34
Generate code using features specific to the AM34 processor.

-mtune=cpu-type
Use the timing characteristics of the indicated CPU type when
scheduling instructions. This does not change the targeted
processor type. The CPU type must be one of mn10300, am33, am33-2
or am34.

-mreturn-pointer-on-d0
When generating a function that returns a pointer, return the
pointer in both "a0" and "d0". Otherwise, the pointer is returned
only in "a0", and attempts to call such functions without a
prototype result in errors. Note that this option is on by
default; use -mno-return-pointer-on-d0 to disable it.

-mno-crt0
Do not link in the C run-time initialization object file.

-mrelax
Indicate to the linker that it should perform a relaxation
optimization pass to shorten branches, calls and absolute memory
addresses. This option only has an effect when used on the command
line for the final link step.

This option makes symbolic debugging impossible.

-mliw
Allow the compiler to generate Long Instruction Word instructions
if the target is the AM33 or later. This is the default. This
option defines the preprocessor macro "__LIW__".

-mno-liw
Do not allow the compiler to generate Long Instruction Word
instructions. This option defines the preprocessor macro
"__NO_LIW__".

-msetlb
Allow the compiler to generate the SETLB and Lcc instructions if
the target is the AM33 or later. This is the default. This option
defines the preprocessor macro "__SETLB__".

-mno-setlb
Do not allow the compiler to generate SETLB or Lcc instructions.
This option defines the preprocessor macro "__NO_SETLB__".

Moxie Options

-meb
Generate big-endian code. This is the default for moxie-*-*
configurations.

-mel
Generate little-endian code.

-mmul.x
Generate mul.x and umul.x instructions. This is the default for
moxiebox-*-* configurations.

-mno-crt0
Do not link in the C run-time initialization object file.

MSP430 Options

These options are defined for the MSP430:

-masm-hex
Force assembly output to always use hex constants. Normally such
constants are signed decimals, but this option is available for
testsuite and/or aesthetic purposes.

-mmcu=
Select the MCU to target. This is used to create a C preprocessor
symbol based upon the MCU name, converted to upper case and pre-
and post-fixed with __. This in turn is used by the msp430.h
header file to select an MCU-specific supplementary header file.

The option also sets the ISA to use. If the MCU name is one that
is known to only support the 430 ISA then that is selected,
otherwise the 430X ISA is selected. A generic MCU name of msp430
can also be used to select the 430 ISA. Similarly the generic
msp430x MCU name selects the 430X ISA.

In addition an MCU-specific linker script is added to the linker
command line. The script's name is the name of the MCU with .ld
appended. Thus specifying -mmcu=xxx on the gcc command line
defines the C preprocessor symbol "__XXX__" and cause the linker to
search for a script called xxx.ld.

This option is also passed on to the assembler.

-mwarn-mcu
-mno-warn-mcu
This option enables or disables warnings about conflicts between
the MCU name specified by the -mmcu option and the ISA set by the
-mcpu option and/or the hardware multiply support set by the
-mhwmult option. It also toggles warnings about unrecognized MCU
names. This option is on by default.

-mcpu=
Specifies the ISA to use. Accepted values are msp430, msp430x and
msp430xv2. This option is deprecated. The -mmcu= option should be
used to select the ISA.

-msim
Link to the simulator runtime libraries and linker script.
Overrides any scripts that would be selected by the -mmcu= option.

-mlarge
Use large-model addressing (20-bit pointers, 32-bit "size_t").

-msmall
Use small-model addressing (16-bit pointers, 16-bit "size_t").

-mrelax
This option is passed to the assembler and linker, and allows the
linker to perform certain optimizations that cannot be done until
the final link.

mhwmult=
Describes the type of hardware multiply supported by the target.
Accepted values are none for no hardware multiply, 16bit for the
original 16-bit-only multiply supported by early MCUs. 32bit for
the 16/32-bit multiply supported by later MCUs and f5series for the
16/32-bit multiply supported by F5-series MCUs. A value of auto
can also be given. This tells GCC to deduce the hardware multiply
support based upon the MCU name provided by the -mmcu option. If
no -mmcu option is specified or if the MCU name is not recognized
then no hardware multiply support is assumed. "auto" is the
default setting.

Hardware multiplies are normally performed by calling a library
routine. This saves space in the generated code. When compiling
at -O3 or higher however the hardware multiplier is invoked inline.
This makes for bigger, but faster code.

The hardware multiply routines disable interrupts whilst running
and restore the previous interrupt state when they finish. This
makes them safe to use inside interrupt handlers as well as in
normal code.

-minrt
Enable the use of a minimum runtime environment - no static
initializers or constructors. This is intended for memory-
constrained devices. The compiler includes special symbols in some
objects that tell the linker and runtime which code fragments are
required.

-mcode-region=
-mdata-region=
These options tell the compiler where to place functions and data
that do not have one of the "lower", "upper", "either" or "section"
attributes. Possible values are "lower", "upper", "either" or
"any". The first three behave like the corresponding attribute.
The fourth possible value - "any" - is the default. It leaves
placement entirely up to the linker script and how it assigns the
standard sections (".text", ".data", etc) to the memory regions.

-msilicon-errata=
This option passes on a request to assembler to enable the fixes
for the named silicon errata.

-msilicon-errata-warn=
This option passes on a request to the assembler to enable warning
messages when a silicon errata might need to be applied.

NDS32 Options

These options are defined for NDS32 implementations:

-mbig-endian
Generate code in big-endian mode.

-mlittle-endian
Generate code in little-endian mode.

-mreduced-regs
Use reduced-set registers for register allocation.

-mfull-regs
Use full-set registers for register allocation.

-mcmov
Generate conditional move instructions.

-mno-cmov
Do not generate conditional move instructions.

-mext-perf
Generate performance extension instructions.

-mno-ext-perf
Do not generate performance extension instructions.

-mext-perf2
Generate performance extension 2 instructions.

-mno-ext-perf2
Do not generate performance extension 2 instructions.

-mext-string
Generate string extension instructions.

-mno-ext-string
Do not generate string extension instructions.

-mv3push
Generate v3 push25/pop25 instructions.

-mno-v3push
Do not generate v3 push25/pop25 instructions.

-m16-bit
Generate 16-bit instructions.

-mno-16-bit
Do not generate 16-bit instructions.

-misr-vector-size=num
Specify the size of each interrupt vector, which must be 4 or 16.

-mcache-block-size=num
Specify the size of each cache block, which must be a power of 2
between 4 and 512.

-march=arch
Specify the name of the target architecture.

-mcmodel=code-model
Set the code model to one of

small
All the data and read-only data segments must be within 512KB
addressing space. The text segment must be within 16MB
addressing space.

medium
The data segment must be within 512KB while the read-only data
segment can be within 4GB addressing space. The text segment
should be still within 16MB addressing space.

large
All the text and data segments can be within 4GB addressing
space.

-mctor-dtor
Enable constructor/destructor feature.

-mrelax
Guide linker to relax instructions.

Nios II Options

These are the options defined for the Altera Nios II processor.

-G num
Put global and static objects less than or equal to num bytes into
the small data or BSS sections instead of the normal data or BSS
sections. The default value of num is 8.

-mgpopt=option
-mgpopt
-mno-gpopt
Generate (do not generate) GP-relative accesses. The following
option names are recognized:

none
Do not generate GP-relative accesses.

local
Generate GP-relative accesses for small data objects that are
not external, weak, or uninitialized common symbols. Also use
GP-relative addressing for objects that have been explicitly
placed in a small data section via a "section" attribute.

global
As for local, but also generate GP-relative accesses for small
data objects that are external, weak, or common. If you use
this option, you must ensure that all parts of your program
(including libraries) are compiled with the same -G setting.

data
Generate GP-relative accesses for all data objects in the
program. If you use this option, the entire data and BSS
segments of your program must fit in 64K of memory and you must
use an appropriate linker script to allocate them within the
addressable range of the global pointer.

all Generate GP-relative addresses for function pointers as well as
data pointers. If you use this option, the entire text, data,
and BSS segments of your program must fit in 64K of memory and
you must use an appropriate linker script to allocate them
within the addressable range of the global pointer.

-mgpopt is equivalent to -mgpopt=local, and -mno-gpopt is
equivalent to -mgpopt=none.

The default is -mgpopt except when -fpic or -fPIC is specified to
generate position-independent code. Note that the Nios II ABI does
not permit GP-relative accesses from shared libraries.

You may need to specify -mno-gpopt explicitly when building
programs that include large amounts of small data, including large
GOT data sections. In this case, the 16-bit offset for GP-relative
addressing may not be large enough to allow access to the entire
small data section.

-mgprel-sec=regexp
This option specifies additional section names that can be accessed
via GP-relative addressing. It is most useful in conjunction with
"section" attributes on variable declarations and a custom linker
script. The regexp is a POSIX Extended Regular Expression.

This option does not affect the behavior of the -G option, and the
specified sections are in addition to the standard ".sdata" and
".sbss" small-data sections that are recognized by -mgpopt.

-mr0rel-sec=regexp
This option specifies names of sections that can be accessed via a
16-bit offset from "r0"; that is, in the low 32K or high 32K of the
32-bit address space. It is most useful in conjunction with
"section" attributes on variable declarations and a custom linker
script. The regexp is a POSIX Extended Regular Expression.

In contrast to the use of GP-relative addressing for small data,
zero-based addressing is never generated by default and there are
no conventional section names used in standard linker scripts for
sections in the low or high areas of memory.

-mel
-meb
Generate little-endian (default) or big-endian (experimental) code,
respectively.

-march=arch
This specifies the name of the target Nios II architecture. GCC
uses this name to determine what kind of instructions it can emit
when generating assembly code. Permissible names are: r1, r2.

The preprocessor macro "__nios2_arch__" is available to programs,
with value 1 or 2, indicating the targeted ISA level.

-mbypass-cache
-mno-bypass-cache
Force all load and store instructions to always bypass cache by
using I/O variants of the instructions. The default is not to
bypass the cache.

-mno-cache-volatile
-mcache-volatile
Volatile memory access bypass the cache using the I/O variants of
the load and store instructions. The default is not to bypass the
cache.

-mno-fast-sw-div
-mfast-sw-div
Do not use table-based fast divide for small numbers. The default
is to use the fast divide at -O3 and above.

-mno-hw-mul
-mhw-mul
-mno-hw-mulx
-mhw-mulx
-mno-hw-div
-mhw-div
Enable or disable emitting "mul", "mulx" and "div" family of
instructions by the compiler. The default is to emit "mul" and not
emit "div" and "mulx".

-mbmx
-mno-bmx
-mcdx
-mno-cdx
Enable or disable generation of Nios II R2 BMX (bit manipulation)
and CDX (code density) instructions. Enabling these instructions
also requires -march=r2. Since these instructions are optional
extensions to the R2 architecture, the default is not to emit them.

-mcustom-insn=N
-mno-custom-insn
Each -mcustom-insn=N option enables use of a custom instruction
with encoding N when generating code that uses insn. For example,
-mcustom-fadds=253 generates custom instruction 253 for single-
precision floating-point add operations instead of the default
behavior of using a library call.

The following values of insn are supported. Except as otherwise
noted, floating-point operations are expected to be implemented
with normal IEEE 754 semantics and correspond directly to the C
operators or the equivalent GCC built-in functions.

Single-precision floating point:

fadds, fsubs, fdivs, fmuls
Binary arithmetic operations.

fnegs
Unary negation.

fabss
Unary absolute value.

fcmpeqs, fcmpges, fcmpgts, fcmples, fcmplts, fcmpnes
Comparison operations.

fmins, fmaxs
Floating-point minimum and maximum. These instructions are
only generated if -ffinite-math-only is specified.

fsqrts
Unary square root operation.

fcoss, fsins, ftans, fatans, fexps, flogs
Floating-point trigonometric and exponential functions. These
instructions are only generated if -funsafe-math-optimizations
is also specified.

Double-precision floating point:

faddd, fsubd, fdivd, fmuld
Binary arithmetic operations.

fnegd
Unary negation.

fabsd
Unary absolute value.

fcmpeqd, fcmpged, fcmpgtd, fcmpled, fcmpltd, fcmpned
Comparison operations.

fmind, fmaxd
Double-precision minimum and maximum. These instructions are
only generated if -ffinite-math-only is specified.

fsqrtd
Unary square root operation.

fcosd, fsind, ftand, fatand, fexpd, flogd
Double-precision trigonometric and exponential functions.
These instructions are only generated if
-funsafe-math-optimizations is also specified.

Conversions:

fextsd
Conversion from single precision to double precision.

ftruncds
Conversion from double precision to single precision.

fixsi, fixsu, fixdi, fixdu
Conversion from floating point to signed or unsigned integer
types, with truncation towards zero.

round
Conversion from single-precision floating point to signed
integer, rounding to the nearest integer and ties away from
zero. This corresponds to the "__builtin_lroundf" function
when -fno-math-errno is used.

floatis, floatus, floatid, floatud
Conversion from signed or unsigned integer types to floating-
point types.

In addition, all of the following transfer instructions for
internal registers X and Y must be provided to use any of the
double-precision floating-point instructions. Custom instructions
taking two double-precision source operands expect the first
operand in the 64-bit register X. The other operand (or only
operand of a unary operation) is given to the custom arithmetic
instruction with the least significant half in source register src1
and the most significant half in src2. A custom instruction that
returns a double-precision result returns the most significant 32
bits in the destination register and the other half in 32-bit
register Y. GCC automatically generates the necessary code
sequences to write register X and/or read register Y when double-
precision floating-point instructions are used.

fwrx
Write src1 into the least significant half of X and src2 into
the most significant half of X.

fwry
Write src1 into Y.

frdxhi, frdxlo
Read the most or least (respectively) significant half of X and
store it in dest.

frdy
Read the value of Y and store it into dest.

Note that you can gain more local control over generation of Nios
II custom instructions by using the "target("custom-insn=N")" and
"target("no-custom-insn")" function attributes or pragmas.

-mcustom-fpu-cfg=name
This option enables a predefined, named set of custom instruction
encodings (see -mcustom-insn above). Currently, the following sets
are defined:

-mcustom-fpu-cfg=60-1 is equivalent to: -mcustom-fmuls=252
-mcustom-fadds=253 -mcustom-fsubs=254 -fsingle-precision-constant

-mcustom-fpu-cfg=60-2 is equivalent to: -mcustom-fmuls=252
-mcustom-fadds=253 -mcustom-fsubs=254 -mcustom-fdivs=255
-fsingle-precision-constant

-mcustom-fpu-cfg=72-3 is equivalent to: -mcustom-floatus=243
-mcustom-fixsi=244 -mcustom-floatis=245 -mcustom-fcmpgts=246
-mcustom-fcmples=249 -mcustom-fcmpeqs=250 -mcustom-fcmpnes=251
-mcustom-fmuls=252 -mcustom-fadds=253 -mcustom-fsubs=254
-mcustom-fdivs=255 -fsingle-precision-constant

Custom instruction assignments given by individual -mcustom-insn=
options override those given by -mcustom-fpu-cfg=, regardless of
the order of the options on the command line.

Note that you can gain more local control over selection of a FPU
configuration by using the "target("custom-fpu-cfg=name")" function
attribute or pragma.

These additional -m options are available for the Altera Nios II ELF
(bare-metal) target:

-mhal
Link with HAL BSP. This suppresses linking with the GCC-provided C
runtime startup and termination code, and is typically used in
conjunction with -msys-crt0= to specify the location of the
alternate startup code provided by the HAL BSP.

-msmallc
Link with a limited version of the C library, -lsmallc, rather than
Newlib.

-msys-crt0=startfile
startfile is the file name of the startfile (crt0) to use when
linking. This option is only useful in conjunction with -mhal.

-msys-lib=systemlib
systemlib is the library name of the library that provides low-
level system calls required by the C library, e.g. "read" and
"write". This option is typically used to link with a library
provided by a HAL BSP.

Nvidia PTX Options

These options are defined for Nvidia PTX:

-m32
-m64
Generate code for 32-bit or 64-bit ABI.

-misa=ISA-string
Generate code for given the specified PTX ISA (e.g. sm_35). ISA
strings must be lower-case. Valid ISA strings include sm_30 and
sm_35. The default ISA is sm_30.

-mmainkernel
Link in code for a __main kernel. This is for stand-alone instead
of offloading execution.

-moptimize
Apply partitioned execution optimizations. This is the default
when any level of optimization is selected.

-msoft-stack
Generate code that does not use ".local" memory directly for stack
storage. Instead, a per-warp stack pointer is maintained
explicitly. This enables variable-length stack allocation (with
variable-length arrays or "alloca"), and when global memory is used
for underlying storage, makes it possible to access automatic
variables from other threads, or with atomic instructions. This
code generation variant is used for OpenMP offloading, but the
option is exposed on its own for the purpose of testing the
compiler; to generate code suitable for linking into programs using
OpenMP offloading, use option -mgomp.

-muniform-simt
Switch to code generation variant that allows to execute all
threads in each warp, while maintaining memory state and side
effects as if only one thread in each warp was active outside of
OpenMP SIMD regions. All atomic operations and calls to runtime
(malloc, free, vprintf) are conditionally executed (iff current
lane index equals the master lane index), and the register being
assigned is copied via a shuffle instruction from the master lane.
Outside of SIMD regions lane 0 is the master; inside, each thread
sees itself as the master. Shared memory array "int __nvptx_uni[]"
stores all-zeros or all-ones bitmasks for each warp, indicating
current mode (0 outside of SIMD regions). Each thread can bitwise-
and the bitmask at position "tid.y" with current lane index to
compute the master lane index.

-mgomp
Generate code for use in OpenMP offloading: enables -msoft-stack
and -muniform-simt options, and selects corresponding multilib
variant.

OpenRISC Options

These options are defined for OpenRISC:

-mboard=name
Configure a board specific runtime. This will be passed to the
linker for newlib board library linking. The default is "or1ksim".

-mnewlib
For compatibility, it's always newlib for elf now.

-mhard-div
Generate code for hardware which supports divide instructions.
This is the default.

-mhard-mul
Generate code for hardware which supports multiply instructions.
This is the default.

-mcmov
Generate code for hardware which supports the conditional move
("l.cmov") instruction.

-mror
Generate code for hardware which supports rotate right
instructions.

-msext
Generate code for hardware which supports sign-extension
instructions.

-msfimm
Generate code for hardware which supports set flag immediate
("l.sf*i") instructions.

-mshftimm
Generate code for hardware which supports shift immediate related
instructions (i.e. "l.srai", "l.srli", "l.slli", "1.rori"). Note,
to enable generation of the "l.rori" instruction the -mror flag
must also be specified.

-msoft-div
Generate code for hardware which requires divide instruction
emulation.

-msoft-mul
Generate code for hardware which requires multiply instruction
emulation.

PDP-11 Options

These options are defined for the PDP-11:

-mfpu
Use hardware FPP floating point. This is the default. (FIS
floating point on the PDP-11/40 is not supported.) Implies -m45.

-msoft-float
Do not use hardware floating point.

-mac0
Return floating-point results in ac0 (fr0 in Unix assembler
syntax).

-mno-ac0
Return floating-point results in memory. This is the default.

-m40
Generate code for a PDP-11/40. Implies -msoft-float -mno-split.

-m45
Generate code for a PDP-11/45. This is the default.

-m10
Generate code for a PDP-11/10. Implies -msoft-float -mno-split.

-mint16
-mno-int32
Use 16-bit "int". This is the default.

-mint32
-mno-int16
Use 32-bit "int".

-msplit
Target has split instruction and data space. Implies -m45.

-munix-asm
Use Unix assembler syntax.

-mdec-asm
Use DEC assembler syntax.

-mgnu-asm
Use GNU assembler syntax. This is the default.

-mlra
Use the new LRA register allocator. By default, the old "reload"
allocator is used.

picoChip Options

These -m options are defined for picoChip implementations:

-mae=ae_type
Set the instruction set, register set, and instruction scheduling
parameters for array element type ae_type. Supported values for
ae_type are ANY, MUL, and MAC.

-mae=ANY selects a completely generic AE type. Code generated with
this option runs on any of the other AE types. The code is not as
efficient as it would be if compiled for a specific AE type, and
some types of operation (e.g., multiplication) do not work properly
on all types of AE.

-mae=MUL selects a MUL AE type. This is the most useful AE type
for compiled code, and is the default.

-mae=MAC selects a DSP-style MAC AE. Code compiled with this
option may suffer from poor performance of byte (char)
manipulation, since the DSP AE does not provide hardware support
for byte load/stores.

-msymbol-as-address
Enable the compiler to directly use a symbol name as an address in
a load/store instruction, without first loading it into a register.
Typically, the use of this option generates larger programs, which
run faster than when the option isn't used. However, the results
vary from program to program, so it is left as a user option,
rather than being permanently enabled.

-mno-inefficient-warnings
Disables warnings about the generation of inefficient code. These
warnings can be generated, for example, when compiling code that
performs byte-level memory operations on the MAC AE type. The MAC
AE has no hardware support for byte-level memory operations, so all
byte load/stores must be synthesized from word load/store
operations. This is inefficient and a warning is generated to
indicate that you should rewrite the code to avoid byte operations,
or to target an AE type that has the necessary hardware support.
This option disables these warnings.

PowerPC Options

These are listed under

RISC-V Options

These command-line options are defined for RISC-V targets:

-mbranch-cost=n
Set the cost of branches to roughly n instructions.

-mplt
-mno-plt
When generating PIC code, do or don't allow the use of PLTs.
Ignored for non-PIC. The default is -mplt.

-mabi=ABI-string
Specify integer and floating-point calling convention. ABI-string
contains two parts: the size of integer types and the registers
used for floating-point types. For example -march=rv64ifd
-mabi=lp64d means that long and pointers are 64-bit (implicitly
defining int to be 32-bit), and that floating-point values up to 64
bits wide are passed in F registers. Contrast this with
-march=rv64ifd -mabi=lp64f, which still allows the compiler to
generate code that uses the F and D extensions but only allows
floating-point values up to 32 bits long to be passed in registers;
or -march=rv64ifd -mabi=lp64, in which no floating-point arguments
will be passed in registers.

The default for this argument is system dependent, users who want a
specific calling convention should specify one explicitly. The
valid calling conventions are: ilp32, ilp32f, ilp32d, lp64, lp64f,
and lp64d. Some calling conventions are impossible to implement on
some ISAs: for example, -march=rv32if -mabi=ilp32d is invalid
because the ABI requires 64-bit values be passed in F registers,
but F registers are only 32 bits wide. There is also the ilp32e
ABI that can only be used with the rv32e architecture. This ABI is
not well specified at present, and is subject to change.

-mfdiv
-mno-fdiv
Do or don't use hardware floating-point divide and square root
instructions. This requires the F or D extensions for floating-
point registers. The default is to use them if the specified
architecture has these instructions.

-mdiv
-mno-div
Do or don't use hardware instructions for integer division. This
requires the M extension. The default is to use them if the
specified architecture has these instructions.

-march=ISA-string
Generate code for given RISC-V ISA (e.g. rv64im). ISA strings must
be lower-case. Examples include rv64i, rv32g, rv32e, and rv32imaf.

-mtune=processor-string
Optimize the output for the given processor, specified by
microarchitecture name. Permissible values for this option are:
rocket, sifive-3-series, sifive-5-series, sifive-7-series, and
size.

When -mtune= is not specified, the default is rocket.

The size choice is not intended for use by end-users. This is used
when -Os is specified. It overrides the instruction cost info
provided by -mtune=, but does not override the pipeline info. This
helps reduce code size while still giving good performance.

-mpreferred-stack-boundary=num
Attempt to keep the stack boundary aligned to a 2 raised to num
byte boundary. If -mpreferred-stack-boundary is not specified, the
default is 4 (16 bytes or 128-bits).

Warning: If you use this switch, then you must build all modules
with the same value, including any libraries. This includes the
system libraries and startup modules.

-msmall-data-limit=n
Put global and static data smaller than n bytes into a special
section (on some targets).

-msave-restore
-mno-save-restore
Do or don't use smaller but slower prologue and epilogue code that
uses library function calls. The default is to use fast inline
prologues and epilogues.

-mstrict-align
-mno-strict-align
Do not or do generate unaligned memory accesses. The default is
set depending on whether the processor we are optimizing for
supports fast unaligned access or not.

-mcmodel=medlow
Generate code for the medium-low code model. The program and its
statically defined symbols must lie within a single 2 GiB address
range and must lie between absolute addresses -2 GiB and +2 GiB.
Programs can be statically or dynamically linked. This is the
default code model.

-mcmodel=medany
Generate code for the medium-any code model. The program and its
statically defined symbols must be within any single 2 GiB address
range. Programs can be statically or dynamically linked.

-mexplicit-relocs
-mno-exlicit-relocs
Use or do not use assembler relocation operators when dealing with
symbolic addresses. The alternative is to use assembler macros
instead, which may limit optimization.

-mrelax
-mno-relax
Take advantage of linker relaxations to reduce the number of
instructions required to materialize symbol addresses. The default
is to take advantage of linker relaxations.

-memit-attribute
-mno-emit-attribute
Emit (do not emit) RISC-V attribute to record extra information
into ELF objects. This feature requires at least binutils 2.32.

RL78 Options

-msim
Links in additional target libraries to support operation within a
simulator.

-mmul=none
-mmul=g10
-mmul=g13
-mmul=g14
-mmul=rl78
Specifies the type of hardware multiplication and division support
to be used. The simplest is "none", which uses software for both
multiplication and division. This is the default. The "g13" value
is for the hardware multiply/divide peripheral found on the
RL78/G13 (S2 core) targets. The "g14" value selects the use of the
multiplication and division instructions supported by the RL78/G14
(S3 core) parts. The value "rl78" is an alias for "g14" and the
value "mg10" is an alias for "none".

In addition a C preprocessor macro is defined, based upon the
setting of this option. Possible values are: "__RL78_MUL_NONE__",
"__RL78_MUL_G13__" or "__RL78_MUL_G14__".

-mcpu=g10
-mcpu=g13
-mcpu=g14
-mcpu=rl78
Specifies the RL78 core to target. The default is the G14 core,
also known as an S3 core or just RL78. The G13 or S2 core does not
have multiply or divide instructions, instead it uses a hardware
peripheral for these operations. The G10 or S1 core does not have
register banks, so it uses a different calling convention.

If this option is set it also selects the type of hardware multiply
support to use, unless this is overridden by an explicit -mmul=none
option on the command line. Thus specifying -mcpu=g13 enables the
use of the G13 hardware multiply peripheral and specifying
-mcpu=g10 disables the use of hardware multiplications altogether.

Note, although the RL78/G14 core is the default target, specifying
-mcpu=g14 or -mcpu=rl78 on the command line does change the
behavior of the toolchain since it also enables G14 hardware
multiply support. If these options are not specified on the
command line then software multiplication routines will be used
even though the code targets the RL78 core. This is for backwards
compatibility with older toolchains which did not have hardware
multiply and divide support.

In addition a C preprocessor macro is defined, based upon the
setting of this option. Possible values are: "__RL78_G10__",
"__RL78_G13__" or "__RL78_G14__".

-mg10
-mg13
-mg14
-mrl78
These are aliases for the corresponding -mcpu= option. They are
provided for backwards compatibility.

-mallregs
Allow the compiler to use all of the available registers. By
default registers "r24..r31" are reserved for use in interrupt
handlers. With this option enabled these registers can be used in
ordinary functions as well.

-m64bit-doubles
-m32bit-doubles
Make the "double" data type be 64 bits (-m64bit-doubles) or 32 bits
(-m32bit-doubles) in size. The default is -m32bit-doubles.

-msave-mduc-in-interrupts
-mno-save-mduc-in-interrupts
Specifies that interrupt handler functions should preserve the MDUC
registers. This is only necessary if normal code might use the
MDUC registers, for example because it performs multiplication and
division operations. The default is to ignore the MDUC registers
as this makes the interrupt handlers faster. The target option
-mg13 needs to be passed for this to work as this feature is only
available on the G13 target (S2 core). The MDUC registers will
only be saved if the interrupt handler performs a multiplication or
division operation or it calls another function.

IBM RS/6000 and PowerPC Options

These -m options are defined for the IBM RS/6000 and PowerPC:

-mpowerpc-gpopt
-mno-powerpc-gpopt
-mpowerpc-gfxopt
-mno-powerpc-gfxopt
-mpowerpc64
-mno-powerpc64
-mmfcrf
-mno-mfcrf
-mpopcntb
-mno-popcntb
-mpopcntd
-mno-popcntd
-mfprnd
-mno-fprnd
-mcmpb
-mno-cmpb
-mmfpgpr
-mno-mfpgpr
-mhard-dfp
-mno-hard-dfp
You use these options to specify which instructions are available
on the processor you are using. The default value of these options
is determined when configuring GCC. Specifying the -mcpu=cpu_type
overrides the specification of these options. We recommend you use
the -mcpu=cpu_type option rather than the options listed above.

Specifying -mpowerpc-gpopt allows GCC to use the optional PowerPC
architecture instructions in the General Purpose group, including
floating-point square root. Specifying -mpowerpc-gfxopt allows GCC
to use the optional PowerPC architecture instructions in the
Graphics group, including floating-point select.

The -mmfcrf option allows GCC to generate the move from condition
register field instruction implemented on the POWER4 processor and
other processors that support the PowerPC V2.01 architecture. The
-mpopcntb option allows GCC to generate the popcount and double-
precision FP reciprocal estimate instruction implemented on the
POWER5 processor and other processors that support the PowerPC
V2.02 architecture. The -mpopcntd option allows GCC to generate
the popcount instruction implemented on the POWER7 processor and
other processors that support the PowerPC V2.06 architecture. The
-mfprnd option allows GCC to generate the FP round to integer
instructions implemented on the POWER5+ processor and other
processors that support the PowerPC V2.03 architecture. The -mcmpb
option allows GCC to generate the compare bytes instruction
implemented on the POWER6 processor and other processors that
support the PowerPC V2.05 architecture. The -mmfpgpr option allows
GCC to generate the FP move to/from general-purpose register
instructions implemented on the POWER6X processor and other
processors that support the extended PowerPC V2.05 architecture.
The -mhard-dfp option allows GCC to generate the decimal floating-
point instructions implemented on some POWER processors.

The -mpowerpc64 option allows GCC to generate the additional 64-bit
instructions that are found in the full PowerPC64 architecture and
to treat GPRs as 64-bit, doubleword quantities. GCC defaults to
-mno-powerpc64.

-mcpu=cpu_type
Set architecture type, register usage, and instruction scheduling
parameters for machine type cpu_type. Supported values for
cpu_type are 401, 403, 405, 405fp, 440, 440fp, 464, 464fp, 476,
476fp, 505, 601, 602, 603, 603e, 604, 604e, 620, 630, 740, 7400,
7450, 750, 801, 821, 823, 860, 970, 8540, a2, e300c2, e300c3,
e500mc, e500mc64, e5500, e6500, ec603e, G3, G4, G5, titan, power3,
power4, power5, power5+, power6, power6x, power7, power8, power9,
powerpc, powerpc64, powerpc64le, rs64, and native.

-mcpu=powerpc, -mcpu=powerpc64, and -mcpu=powerpc64le specify pure
32-bit PowerPC (either endian), 64-bit big endian PowerPC and
64-bit little endian PowerPC architecture machine types, with an
appropriate, generic processor model assumed for scheduling
purposes.

Specifying native as cpu type detects and selects the architecture
option that corresponds to the host processor of the system
performing the compilation. -mcpu=native has no effect if GCC does
not recognize the processor.

The other options specify a specific processor. Code generated
under those options runs best on that processor, and may not run at
all on others.

The -mcpu options automatically enable or disable the following
options:

-maltivec -mfprnd -mhard-float -mmfcrf -mmultiple -mpopcntb
-mpopcntd -mpowerpc64 -mpowerpc-gpopt -mpowerpc-gfxopt -mmulhw
-mdlmzb -mmfpgpr -mvsx -mcrypto -mhtm -mpower8-fusion
-mpower8-vector -mquad-memory -mquad-memory-atomic -mfloat128
-mfloat128-hardware

The particular options set for any particular CPU varies between
compiler versions, depending on what setting seems to produce
optimal code for that CPU; it doesn't necessarily reflect the
actual hardware's capabilities. If you wish to set an individual
option to a particular value, you may specify it after the -mcpu
option, like -mcpu=970 -mno-altivec.

On AIX, the -maltivec and -mpowerpc64 options are not enabled or
disabled by the -mcpu option at present because AIX does not have
full support for these options. You may still enable or disable
them individually if you're sure it'll work in your environment.

-mtune=cpu_type
Set the instruction scheduling parameters for machine type
cpu_type, but do not set the architecture type or register usage,
as -mcpu=cpu_type does. The same values for cpu_type are used for
-mtune as for -mcpu. If both are specified, the code generated
uses the architecture and registers set by -mcpu, but the
scheduling parameters set by -mtune.

-mcmodel=small
Generate PowerPC64 code for the small model: The TOC is limited to
64k.

-mcmodel=medium
Generate PowerPC64 code for the medium model: The TOC and other
static data may be up to a total of 4G in size. This is the
default for 64-bit Linux.

-mcmodel=large
Generate PowerPC64 code for the large model: The TOC may be up to
4G in size. Other data and code is only limited by the 64-bit
address space.

-maltivec
-mno-altivec
Generate code that uses (does not use) AltiVec instructions, and
also enable the use of built-in functions that allow more direct
access to the AltiVec instruction set. You may also need to set
-mabi=altivec to adjust the current ABI with AltiVec ABI
enhancements.

When -maltivec is used, the element order for AltiVec intrinsics
such as "vec_splat", "vec_extract", and "vec_insert" match array
element order corresponding to the endianness of the target. That
is, element zero identifies the leftmost element in a vector
register when targeting a big-endian platform, and identifies the
rightmost element in a vector register when targeting a little-
endian platform.

-mvrsave
-mno-vrsave
Generate VRSAVE instructions when generating AltiVec code.

-msecure-plt
Generate code that allows ld and ld.so to build executables and
shared libraries with non-executable ".plt" and ".got" sections.
This is a PowerPC 32-bit SYSV ABI option.

-mbss-plt
Generate code that uses a BSS ".plt" section that ld.so fills in,
and requires ".plt" and ".got" sections that are both writable and
executable. This is a PowerPC 32-bit SYSV ABI option.

-misel
-mno-isel
This switch enables or disables the generation of ISEL
instructions.

-mvsx
-mno-vsx
Generate code that uses (does not use) vector/scalar (VSX)
instructions, and also enable the use of built-in functions that
allow more direct access to the VSX instruction set.

-mcrypto
-mno-crypto
Enable the use (disable) of the built-in functions that allow
direct access to the cryptographic instructions that were added in
version 2.07 of the PowerPC ISA.

-mhtm
-mno-htm
Enable (disable) the use of the built-in functions that allow
direct access to the Hardware Transactional Memory (HTM)
instructions that were added in version 2.07 of the PowerPC ISA.

-mpower8-fusion
-mno-power8-fusion
Generate code that keeps (does not keeps) some integer operations
adjacent so that the instructions can be fused together on power8
and later processors.

-mpower8-vector
-mno-power8-vector
Generate code that uses (does not use) the vector and scalar
instructions that were added in version 2.07 of the PowerPC ISA.
Also enable the use of built-in functions that allow more direct
access to the vector instructions.

-mquad-memory
-mno-quad-memory
Generate code that uses (does not use) the non-atomic quad word
memory instructions. The -mquad-memory option requires use of
64-bit mode.

-mquad-memory-atomic
-mno-quad-memory-atomic
Generate code that uses (does not use) the atomic quad word memory
instructions. The -mquad-memory-atomic option requires use of
64-bit mode.

-mfloat128
-mno-float128
Enable/disable the __float128 keyword for IEEE 128-bit floating
point and use either software emulation for IEEE 128-bit floating
point or hardware instructions.

The VSX instruction set (-mvsx, -mcpu=power7, -mcpu=power8), or
-mcpu=power9 must be enabled to use the IEEE 128-bit floating point
support. The IEEE 128-bit floating point support only works on
PowerPC Linux systems.

The default for -mfloat128 is enabled on PowerPC Linux systems
using the VSX instruction set, and disabled on other systems.

If you use the ISA 3.0 instruction set (-mpower9-vector or
-mcpu=power9) on a 64-bit system, the IEEE 128-bit floating point
support will also enable the generation of ISA 3.0 IEEE 128-bit
floating point instructions. Otherwise, if you do not specify to
generate ISA 3.0 instructions or you are targeting a 32-bit big
endian system, IEEE 128-bit floating point will be done with
software emulation.

-mfloat128-hardware
-mno-float128-hardware
Enable/disable using ISA 3.0 hardware instructions to support the
__float128 data type.

The default for -mfloat128-hardware is enabled on PowerPC Linux
systems using the ISA 3.0 instruction set, and disabled on other
systems.

-m32
-m64
Generate code for 32-bit or 64-bit environments of Darwin and SVR4
targets (including GNU/Linux). The 32-bit environment sets int,
long and pointer to 32 bits and generates code that runs on any
PowerPC variant. The 64-bit environment sets int to 32 bits and
long and pointer to 64 bits, and generates code for PowerPC64, as
for -mpowerpc64.

-mfull-toc
-mno-fp-in-toc
-mno-sum-in-toc
-mminimal-toc
Modify generation of the TOC (Table Of Contents), which is created
for every executable file. The -mfull-toc option is selected by
default. In that case, GCC allocates at least one TOC entry for
each unique non-automatic variable reference in your program. GCC
also places floating-point constants in the TOC. However, only
16,384 entries are available in the TOC.

If you receive a linker error message that saying you have
overflowed the available TOC space, you can reduce the amount of
TOC space used with the -mno-fp-in-toc and -mno-sum-in-toc options.
-mno-fp-in-toc prevents GCC from putting floating-point constants
in the TOC and -mno-sum-in-toc forces GCC to generate code to
calculate the sum of an address and a constant at run time instead
of putting that sum into the TOC. You may specify one or both of
these options. Each causes GCC to produce very slightly slower and
larger code at the expense of conserving TOC space.

If you still run out of space in the TOC even when you specify both
of these options, specify -mminimal-toc instead. This option
causes GCC to make only one TOC entry for every file. When you
specify this option, GCC produces code that is slower and larger
but which uses extremely little TOC space. You may wish to use
this option only on files that contain less frequently-executed
code.

-maix64
-maix32
Enable 64-bit AIX ABI and calling convention: 64-bit pointers,
64-bit "long" type, and the infrastructure needed to support them.
Specifying -maix64 implies -mpowerpc64, while -maix32 disables the
64-bit ABI and implies -mno-powerpc64. GCC defaults to -maix32.

-mxl-compat
-mno-xl-compat
Produce code that conforms more closely to IBM XL compiler
semantics when using AIX-compatible ABI. Pass floating-point
arguments to prototyped functions beyond the register save area
(RSA) on the stack in addition to argument FPRs. Do not assume
that most significant double in 128-bit long double value is
properly rounded when comparing values and converting to double.
Use XL symbol names for long double support routines.

The AIX calling convention was extended but not initially
documented to handle an obscure K&R C case of calling a function
that takes the address of its arguments with fewer arguments than
declared. IBM XL compilers access floating-point arguments that do
not fit in the RSA from the stack when a subroutine is compiled
without optimization. Because always storing floating-point
arguments on the stack is inefficient and rarely needed, this
option is not enabled by default and only is necessary when calling
subroutines compiled by IBM XL compilers without optimization.

-mpe
Support IBM RS/6000 SP Parallel Environment (PE). Link an
application written to use message passing with special startup
code to enable the application to run. The system must have PE
installed in the standard location (/usr/lpp/ppe.poe/), or the
specs file must be overridden with the -specs= option to specify
the appropriate directory location. The Parallel Environment does
not support threads, so the -mpe option and the -pthread option are
incompatible.

-malign-natural
-malign-power
On AIX, 32-bit Darwin, and 64-bit PowerPC GNU/Linux, the option
-malign-natural overrides the ABI-defined alignment of larger
types, such as floating-point doubles, on their natural size-based
boundary. The option -malign-power instructs GCC to follow the
ABI-specified alignment rules. GCC defaults to the standard
alignment defined in the ABI.

On 64-bit Darwin, natural alignment is the default, and
-malign-power is not supported.

-msoft-float
-mhard-float
Generate code that does not use (uses) the floating-point register
set. Software floating-point emulation is provided if you use the
-msoft-float option, and pass the option to GCC when linking.

-mmultiple
-mno-multiple
Generate code that uses (does not use) the load multiple word
instructions and the store multiple word instructions. These
instructions are generated by default on POWER systems, and not
generated on PowerPC systems. Do not use -mmultiple on little-
endian PowerPC systems, since those instructions do not work when
the processor is in little-endian mode. The exceptions are PPC740
and PPC750 which permit these instructions in little-endian mode.

-mupdate
-mno-update
Generate code that uses (does not use) the load or store
instructions that update the base register to the address of the
calculated memory location. These instructions are generated by
default. If you use -mno-update, there is a small window between
the time that the stack pointer is updated and the address of the
previous frame is stored, which means code that walks the stack
frame across interrupts or signals may get corrupted data.

-mavoid-indexed-addresses
-mno-avoid-indexed-addresses
Generate code that tries to avoid (not avoid) the use of indexed
load or store instructions. These instructions can incur a
performance penalty on Power6 processors in certain situations,
such as when stepping through large arrays that cross a 16M
boundary. This option is enabled by default when targeting Power6
and disabled otherwise.

-mfused-madd
-mno-fused-madd
Generate code that uses (does not use) the floating-point multiply
and accumulate instructions. These instructions are generated by
default if hardware floating point is used. The machine-dependent
-mfused-madd option is now mapped to the machine-independent
-ffp-contract=fast option, and -mno-fused-madd is mapped to
-ffp-contract=off.

-mmulhw
-mno-mulhw
Generate code that uses (does not use) the half-word multiply and
multiply-accumulate instructions on the IBM 405, 440, 464 and 476
processors. These instructions are generated by default when
targeting those processors.

-mdlmzb
-mno-dlmzb
Generate code that uses (does not use) the string-search dlmzb
instruction on the IBM 405, 440, 464 and 476 processors. This
instruction is generated by default when targeting those
processors.

-mno-bit-align
-mbit-align
On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems do not (do) force
structures and unions that contain bit-fields to be aligned to the
base type of the bit-field.

For example, by default a structure containing nothing but 8
"unsigned" bit-fields of length 1 is aligned to a 4-byte boundary
and has a size of 4 bytes. By using -mno-bit-align, the structure
is aligned to a 1-byte boundary and is 1 byte in size.

-mno-strict-align
-mstrict-align
On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems do not (do) assume that
unaligned memory references are handled by the system.

-mrelocatable
-mno-relocatable
Generate code that allows (does not allow) a static executable to
be relocated to a different address at run time. A simple embedded
PowerPC system loader should relocate the entire contents of
".got2" and 4-byte locations listed in the ".fixup" section, a
table of 32-bit addresses generated by this option. For this to
work, all objects linked together must be compiled with
-mrelocatable or -mrelocatable-lib. -mrelocatable code aligns the
stack to an 8-byte boundary.

-mrelocatable-lib
-mno-relocatable-lib
Like -mrelocatable, -mrelocatable-lib generates a ".fixup" section
to allow static executables to be relocated at run time, but
-mrelocatable-lib does not use the smaller stack alignment of
-mrelocatable. Objects compiled with -mrelocatable-lib may be
linked with objects compiled with any combination of the
-mrelocatable options.

-mno-toc
-mtoc
On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems do not (do) assume that
register 2 contains a pointer to a global area pointing to the
addresses used in the program.

-mlittle
-mlittle-endian
On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems compile code for the
processor in little-endian mode. The -mlittle-endian option is the
same as -mlittle.

-mbig
-mbig-endian
On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems compile code for the
processor in big-endian mode. The -mbig-endian option is the same
as -mbig.

-mdynamic-no-pic
On Darwin and Mac OS X systems, compile code so that it is not
relocatable, but that its external references are relocatable. The
resulting code is suitable for applications, but not shared
libraries.

-mprioritize-restricted-insns=priority
This option controls the priority that is assigned to dispatch-slot
restricted instructions during the second scheduling pass. The
argument priority takes the value 0, 1, or 2 to assign no, highest,
or second-highest (respectively) priority to dispatch-slot
restricted instructions.

-msched-costly-dep=dependence_type
This option controls which dependences are considered costly by the
target during instruction scheduling. The argument dependence_type
takes one of the following values:

no No dependence is costly.

all All dependences are costly.

true_store_to_load
A true dependence from store to load is costly.

store_to_load
Any dependence from store to load is costly.

number
Any dependence for which the latency is greater than or equal
to number is costly.

-minsert-sched-nops=scheme
This option controls which NOP insertion scheme is used during the
second scheduling pass. The argument scheme takes one of the
following values:

no Don't insert NOPs.

pad Pad with NOPs any dispatch group that has vacant issue slots,
according to the scheduler's grouping.

regroup_exact
Insert NOPs to force costly dependent insns into separate
groups. Insert exactly as many NOPs as needed to force an insn
to a new group, according to the estimated processor grouping.

number
Insert NOPs to force costly dependent insns into separate
groups. Insert number NOPs to force an insn to a new group.

-mcall-sysv
On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems compile code using
calling conventions that adhere to the March 1995 draft of the
System V Application Binary Interface, PowerPC processor
supplement. This is the default unless you configured GCC using
powerpc-*-eabiaix.

-mcall-sysv-eabi
-mcall-eabi
Specify both -mcall-sysv and -meabi options.

-mcall-sysv-noeabi
Specify both -mcall-sysv and -mno-eabi options.

-mcall-aixdesc
On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems compile code for the AIX
operating system.

-mcall-linux
On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems compile code for the
Linux-based GNU system.

-mcall-freebsd
On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems compile code for the
FreeBSD operating system.

-mcall-netbsd
On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems compile code for the
NetBSD operating system.

-mcall-openbsd
On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems compile code for the
OpenBSD operating system.

-mtraceback=traceback_type
Select the type of traceback table. Valid values for traceback_type
are full, part, and no.

-maix-struct-return
Return all structures in memory (as specified by the AIX ABI).

-msvr4-struct-return
Return structures smaller than 8 bytes in registers (as specified
by the SVR4 ABI).

-mabi=abi-type
Extend the current ABI with a particular extension, or remove such
extension. Valid values are altivec, no-altivec, ibmlongdouble,
ieeelongdouble, elfv1, elfv2.

-mabi=ibmlongdouble
Change the current ABI to use IBM extended-precision long double.
This is not likely to work if your system defaults to using IEEE
extended-precision long double. If you change the long double type
from IEEE extended-precision, the compiler will issue a warning
unless you use the -Wno-psabi option. Requires -mlong-double-128
to be enabled.

-mabi=ieeelongdouble
Change the current ABI to use IEEE extended-precision long double.
This is not likely to work if your system defaults to using IBM
extended-precision long double. If you change the long double type
from IBM extended-precision, the compiler will issue a warning
unless you use the -Wno-psabi option. Requires -mlong-double-128
to be enabled.

-mabi=elfv1
Change the current ABI to use the ELFv1 ABI. This is the default
ABI for big-endian PowerPC 64-bit Linux. Overriding the default
ABI requires special system support and is likely to fail in
spectacular ways.

-mabi=elfv2
Change the current ABI to use the ELFv2 ABI. This is the default
ABI for little-endian PowerPC 64-bit Linux. Overriding the default
ABI requires special system support and is likely to fail in
spectacular ways.

-mgnu-attribute
-mno-gnu-attribute
Emit .gnu_attribute assembly directives to set tag/value pairs in a
.gnu.attributes section that specify ABI variations in function
parameters or return values.

-mprototype
-mno-prototype
On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems assume that all calls to
variable argument functions are properly prototyped. Otherwise,
the compiler must insert an instruction before every non-prototyped
call to set or clear bit 6 of the condition code register ("CR") to
indicate whether floating-point values are passed in the floating-
point registers in case the function takes variable arguments.
With -mprototype, only calls to prototyped variable argument
functions set or clear the bit.

-msim
On embedded PowerPC systems, assume that the startup module is
called sim-crt0.o and that the standard C libraries are libsim.a
and libc.a. This is the default for powerpc-*-eabisim
configurations.

-mmvme
On embedded PowerPC systems, assume that the startup module is
called crt0.o and the standard C libraries are libmvme.a and
libc.a.

-mads
On embedded PowerPC systems, assume that the startup module is
called crt0.o and the standard C libraries are libads.a and libc.a.

-myellowknife
On embedded PowerPC systems, assume that the startup module is
called crt0.o and the standard C libraries are libyk.a and libc.a.

-mvxworks
On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems, specify that you are
compiling for a VxWorks system.

-memb
On embedded PowerPC systems, set the "PPC_EMB" bit in the ELF flags
header to indicate that eabi extended relocations are used.

-meabi
-mno-eabi
On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems do (do not) adhere to
the Embedded Applications Binary Interface (EABI), which is a set
of modifications to the System V.4 specifications. Selecting
-meabi means that the stack is aligned to an 8-byte boundary, a
function "__eabi" is called from "main" to set up the EABI
environment, and the -msdata option can use both "r2" and "r13" to
point to two separate small data areas. Selecting -mno-eabi means
that the stack is aligned to a 16-byte boundary, no EABI
initialization function is called from "main", and the -msdata
option only uses "r13" to point to a single small data area. The
-meabi option is on by default if you configured GCC using one of
the powerpc*-*-eabi* options.

-msdata=eabi
On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems, put small initialized
"const" global and static data in the ".sdata2" section, which is
pointed to by register "r2". Put small initialized non-"const"
global and static data in the ".sdata" section, which is pointed to
by register "r13". Put small uninitialized global and static data
in the ".sbss" section, which is adjacent to the ".sdata" section.
The -msdata=eabi option is incompatible with the -mrelocatable
option. The -msdata=eabi option also sets the -memb option.

-msdata=sysv
On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems, put small global and
static data in the ".sdata" section, which is pointed to by
register "r13". Put small uninitialized global and static data in
the ".sbss" section, which is adjacent to the ".sdata" section.
The -msdata=sysv option is incompatible with the -mrelocatable
option.

-msdata=default
-msdata
On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems, if -meabi is used,
compile code the same as -msdata=eabi, otherwise compile code the
same as -msdata=sysv.

-msdata=data
On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems, put small global data
in the ".sdata" section. Put small uninitialized global data in
the ".sbss" section. Do not use register "r13" to address small
data however. This is the default behavior unless other -msdata
options are used.

-msdata=none
-mno-sdata
On embedded PowerPC systems, put all initialized global and static
data in the ".data" section, and all uninitialized data in the
".bss" section.

-mreadonly-in-sdata
Put read-only objects in the ".sdata" section as well. This is the
default.

-mblock-move-inline-limit=num
Inline all block moves (such as calls to "memcpy" or structure
copies) less than or equal to num bytes. The minimum value for num
is 32 bytes on 32-bit targets and 64 bytes on 64-bit targets. The
default value is target-specific.

-mblock-compare-inline-limit=num
Generate non-looping inline code for all block compares (such as
calls to "memcmp" or structure compares) less than or equal to num
bytes. If num is 0, all inline expansion (non-loop and loop) of
block compare is disabled. The default value is target-specific.

-mblock-compare-inline-loop-limit=num
Generate an inline expansion using loop code for all block compares
that are less than or equal to num bytes, but greater than the
limit for non-loop inline block compare expansion. If the block
length is not constant, at most num bytes will be compared before
"memcmp" is called to compare the remainder of the block. The
default value is target-specific.

-mstring-compare-inline-limit=num
Compare at most num string bytes with inline code. If the
difference or end of string is not found at the end of the inline
compare a call to "strcmp" or "strncmp" will take care of the rest
of the comparison. The default is 64 bytes.

-G num
On embedded PowerPC systems, put global and static items less than
or equal to num bytes into the small data or BSS sections instead
of the normal data or BSS section. By default, num is 8. The -G
num switch is also passed to the linker. All modules should be
compiled with the same -G num value.

-mregnames
-mno-regnames
On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems do (do not) emit
register names in the assembly language output using symbolic
forms.

-mlongcall
-mno-longcall
By default assume that all calls are far away so that a longer and
more expensive calling sequence is required. This is required for
calls farther than 32 megabytes (33,554,432 bytes) from the current
location. A short call is generated if the compiler knows the call
cannot be that far away. This setting can be overridden by the
"shortcall" function attribute, or by "#pragma longcall(0)".

Some linkers are capable of detecting out-of-range calls and
generating glue code on the fly. On these systems, long calls are
unnecessary and generate slower code. As of this writing, the AIX
linker can do this, as can the GNU linker for PowerPC/64. It is
planned to add this feature to the GNU linker for 32-bit PowerPC
systems as well.

On PowerPC64 ELFv2 and 32-bit PowerPC systems with newer GNU
linkers, GCC can generate long calls using an inline PLT call
sequence (see -mpltseq). PowerPC with -mbss-plt and PowerPC64
ELFv1 (big-endian) do not support inline PLT calls.

On Darwin/PPC systems, "#pragma longcall" generates "jbsr callee,
L42", plus a branch island (glue code). The two target addresses
represent the callee and the branch island. The Darwin/PPC linker
prefers the first address and generates a "bl callee" if the PPC
"bl" instruction reaches the callee directly; otherwise, the linker
generates "bl L42" to call the branch island. The branch island is
appended to the body of the calling function; it computes the full
32-bit address of the callee and jumps to it.

On Mach-O (Darwin) systems, this option directs the compiler emit
to the glue for every direct call, and the Darwin linker decides
whether to use or discard it.

In the future, GCC may ignore all longcall specifications when the
linker is known to generate glue.

-mpltseq
-mno-pltseq
Implement (do not implement) -fno-plt and long calls using an
inline PLT call sequence that supports lazy linking and long calls
to functions in dlopen'd shared libraries. Inline PLT calls are
only supported on PowerPC64 ELFv2 and 32-bit PowerPC systems with
newer GNU linkers, and are enabled by default if the support is
detected when configuring GCC, and, in the case of 32-bit PowerPC,
if GCC is configured with --enable-secureplt. -mpltseq code and
-mbss-plt 32-bit PowerPC relocatable objects may not be linked
together.

-mtls-markers
-mno-tls-markers
Mark (do not mark) calls to "__tls_get_addr" with a relocation
specifying the function argument. The relocation allows the linker
to reliably associate function call with argument setup
instructions for TLS optimization, which in turn allows GCC to
better schedule the sequence.

-mrecip
-mno-recip
This option enables use of the reciprocal estimate and reciprocal
square root estimate instructions with additional Newton-Raphson
steps to increase precision instead of doing a divide or square
root and divide for floating-point arguments. You should use the
-ffast-math option when using -mrecip (or at least
-funsafe-math-optimizations, -ffinite-math-only, -freciprocal-math
and -fno-trapping-math). Note that while the throughput of the
sequence is generally higher than the throughput of the non-
reciprocal instruction, the precision of the sequence can be
decreased by up to 2 ulp (i.e. the inverse of 1.0 equals
0.99999994) for reciprocal square roots.

-mrecip=opt
This option controls which reciprocal estimate instructions may be
used. opt is a comma-separated list of options, which may be
preceded by a "!" to invert the option:

all Enable all estimate instructions.

default
Enable the default instructions, equivalent to -mrecip.

none
Disable all estimate instructions, equivalent to -mno-recip.

div Enable the reciprocal approximation instructions for both
single and double precision.

divf
Enable the single-precision reciprocal approximation
instructions.

divd
Enable the double-precision reciprocal approximation
instructions.

rsqrt
Enable the reciprocal square root approximation instructions
for both single and double precision.

rsqrtf
Enable the single-precision reciprocal square root
approximation instructions.

rsqrtd
Enable the double-precision reciprocal square root
approximation instructions.

So, for example, -mrecip=all,!rsqrtd enables all of the reciprocal
estimate instructions, except for the "FRSQRTE", "XSRSQRTEDP", and
"XVRSQRTEDP" instructions which handle the double-precision
reciprocal square root calculations.

-mrecip-precision
-mno-recip-precision
Assume (do not assume) that the reciprocal estimate instructions
provide higher-precision estimates than is mandated by the PowerPC
ABI. Selecting -mcpu=power6, -mcpu=power7 or -mcpu=power8
automatically selects -mrecip-precision. The double-precision
square root estimate instructions are not generated by default on
low-precision machines, since they do not provide an estimate that
converges after three steps.

-mveclibabi=type
Specifies the ABI type to use for vectorizing intrinsics using an
external library. The only type supported at present is mass,
which specifies to use IBM's Mathematical Acceleration Subsystem
(MASS) libraries for vectorizing intrinsics using external
libraries. GCC currently emits calls to "acosd2", "acosf4",
"acoshd2", "acoshf4", "asind2", "asinf4", "asinhd2", "asinhf4",
"atan2d2", "atan2f4", "atand2", "atanf4", "atanhd2", "atanhf4",
"cbrtd2", "cbrtf4", "cosd2", "cosf4", "coshd2", "coshf4", "erfcd2",
"erfcf4", "erfd2", "erff4", "exp2d2", "exp2f4", "expd2", "expf4",
"expm1d2", "expm1f4", "hypotd2", "hypotf4", "lgammad2", "lgammaf4",
"log10d2", "log10f4", "log1pd2", "log1pf4", "log2d2", "log2f4",
"logd2", "logf4", "powd2", "powf4", "sind2", "sinf4", "sinhd2",
"sinhf4", "sqrtd2", "sqrtf4", "tand2", "tanf4", "tanhd2", and
"tanhf4" when generating code for power7. Both -ftree-vectorize
and -funsafe-math-optimizations must also be enabled. The MASS
libraries must be specified at link time.

-mfriz
-mno-friz
Generate (do not generate) the "friz" instruction when the
-funsafe-math-optimizations option is used to optimize rounding of
floating-point values to 64-bit integer and back to floating point.
The "friz" instruction does not return the same value if the
floating-point number is too large to fit in an integer.

-mpointers-to-nested-functions
-mno-pointers-to-nested-functions
Generate (do not generate) code to load up the static chain
register ("r11") when calling through a pointer on AIX and 64-bit
Linux systems where a function pointer points to a 3-word
descriptor giving the function address, TOC value to be loaded in
register "r2", and static chain value to be loaded in register
"r11". The -mpointers-to-nested-functions is on by default. You
cannot call through pointers to nested functions or pointers to
functions compiled in other languages that use the static chain if
you use -mno-pointers-to-nested-functions.

-msave-toc-indirect
-mno-save-toc-indirect
Generate (do not generate) code to save the TOC value in the
reserved stack location in the function prologue if the function
calls through a pointer on AIX and 64-bit Linux systems. If the
TOC value is not saved in the prologue, it is saved just before the
call through the pointer. The -mno-save-toc-indirect option is the
default.

-mcompat-align-parm
-mno-compat-align-parm
Generate (do not generate) code to pass structure parameters with a
maximum alignment of 64 bits, for compatibility with older versions
of GCC.

Older versions of GCC (prior to 4.9.0) incorrectly did not align a
structure parameter on a 128-bit boundary when that structure
contained a member requiring 128-bit alignment. This is corrected
in more recent versions of GCC. This option may be used to
generate code that is compatible with functions compiled with older
versions of GCC.

The -mno-compat-align-parm option is the default.

-mstack-protector-guard=guard
-mstack-protector-guard-reg=reg
-mstack-protector-guard-offset=offset
-mstack-protector-guard-symbol=symbol
Generate stack protection code using canary at guard. Supported
locations are global for global canary or tls for per-thread canary
in the TLS block (the default with GNU libc version 2.4 or later).

With the latter choice the options -mstack-protector-guard-reg=reg
and -mstack-protector-guard-offset=offset furthermore specify which
register to use as base register for reading the canary, and from
what offset from that base register. The default for those is as
specified in the relevant ABI.
-mstack-protector-guard-symbol=symbol overrides the offset with a
symbol reference to a canary in the TLS block.

RX Options

These command-line options are defined for RX targets:

-m64bit-doubles
-m32bit-doubles
Make the "double" data type be 64 bits (-m64bit-doubles) or 32 bits
(-m32bit-doubles) in size. The default is -m32bit-doubles. Note
RX floating-point hardware only works on 32-bit values, which is
why the default is -m32bit-doubles.

-fpu
-nofpu
Enables (-fpu) or disables (-nofpu) the use of RX floating-point
hardware. The default is enabled for the RX600 series and disabled
for the RX200 series.

Floating-point instructions are only generated for 32-bit floating-
point values, however, so the FPU hardware is not used for doubles
if the -m64bit-doubles option is used.

Note If the -fpu option is enabled then -funsafe-math-optimizations
is also enabled automatically. This is because the RX FPU
instructions are themselves unsafe.

-mcpu=name
Selects the type of RX CPU to be targeted. Currently three types
are supported, the generic RX600 and RX200 series hardware and the
specific RX610 CPU. The default is RX600.

The only difference between RX600 and RX610 is that the RX610 does
not support the "MVTIPL" instruction.

The RX200 series does not have a hardware floating-point unit and
so -nofpu is enabled by default when this type is selected.

-mbig-endian-data
-mlittle-endian-data
Store data (but not code) in the big-endian format. The default is
-mlittle-endian-data, i.e. to store data in the little-endian
format.

-msmall-data-limit=N
Specifies the maximum size in bytes of global and static variables
which can be placed into the small data area. Using the small data
area can lead to smaller and faster code, but the size of area is
limited and it is up to the programmer to ensure that the area does
not overflow. Also when the small data area is used one of the
RX's registers (usually "r13") is reserved for use pointing to this
area, so it is no longer available for use by the compiler. This
could result in slower and/or larger code if variables are pushed
onto the stack instead of being held in this register.

Note, common variables (variables that have not been initialized)
and constants are not placed into the small data area as they are
assigned to other sections in the output executable.

The default value is zero, which disables this feature. Note, this
feature is not enabled by default with higher optimization levels
(-O2 etc) because of the potentially detrimental effects of
reserving a register. It is up to the programmer to experiment and
discover whether this feature is of benefit to their program. See
the description of the -mpid option for a description of how the
actual register to hold the small data area pointer is chosen.

-msim
-mno-sim
Use the simulator runtime. The default is to use the libgloss
board-specific runtime.

-mas100-syntax
-mno-as100-syntax
When generating assembler output use a syntax that is compatible
with Renesas's AS100 assembler. This syntax can also be handled by
the GAS assembler, but it has some restrictions so it is not
generated by default.

-mmax-constant-size=N
Specifies the maximum size, in bytes, of a constant that can be
used as an operand in a RX instruction. Although the RX
instruction set does allow constants of up to 4 bytes in length to
be used in instructions, a longer value equates to a longer
instruction. Thus in some circumstances it can be beneficial to
restrict the size of constants that are used in instructions.
Constants that are too big are instead placed into a constant pool
and referenced via register indirection.

The value N can be between 0 and 4. A value of 0 (the default) or
4 means that constants of any size are allowed.

-mrelax
Enable linker relaxation. Linker relaxation is a process whereby
the linker attempts to reduce the size of a program by finding
shorter versions of various instructions. Disabled by default.

-mint-register=N
Specify the number of registers to reserve for fast interrupt
handler functions. The value N can be between 0 and 4. A value of
1 means that register "r13" is reserved for the exclusive use of
fast interrupt handlers. A value of 2 reserves "r13" and "r12". A
value of 3 reserves "r13", "r12" and "r11", and a value of 4
reserves "r13" through "r10". A value of 0, the default, does not
reserve any registers.

-msave-acc-in-interrupts
Specifies that interrupt handler functions should preserve the
accumulator register. This is only necessary if normal code might
use the accumulator register, for example because it performs
64-bit multiplications. The default is to ignore the accumulator
as this makes the interrupt handlers faster.

-mpid
-mno-pid
Enables the generation of position independent data. When enabled
any access to constant data is done via an offset from a base
address held in a register. This allows the location of constant
data to be determined at run time without requiring the executable
to be relocated, which is a benefit to embedded applications with
tight memory constraints. Data that can be modified is not
affected by this option.

Note, using this feature reserves a register, usually "r13", for
the constant data base address. This can result in slower and/or
larger code, especially in complicated functions.

The actual register chosen to hold the constant data base address
depends upon whether the -msmall-data-limit and/or the
-mint-register command-line options are enabled. Starting with
register "r13" and proceeding downwards, registers are allocated
first to satisfy the requirements of -mint-register, then -mpid and
finally -msmall-data-limit. Thus it is possible for the small data
area register to be "r8" if both -mint-register=4 and -mpid are
specified on the command line.

By default this feature is not enabled. The default can be
restored via the -mno-pid command-line option.

-mno-warn-multiple-fast-interrupts
-mwarn-multiple-fast-interrupts
Prevents GCC from issuing a warning message if it finds more than
one fast interrupt handler when it is compiling a file. The
default is to issue a warning for each extra fast interrupt handler
found, as the RX only supports one such interrupt.

-mallow-string-insns
-mno-allow-string-insns
Enables or disables the use of the string manipulation instructions
"SMOVF", "SCMPU", "SMOVB", "SMOVU", "SUNTIL" "SWHILE" and also the
"RMPA" instruction. These instructions may prefetch data, which is
not safe to do if accessing an I/O register. (See section 12.2.7
of the RX62N Group User's Manual for more information).

The default is to allow these instructions, but it is not possible
for GCC to reliably detect all circumstances where a string
instruction might be used to access an I/O register, so their use
cannot be disabled automatically. Instead it is reliant upon the
programmer to use the -mno-allow-string-insns option if their
program accesses I/O space.

When the instructions are enabled GCC defines the C preprocessor
symbol "__RX_ALLOW_STRING_INSNS__", otherwise it defines the symbol
"__RX_DISALLOW_STRING_INSNS__".

-mjsr
-mno-jsr
Use only (or not only) "JSR" instructions to access functions.
This option can be used when code size exceeds the range of "BSR"
instructions. Note that -mno-jsr does not mean to not use "JSR"
but instead means that any type of branch may be used.

Note: The generic GCC command-line option -ffixed-reg has special
significance to the RX port when used with the "interrupt" function
attribute. This attribute indicates a function intended to process
fast interrupts. GCC ensures that it only uses the registers "r10",
"r11", "r12" and/or "r13" and only provided that the normal use of the
corresponding registers have been restricted via the -ffixed-reg or
-mint-register command-line options.

S/390 and zSeries Options

These are the -m options defined for the S/390 and zSeries
architecture.

-mhard-float
-msoft-float
Use (do not use) the hardware floating-point instructions and
registers for floating-point operations. When -msoft-float is
specified, functions in libgcc.a are used to perform floating-point
operations. When -mhard-float is specified, the compiler generates
IEEE floating-point instructions. This is the default.

-mhard-dfp
-mno-hard-dfp
Use (do not use) the hardware decimal-floating-point instructions
for decimal-floating-point operations. When -mno-hard-dfp is
specified, functions in libgcc.a are used to perform decimal-
floating-point operations. When -mhard-dfp is specified, the
compiler generates decimal-floating-point hardware instructions.
This is the default for -march=z9-ec or higher.

-mlong-double-64
-mlong-double-128
These switches control the size of "long double" type. A size of 64
bits makes the "long double" type equivalent to the "double" type.
This is the default.

-mbackchain
-mno-backchain
Store (do not store) the address of the caller's frame as backchain
pointer into the callee's stack frame. A backchain may be needed
to allow debugging using tools that do not understand DWARF call
frame information. When -mno-packed-stack is in effect, the
backchain pointer is stored at the bottom of the stack frame; when
-mpacked-stack is in effect, the backchain is placed into the
topmost word of the 96/160 byte register save area.

In general, code compiled with -mbackchain is call-compatible with
code compiled with -mmo-backchain; however, use of the backchain
for debugging purposes usually requires that the whole binary is
built with -mbackchain. Note that the combination of -mbackchain,
-mpacked-stack and -mhard-float is not supported. In order to
build a linux kernel use -msoft-float.

The default is to not maintain the backchain.

-mpacked-stack
-mno-packed-stack
Use (do not use) the packed stack layout. When -mno-packed-stack
is specified, the compiler uses the all fields of the 96/160 byte
register save area only for their default purpose; unused fields
still take up stack space. When -mpacked-stack is specified,
register save slots are densely packed at the top of the register
save area; unused space is reused for other purposes, allowing for
more efficient use of the available stack space. However, when
-mbackchain is also in effect, the topmost word of the save area is
always used to store the backchain, and the return address register
is always saved two words below the backchain.

As long as the stack frame backchain is not used, code generated
with -mpacked-stack is call-compatible with code generated with
-mno-packed-stack. Note that some non-FSF releases of GCC 2.95 for
S/390 or zSeries generated code that uses the stack frame backchain
at run time, not just for debugging purposes. Such code is not
call-compatible with code compiled with -mpacked-stack. Also, note
that the combination of -mbackchain, -mpacked-stack and
-mhard-float is not supported. In order to build a linux kernel
use -msoft-float.

The default is to not use the packed stack layout.

-msmall-exec
-mno-small-exec
Generate (or do not generate) code using the "bras" instruction to
do subroutine calls. This only works reliably if the total
executable size does not exceed 64k. The default is to use the
"basr" instruction instead, which does not have this limitation.

-m64
-m31
When -m31 is specified, generate code compliant to the GNU/Linux
for S/390 ABI. When -m64 is specified, generate code compliant to
the GNU/Linux for zSeries ABI. This allows GCC in particular to
generate 64-bit instructions. For the s390 targets, the default is
-m31, while the s390x targets default to -m64.

-mzarch
-mesa
When -mzarch is specified, generate code using the instructions
available on z/Architecture. When -mesa is specified, generate
code using the instructions available on ESA/390. Note that -mesa
is not possible with -m64. When generating code compliant to the
GNU/Linux for S/390 ABI, the default is -mesa. When generating
code compliant to the GNU/Linux for zSeries ABI, the default is
-mzarch.

-mhtm
-mno-htm
The -mhtm option enables a set of builtins making use of
instructions available with the transactional execution facility
introduced with the IBM zEnterprise EC12 machine generation S/390
System z Built-in Functions. -mhtm is enabled by default when
using -march=zEC12.

-mvx
-mno-vx
When -mvx is specified, generate code using the instructions
available with the vector extension facility introduced with the
IBM z13 machine generation. This option changes the ABI for some
vector type values with regard to alignment and calling
conventions. In case vector type values are being used in an ABI-
relevant context a GAS .gnu_attribute command will be added to mark
the resulting binary with the ABI used. -mvx is enabled by default
when using -march=z13.

-mzvector

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