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SUDO(8) FreeBSD System Manager's Manual SUDO(8) NAME sudo, sudoedit -- execute a command as another user SYNOPSIS sudo -h | -K | -k | -V sudo -v [-ABkNnS] [-g group] [-h host] [-p prompt] [-u user] sudo -l [-ABkNnS] [-g group] [-h host] [-p prompt] [-U user] [-u user] [command] sudo [-ABbEHnPS] [-C num] [-c class] [-D directory] [-g group] [-h host] [-p prompt] [-R directory] [-T timeout] [-u user] [VAR=value] [-i | -s] [command] sudoedit [-ABkNnS] [-C num] [-c class] [-D directory] [-g group] [-h host] [-p prompt] [-R directory] [-T timeout] [-u user] file ... DESCRIPTION sudo allows a permitted user to execute a command as the superuser or an- other user, as specified by the security policy. The invoking user's real (not effective) user-ID is used to determine the user name with which to query the security policy. sudo supports a plugin architecture for security policies, auditing, and input/output logging. Third parties can develop and distribute their own plugins to work seamlessly with the sudo front-end. The default security policy is sudoers, which is configured via the file /usr/local/etc/sudoers, or via LDAP. See the Plugins section for more information. The security policy determines what privileges, if any, a user has to run sudo. The policy may require that users authenticate themselves with a password or another authentication mechanism. If authentication is re- quired, sudo will exit if the user's password is not entered within a configurable time limit. This limit is policy-specific; the default password prompt timeout for the sudoers security policy is 5 minutes. Security policies may support credential caching to allow the user to run sudo again for a period of time without requiring authentication. By de- fault, the sudoers policy caches credentials on a per-terminal basis for 5 minutes. See the timestamp_type and timestamp_timeout options in sudoers(5) for more information. By running sudo with the -v option, a user can update the cached credentials without running a command. On systems where sudo is the primary method of gaining superuser privi- leges, it is imperative to avoid syntax errors in the security policy configuration files. For the default security policy, sudoers(5), changes to the configuration files should be made using the visudo(8) utility which will ensure that no syntax errors are introduced. When invoked as sudoedit, the -e option (described below), is implied. Security policies and audit plugins may log successful and failed at- tempts to run sudo. If an I/O plugin is configured, the running com- mand's input and output may be logged as well. The options are as follows: -A, --askpass Normally, if sudo requires a password, it will read it from the user's terminal. If the -A (askpass) option is speci- fied, a (possibly graphical) helper program is executed to read the user's password and output the password to the stan- dard output. If the SUDO_ASKPASS environment variable is set, it specifies the path to the helper program. Otherwise, if sudo.conf(5) contains a line specifying the askpass pro- gram, that value will be used. For example: # Path to askpass helper program Path askpass /usr/X11R6/bin/ssh-askpass If no askpass program is available, sudo will exit with an error. -B, --bell Ring the bell as part of the password prompt when a terminal is present. This option has no effect if an askpass program is used. -b, --background Run the given command in the background. It is not possible to use shell job control to manipulate background processes started by sudo. Most interactive commands will fail to work properly in background mode. -C num, --close-from=num Close all file descriptors greater than or equal to num be- fore executing a command. Values less than three are not permitted. By default, sudo will close all open file de- scriptors other than standard input, standard output, and standard error when executing a command. The security policy may restrict the user's ability to use this option. The sudoers policy only permits use of the -C option when the ad- ministrator has enabled the closefrom_override option. -c class, --login-class=class Run the command with resource limits and scheduling priority of the specified login class. The class argument can be ei- ther a class name as defined in /etc/login.conf, or a single `-' character. If class is -, the default login class of the target user will be used. Otherwise, the command must be run as the superuser (user-ID 0), or sudo must be run from a shell that is already running as the superuser. If the com- mand is being run as a login shell, additional /etc/login.conf settings, such as the umask and environment variables, will be applied, if present. This option is only available on systems with BSD login classes. -D directory, --chdir=directory Run the command in the specified directory instead of the current working directory. The security policy may return an error if the user does not have permission to specify the working directory. -E, --preserve-env Indicates to the security policy that the user wishes to pre- serve their existing environment variables. The security policy may return an error if the user does not have permis- sion to preserve the environment. --preserve-env=list Indicates to the security policy that the user wishes to add the comma-separated list of environment variables to those preserved from the user's environment. The security policy may return an error if the user does not have permission to preserve the environment. This option may be specified mul- tiple times. -e, --edit Edit one or more files instead of running a command. In lieu of a path name, the string "sudoedit" is used when consulting the security policy. If the user is authorized by the pol- icy, the following steps are taken: 1. Temporary copies are made of the files to be edited with the owner set to the invoking user. 2. The editor specified by the policy is run to edit the temporary files. The sudoers policy uses the SUDO_EDITOR, VISUAL and EDITOR environment variables (in that order). If none of SUDO_EDITOR, VISUAL or EDITOR are set, the first program listed in the editor sudoers(5) option is used. 3. If they have been modified, the temporary files are copied back to their original location and the temporary versions are removed. To help prevent the editing of unauthorized files, the fol- lowing restrictions are enforced unless explicitly allowed by the security policy: o Symbolic links may not be edited (version 1.8.15 and higher). o Symbolic links along the path to be edited are not fol- lowed when the parent directory is writable by the invok- ing user unless that user is root (version 1.8.16 and higher). o Files located in a directory that is writable by the in- voking user may not be edited unless that user is root (version 1.8.16 and higher). Users are never allowed to edit device special files. If the specified file does not exist, it will be created. Unlike most commands run by sudo, the editor is run with the invoking user's environment unmodified. If the temporary file becomes empty after editing, the user will be prompted before it is installed. If, for some reason, sudo is unable to update a file with its edited version, the user will re- ceive a warning and the edited copy will remain in a tempo- rary file. -g group, --group=group Run the command with the primary group set to group instead of the primary group specified by the target user's password database entry. The group may be either a group name or a numeric group-ID (GID) prefixed with the `#' character (e.g., `#0' for GID 0). When running a command as a GID, many shells require that the `#' be escaped with a backslash (`\'). If no -u option is specified, the command will be run as the invoking user. In either case, the primary group will be set to group. The sudoers policy permits any of the tar- get user's groups to be specified via the -g option as long as the -P option is not in use. -H, --set-home Request that the security policy set the HOME environment variable to the home directory specified by the target user's password database entry. Depending on the policy, this may be the default behavior. -h, --help Display a short help message to the standard output and exit. -h host, --host=host Run the command on the specified host if the security policy plugin supports remote commands. The sudoers plugin does not currently support running remote commands. This may also be used in conjunction with the -l option to list a user's priv- ileges for the remote host. -i, --login Run the shell specified by the target user's password data- base entry as a login shell. This means that login-specific resource files such as .profile, .bash_profile, or .login will be read by the shell. If a command is specified, it is passed to the shell as a simple command using the -c option. The command and any arguments are concatenated, separated by spaces, after escaping each character (including white space) with a backslash (`\') except for alphanumerics, underscores, hyphens, and dollar signs. If no command is specified, an interactive shell is executed. sudo attempts to change to that user's home directory before running the shell. The command is run with an environment similar to the one a user would receive at log in. Most shells behave differently when a command is specified as compared to an interactive session; consult the shell's manual for details. The Command environment section in the sudoers(5) manual documents how the -i option affects the environment in which a command is run when the sudoers policy is in use. -K, --remove-timestamp Similar to the -k option, except that it removes the user's cached credentials entirely and may not be used in conjunc- tion with a command or other option. This option does not require a password. Not all security policies support cre- dential caching. -k, --reset-timestamp When used without a command, invalidates the user's cached credentials. In other words, the next time sudo is run a password will be required. This option does not require a password, and was added to allow a user to revoke sudo per- missions from a .logout file. When used in conjunction with a command or an option that may require a password, this option will cause sudo to ignore the user's cached credentials. As a result, sudo will prompt for a password (if one is required by the security policy) and will not update the user's cached credentials. Not all security policies support credential caching. -l, --list If no command is specified, list the allowed (and forbidden) commands for the invoking user (or the user specified by the -U option) on the current host. A longer list format is used if this option is specified multiple times and the security policy supports a verbose output format. If a command is specified and is permitted by the security policy, the fully-qualified path to the command is displayed along with any command line arguments. If a command is spec- ified but not allowed by the policy, sudo will exit with a status value of 1. -N, --no-update Do not update the user's cached credentials, even if the user successfully authenticates. Unlike the -k flag, existing cached credentials are used if they are valid. To detect when the user's cached credentials are valid (or when no au- thentication is required), the following command can be used: sudo -Nnv Not all security policies support credential caching. -n, --non-interactive Avoid prompting the user for input of any kind. If a pass- word is required for the command to run, sudo will display an error message and exit. -P, --preserve-groups Preserve the invoking user's group vector unaltered. By de- fault, the sudoers policy will initialize the group vector to the list of groups the target user is a member of. The real and effective group-IDs, however, are still set to match the target user. -p prompt, --prompt=prompt Use a custom password prompt with optional escape sequences. The following percent (`%') escape sequences are supported by the sudoers policy: %H expanded to the host name including the domain name (only if the machine's host name is fully qualified or the fqdn option is set in sudoers(5)) %h expanded to the local host name without the domain name %p expanded to the name of the user whose password is being requested (respects the rootpw, targetpw, and runaspw flags in sudoers(5)) %U expanded to the login name of the user the command will be run as (defaults to root unless the -u option is also specified) %u expanded to the invoking user's login name %% two consecutive `%' characters are collapsed into a sin- gle `%' character The custom prompt will override the default prompt specified by either the security policy or the SUDO_PROMPT environment variable. On systems that use PAM, the custom prompt will also override the prompt specified by a PAM module unless the passprompt_override flag is disabled in sudoers. -R directory, --chroot=directory Change to the specified root directory (see chroot(8)) before running the command. The security policy may return an error if the user does not have permission to specify the root di- rectory. -S, --stdin Write the prompt to the standard error and read the password from the standard input instead of using the terminal device. -s, --shell Run the shell specified by the SHELL environment variable if it is set or the shell specified by the invoking user's pass- word database entry. If a command is specified, it is passed to the shell as a simple command using the -c option. The command and any arguments are concatenated, separated by spa- ces, after escaping each character (including white space) with a backslash (`\') except for alphanumerics, underscores, hyphens, and dollar signs. If no command is specified, an interactive shell is executed. Most shells behave differ- ently when a command is specified as compared to an interac- tive session; consult the shell's manual for details. -U user, --other-user=user Used in conjunction with the -l option to list the privileges for user instead of for the invoking user. The security pol- icy may restrict listing other users' privileges. When using the sudoers policy, only root or a user with the ability to run any command as either root or the specified user on the current host may use this option. -T timeout, --command-timeout=timeout Used to set a timeout for the command. If the timeout ex- pires before the command has exited, the command will be ter- minated. The security policy may restrict the ability to set command timeouts. The sudoers policy requires that user- specified timeouts be explicitly enabled. -u user, --user=user Run the command as a user other than the default target user (usually root). The user may be either a user name or a nu- meric user-ID (UID) prefixed with the `#' character (e.g., `#0' for UID 0). When running commands as a UID, many shells require that the `#' be escaped with a backslash (`\'). Some security policies may restrict UIDs to those listed in the password database. The sudoers policy allows UIDs that are not in the password database as long as the targetpw option is not set. Other security policies may not support this. -V, --version Print the sudo version string as well as the version string of any configured plugins. If the invoking user is already root, the -V option will display the arguments passed to con- figure when sudo was built; plugins may display additional information such as default options. -v, --validate Update the user's cached credentials, authenticating the user if necessary. For the sudoers plugin, this extends the sudo timeout for another 5 minutes by default, but does not run a command. Not all security policies support cached creden- tials. -- The -- option indicates that sudo should stop processing com- mand line arguments. Options that take a value may only be specified once unless otherwise in- dicated in the description. This is to help guard against problems caused by poorly written scripts that invoke sudo with user-controlled input. Environment variables to be set for the command may also be passed on the command line in the form of VAR=value, e.g., LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/pkg/lib. Variables passed on the command line are subject to restrictions imposed by the security policy plugin. The sudoers policy subjects variables passed on the command line to the same restrictions as normal environment variables with one important excep- tion. If the setenv option is set in sudoers, the command to be run has the SETENV tag set or the command matched is ALL, the user may set vari- ables that would otherwise be forbidden. See sudoers(5) for more infor- mation. COMMAND EXECUTION When sudo executes a command, the security policy specifies the execution environment for the command. Typically, the real and effective user and group and IDs are set to match those of the target user, as specified in the password database, and the group vector is initialized based on the group database (unless the -P option was specified). The following parameters may be specified by security policy: o real and effective user-ID o real and effective group-ID o supplementary group-IDs o the environment list o current working directory o file creation mode mask (umask) o BSD login class o scheduling priority (aka nice value) Process model There are two distinct ways sudo can run a command. If an I/O logging plugin is configured or if the security policy explic- itly requests it, a new pseudo-terminal ("pty") is allocated and fork(2) is used to create a second sudo process, referred to as the monitor. The monitor creates a new terminal session with itself as the leader and the pty as its controlling terminal, calls fork(2), sets up the execution en- vironment as described above, and then uses the execve(2) system call to run the command in the child process. The monitor exists to relay job control signals between the user's existing terminal and the pty the com- mand is being run in. This makes it possible to suspend and resume the command. Without the monitor, the command would be in what POSIX terms an "orphaned process group" and it would not receive any job control sig- nals from the kernel. When the command exits or is terminated by a sig- nal, the monitor passes the command's exit status to the main sudo process and exits. After receiving the command's exit status, the main sudo passes the command's exit status to the security policy's close function and exits. If no pty is used, sudo calls fork(2), sets up the execution environment as described above, and uses the execve(2) system call to run the command in the child process. The main sudo process waits until the command has completed, then passes the command's exit status to the security policy's close function and exits. As a special case, if the policy plugin does not define a close function, sudo will execute the command directly in- stead of calling fork(2) first. The sudoers policy plugin will only de- fine a close function when I/O logging is enabled, a pty is required, an SELinux role is specified, the command has an associated timeout, or the pam_session or pam_setcred options are enabled. Both pam_session and pam_setcred are enabled by default on systems using PAM. On systems that use PAM, the security policy's close function is respon- sible for closing the PAM session. It may also log the command's exit status. Signal handling When the command is run as a child of the sudo process, sudo will relay signals it receives to the command. The SIGINT and SIGQUIT signals are only relayed when the command is being run in a new pty or when the sig- nal was sent by a user process, not the kernel. This prevents the com- mand from receiving SIGINT twice each time the user enters control-C. Some signals, such as SIGSTOP and SIGKILL, cannot be caught and thus will not be relayed to the command. As a general rule, SIGTSTP should be used instead of SIGSTOP when you wish to suspend a command being run by sudo. As a special case, sudo will not relay signals that were sent by the com- mand it is running. This prevents the command from accidentally killing itself. On some systems, the reboot(8) command sends SIGTERM to all non- system processes other than itself before rebooting the system. This prevents sudo from relaying the SIGTERM signal it received back to reboot(8), which might then exit before the system was actually rebooted, leaving it in a half-dead state similar to single user mode. Note, how- ever, that this check only applies to the command run by sudo and not any other processes that the command may create. As a result, running a script that calls reboot(8) or shutdown(8) via sudo may cause the system to end up in this undefined state unless the reboot(8) or shutdown(8) are run using the exec() family of functions instead of system() (which in- terposes a shell between the command and the calling process). If no I/O logging plugins are loaded and the policy plugin has not de- fined a close() function, set a command timeout, or required that the command be run in a new pty, sudo may execute the command directly in- stead of running it as a child process. Plugins Plugins may be specified via Plugin directives in the sudo.conf(5) file. They may be loaded as dynamic shared objects (on systems that support them), or compiled directly into the sudo binary. If no sudo.conf(5) file is present, or if it doesn't contain any Plugin lines, sudo will use sudoers(5) for the policy, auditing, and I/O logging plugins. See the sudo.conf(5) manual for details of the /usr/local/etc/sudo.conf file and the sudo_plugin(5) manual for more information about the sudo plugin ar- chitecture. EXIT VALUE Upon successful execution of a command, the exit status from sudo will be the exit status of the program that was executed. If the command termi- nated due to receipt of a signal, sudo will send itself the same signal that terminated the command. If the -l option was specified without a command, sudo will exit with a value of 0 if the user is allowed to run sudo and they authenticated suc- cessfully (as required by the security policy). If a command is speci- fied with the -l option, the exit value will only be 0 if the command is permitted by the security policy, otherwise it will be 1. If there is an authentication failure, a configuration/permission prob- lem, or if the given command cannot be executed, sudo exits with a value of 1. In the latter case, the error string is printed to the standard error. If sudo cannot stat(2) one or more entries in the user's PATH, an error is printed to the standard error. (If the directory does not exist or if it is not really a directory, the entry is ignored and no error is printed.) This should not happen under normal circumstances. The most common reason for stat(2) to return "permission denied" is if you are running an automounter and one of the directories in your PATH is on a machine that is currently unreachable. SECURITY NOTES sudo tries to be safe when executing external commands. To prevent command spoofing, sudo checks "." and "" (both denoting cur- rent directory) last when searching for a command in the user's PATH (if one or both are in the PATH). Depending on the security policy, the user's PATH environment variable may be modified, replaced, or passed un- changed to the program that sudo executes. Users should never be granted sudo privileges to execute files that are writable by the user or that reside in a directory that is writable by the user. If the user can modify or replace the command there is no way to limit what additional commands they can run. By default, sudo will only log the command it explicitly runs. If a user runs a command such as `sudo su' or `sudo sh', subsequent commands run from that shell are not subject to sudo's security policy. The same is true for commands that offer shell escapes (including most editors). If I/O logging is enabled, subsequent commands will have their input and/or output logged, but there will not be traditional logs for those commands. Because of this, care must be taken when giving users access to commands via sudo to verify that the command does not inadvertently give the user an effective root shell. For information on ways to address this, see the Preventing shell escapes section in sudoers(5). To prevent the disclosure of potentially sensitive information, sudo dis- ables core dumps by default while it is executing (they are re-enabled for the command that is run). This historical practice dates from a time when most operating systems allowed set-user-ID processes to dump core by default. To aid in debugging sudo crashes, you may wish to re-enable core dumps by setting "disable_coredump" to false in the sudo.conf(5) file as follows: Set disable_coredump false See the sudo.conf(5) manual for more information. ENVIRONMENT sudo utilizes the following environment variables. The security policy has control over the actual content of the command's environment. EDITOR Default editor to use in -e (sudoedit) mode if neither SUDO_EDITOR nor VISUAL is set. MAIL Set to the mail spool of the target user when the -i op- tion is specified, or when env_reset is enabled in sudoers (unless MAIL is present in the env_keep list). HOME Set to the home directory of the target user when the -i or -H options are specified, when the -s option is spec- ified and set_home is set in sudoers, when always_set_home is enabled in sudoers, or when env_reset is enabled in sudoers and HOME is not present in the env_keep list. LOGNAME Set to the login name of the target user when the -i op- tion is specified, when the set_logname option is en- abled in sudoers, or when the env_reset option is en- abled in sudoers (unless LOGNAME is present in the env_keep list). PATH May be overridden by the security policy. SHELL Used to determine shell to run with -s option. SUDO_ASKPASS Specifies the path to a helper program used to read the password if no terminal is available or if the -A option is specified. SUDO_COMMAND Set to the command run by sudo, including command line arguments. The command line arguments are truncated at 4096 characters to prevent a potential execution error. SUDO_EDITOR Default editor to use in -e (sudoedit) mode. SUDO_GID Set to the group-ID of the user who invoked sudo. SUDO_PROMPT Used as the default password prompt unless the -p option was specified. SUDO_PS1 If set, PS1 will be set to its value for the program be- ing run. SUDO_UID Set to the user-ID of the user who invoked sudo. SUDO_USER Set to the login name of the user who invoked sudo. USER Set to the same value as LOGNAME, described above. VISUAL Default editor to use in -e (sudoedit) mode if SUDO_EDITOR is not set. FILES /usr/local/etc/sudo.conf sudo front-end configuration EXAMPLES The following examples assume a properly configured security policy. To get a file listing of an unreadable directory: $ sudo ls /usr/local/protected To list the home directory of user yaz on a machine where the file system holding ~yaz is not exported as root: $ sudo -u yaz ls ~yaz To edit the index.html file as user www: $ sudoedit -u www ~www/htdocs/index.html To view system logs only accessible to root and users in the adm group: $ sudo -g adm more /var/log/syslog To run an editor as jim with a different primary group: $ sudoedit -u jim -g audio ~jim/sound.txt To shut down a machine: $ sudo shutdown -r +15 "quick reboot" To make a usage listing of the directories in the /home partition. The commands are run in a sub-shell to allow the `cd' command and file redi- rection to work. $ sudo sh -c "cd /home ; du -s * | sort -rn > USAGE" DIAGNOSTICS Error messages produced by sudo include: editing files in a writable directory is not permitted By default, sudoedit does not permit editing a file when any of the parent directories are writable by the invoking user. This avoids a race condition that could allow the user to overwrite an arbi- trary file. See the sudoedit_checkdir option in sudoers(5) for more information. editing symbolic links is not permitted By default, sudoedit does not follow symbolic links when opening files. See the sudoedit_follow option in sudoers(5) for more in- formation. effective uid is not 0, is sudo installed setuid root? sudo was not run with root privileges. The sudo binary must be owned by the root user and have the set-user-ID bit set. Also, it must not be located on a file system mounted with the `nosuid' op- tion or on an NFS file system that maps uid 0 to an unprivileged uid. effective uid is not 0, is sudo on a file system with the 'nosuid' option set or an NFS file system without root privileges? sudo was not run with root privileges. The sudo binary has the proper owner and permissions but it still did not run with root privileges. The most common reason for this is that the file sys- tem the sudo binary is located on is mounted with the `nosuid' op- tion or it is an NFS file system that maps uid 0 to an unprivileged uid. fatal error, unable to load plugins An error occurred while loading or initializing the plugins speci- fied in sudo.conf(5). invalid environment variable name One or more environment variable names specified via the -E option contained an equal sign (`='). The arguments to the -E option should be environment variable names without an associated value. no password was provided When sudo tried to read the password, it did not receive any char- acters. This may happen if no terminal is available (or the -S op- tion is specified) and the standard input has been redirected from /dev/null. a terminal is required to read the password sudo needs to read the password but there is no mechanism available for it to do so. A terminal is not present to read the password from, sudo has not been configured to read from the standard input, the -S option was not used, and no askpass helper has been speci- fied either via the sudo.conf(5) file or the SUDO_ASKPASS environ- ment variable. no writable temporary directory found sudoedit was unable to find a usable temporary directory in which to store its intermediate files. The "no new privileges" flag is set, which prevents sudo from running as root. sudo was run by a process that has the Linux "no new privileges" flag is set. This causes the set-user-ID bit to be ignored when running an executable, which will prevent sudo from functioning. The most likely cause for this is running sudo within a container that sets this flag. Check the documentation to see if it is pos- sible to configure the container such that the flag is not set. sudo must be owned by uid 0 and have the setuid bit set sudo was not run with root privileges. The sudo binary does not have the correct owner or permissions. It must be owned by the root user and have the set-user-ID bit set. sudoedit is not supported on this platform It is only possible to run sudoedit on systems that support setting the effective user-ID. timed out reading password The user did not enter a password before the password timeout (5 minutes by default) expired. you do not exist in the passwd database Your user-ID does not appear in the system passwd database. you may not specify environment variables in edit mode It is only possible to specify environment variables when running a command. When editing a file, the editor is run with the user's environment unmodified. SEE ALSO su(1), stat(2), login_cap(3), passwd(5), sudo.conf(5), sudo_plugin(5), sudoers(5), sudoers_timestamp(5), sudoreplay(8), visudo(8) HISTORY See the HISTORY.md file in the sudo distribution (https://www.sudo.ws/about/history/) for a brief history of sudo. AUTHORS Many people have worked on sudo over the years; this version consists of code written primarily by: Todd C. Miller See the CONTRIBUTORS.md file in the sudo distribution (https://www.sudo.ws/about/contributors/) for an exhaustive list of peo- ple who have contributed to sudo. CAVEATS There is no easy way to prevent a user from gaining a root shell if that user is allowed to run arbitrary commands via sudo. Also, many programs (such as editors) allow the user to run commands via shell escapes, thus avoiding sudo's checks. However, on most systems it is possible to pre- vent shell escapes with the sudoers(5) plugin's noexec functionality. It is not meaningful to run the `cd' command directly via sudo, e.g., $ sudo cd /usr/local/protected since when the command exits the parent process (your shell) will still be the same. See the EXAMPLES section for more information. Running shell scripts via sudo can expose the same kernel bugs that make set-user-ID shell scripts unsafe on some operating systems (if your OS has a /dev/fd/ directory, set-user-ID shell scripts are generally safe). BUGS If you believe you have found a bug in sudo, you can submit a bug report at https://bugzilla.sudo.ws/ SUPPORT Limited free support is available via the sudo-users mailing list, see https://www.sudo.ws/mailman/listinfo/sudo-users to subscribe or search the archives. DISCLAIMER sudo is provided "AS IS" and any express or implied warranties, includ- ing, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed. See the LICENSE.md file distributed with sudo or https://www.sudo.ws/about/license/ for complete details. Sudo 1.9.12p2 September 13, 2022 Sudo 1.9.12p2
NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | COMMAND EXECUTION | EXIT VALUE | SECURITY NOTES | ENVIRONMENT | FILES | EXAMPLES | DIAGNOSTICS | SEE ALSO | HISTORY | AUTHORS | CAVEATS | BUGS | SUPPORT | DISCLAIMER
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