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MOUNT(8) BSD System Manager's Manual MOUNT(8) NAME mount -- mount file systems SYNOPSIS mount [-adfpruvw] [-F fstab] [-t ufs | external_type] mount [-dfpruvw] special | node mount [-dfpruvw] [-o options] [-t ufs | external_type] special node DESCRIPTION The mount utility calls the mount(2) system call to prepare and graft a special device or the remote node (rhost:path) on to the file system tree at the point node. If either special or node are not provided, the ap- propriate information is taken from the fstab(5) file. The system maintains a list of currently mounted file systems. If no ar- guments are given to mount, this list is printed. The options are as follows: -a All the file systems described in fstab(5) are mounted. Excep- tions are those marked as "noauto", excluded by the -t flag (see below), or if they are already mounted (except the root file sys- tem which is always remounted to preserve traditional single user mode behavior). -d Causes everything to be done except for the actual system call. This option is useful in conjunction with the -v flag to deter- mine what the mount command is trying to do. -F fstab Specify the fstab file to use. -f Forces the revocation of write access when trying to downgrade a file system mount status from read-write to read-only. Also forces the R/W mount of an unclean file system (dangerous; use with caution). -o Options are specified with a -o flag followed by a comma sepa- rated string of options. In case of conflicting options being specified, the rightmost option takes effect. The following op- tions are available: async All I/O to the file system should be done asynchronously. This is a dangerous flag to set, and should not be used unless you are prepared to recreate the file system should your system crash. current When used with the -u flag, this is the same as specify- ing the options currently in effect for the mounted file system. force The same as -f; forces the revocation of write access when trying to downgrade a file system mount status from read-write to read-only. Also forces the R/W mount of an unclean file system (dangerous; use with caution). fstab When used with the -u flag, this is the same as specify- ing all the options listed in the fstab(5) file for the file system. noasync Metadata I/O should be done synchronously, while data I/O should be done asynchronously. This is the default. noatime Do not update the file access time when reading from a file. This option is useful on file systems where there are large numbers of files and performance is more criti- cal than updating the file access time (which is rarely ever important). This option is currently only supported on local file systems. noauto This file system should be skipped when mount is run with the -a flag. noclusterr Disable read clustering. noclusterw Disable write clustering. nodev Do not interpret character or block special devices on the file system. This option is useful for a server that has file systems containing special devices for architec- tures other than its own. This option is set automati- cally when the user does not have super-user privileges. noexec Do not allow execution of any binaries on the mounted file system. This option is useful for a server that has file systems containing binaries for architectures other than its own. nosuid Do not allow set-user-identifier or set-group-identifier bits to take effect. Note: this option is worthless if a public available suid or sgid wrapper like suidperl(1) is installed on your system. It is set automatically when the user does not have super-user privileges. nosymfollow Do not follow symlinks on the mounted file system. ro The same as -r; mount the file system read-only (even the super-user may not write it). sync All I/O to the file system should be done synchronously. snapshot This option allows a snapshot of the specified file sys- tem to be taken. The -u flag is required with this op- tion. Note that snapshot files must be created in the file system that is being snapshotted. You may create up to 20 snapshots per file system. Active snapshots are recorded in the superblock, so they persist across un- mount and remount operations and across system reboots. When you are done with a snapshot, it can be removed with the rm(1) command. Snapshots may be removed in any or- der, however you may not get back all the space contained in the snapshot as another snapshot may claim some of the blocks that it is releasing. Note that the schg flag is set on snapshots to ensure that not even the root user can write to them. The unlink command makes an exception for snapshot files in that it allows them to be removed even though they have the schg flag set, so it is not necessary to clear the schg flag before removing a snap- shot file. Once you have taken a snapshot, there are three interest- ing things that you can do with it: 1. Run fsck(8) on the snapshot file. Assuming that the file system was clean when it was mounted, you should always get a clean (and unchanging) result from running fsck on the snapshot. This is essen- tially what the background fsck process does. 2. Run dump(8) on the snapshot. You will get a dump that is consistent with the file system as of the timestamp of the snapshot. 3. Mount the snapshot as a frozen image of the file system. To mount the snapshot /var/snapshot/snap1: mdconfig -a -t vnode -f /var/snapshot/snap1 -u 4 mount -r /dev/md4 /mnt You can now cruise around your frozen /var file sys- tem at /mnt. Everything will be in the same state that it was at the time the snapshot was taken. The one exception is that any earlier snapshots will ap- pear as zero length files. When you are done with the mounted snapshot: umount /mnt mdconfig -d -u 4 Further details can be found in the file at /usr/src/sys/ufs/ffs/README.snapshot. suiddir A directory on the mounted file system will respond to the SUID bit being set, by setting the owner of any new files to be the same as the owner of the directory. New directories will inherit the bit from their parents. Ex- ecute bits are removed from the file, and it will not be given to root. This feature is designed for use on fileservers serving PC users via ftp, SAMBA, or netatalk. It provides secu- rity holes for shell users and as such should not be used on shell machines, especially on home directories. This option requires the SUIDDIR option in the kernel to work. Only UFS file systems support this option. See chmod(2) for more information. update The same as -u; indicate that the status of an already mounted file system should be changed. union Causes the namespace at the mount point to appear as the union of the mounted file system root and the existing directory. Lookups will be done in the mounted file sys- tem first. If those operations fail due to a non-exis- tent file the underlying directory is then accessed. All creates are done in the mounted file system. Any additional options specific to a file system type that is not one of the internally known types (see the -t option) may be passed as a comma separated list; these options are distinguished by a leading "-" (dash). Options that take a value are specified using the syntax -option=value. For example, the mount command: mount -t unionfs -o -b /sys $HOME/sys causes mount to execute the equivalent of: /sbin/mount_unionfs -b /sys $HOME/sys Additional options specific to file system types which are not internally known (see the description of the -t option below) may be described in the manual pages for the associated /sbin/mount_XXX utilities. -p Print mount information in fstab(5) format. Implies also the -v option. -r The file system is to be mounted read-only. Mount the file sys- tem read-only (even the super-user may not write it). The same as the ro argument to the -o option. -t ufs | external_type The argument following the -t is used to indicate the file system type. The type ufs is the default. The -t option can be used to indicate that the actions should only be taken on file systems of the specified type. More than one type may be specified in a comma separated list. The list of file system types can be pre- fixed with "no" to specify the file system types for which action should not be taken. For example, the mount command: mount -a -t nonfs,nullfs mounts all file systems except those of type NFS and NULLFS. If the type is not one of the internally known types, mount will attempt to execute a program in /sbin/mount_XXX where XXX is re- placed by the type name. For example, nfs file systems are mounted by the program /sbin/mount_nfs. Most file systems will be dynamically loaded by the kernel if not already present, and if the kernel module is available. -u The -u flag indicates that the status of an already mounted file system should be changed. Any of the options discussed above (the -o option) may be changed; also a file system can be changed from read-only to read-write or vice versa. An attempt to change from read-write to read-only will fail if any files on the file system are currently open for writing unless the -f flag is also specified. The set of options is determined by applying the op- tions specified in the argument to -o and finally applying the -r or -w option. -v Verbose mode. -w The file system object is to be read and write. DIAGNOSTICS Various, most of them are self-explanatory. XXXXX file system is not available The kernel does not support the respective file system type. Note that support for a particular file system might be provided either on a static (kernel compile-time), or dynamic basis (loaded as a kernel module by kldload(8)). ENVIRONMENT PATH_FSTAB If the environment variable PATH_FSTAB is set, all operations are performed against the specified file. PATH_FSTAB will not be honored if the process environment or memory address space is considred "tainted". (See issetugid(2) for more in- formation.) FILES /etc/fstab file system table SEE ALSO mount(2), fstab(5), kldload(8), mount_cd9660(8), mount_devfs(8), mount_ext2fs(8), mount_fdescfs(8), mount_hpfs(8), mount_linprocfs(8), mount_msdosfs(8), mount_nfs(8), mount_ntfs(8), mount_nullfs(8), mount_nwfs(8), mount_portalfs(8), mount_procfs(8), mount_smbfs(8), mount_std(8), mount_udf(8), mount_umapfs(8), mount_unionfs(8), umount(8) BUGS It is possible for a corrupted file system to cause a crash. CAVEATS After a successful mount, the permissions on the original mount point de- termine if .. is accessible from the mounted file system. The minimum permissions for the mount point for traversal across the mount point in both directions to be possible for all users is 0111 (execute for all). HISTORY A mount utility appeared in Version 1 AT&T UNIX. BSD April 7, 2003 BSD
NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | DIAGNOSTICS | ENVIRONMENT | FILES | SEE ALSO | BUGS | CAVEATS | HISTORY
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