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JEMALLOC(3) User Manual JEMALLOC(3) NAME jemalloc - general purpose memory allocation functions LIBRARY This manual describes jemalloc 5.3.0-0-g54eaed1d8b56b1aa528be3bdd1877e59c56fa90c. More information can be found at the jemalloc website[1]. The following configuration options are enabled in libc's built-in jemal- loc: --enable-fill, --enable-lazy-lock, --enable-stats, --enable-utrace, --enable-xmalloc, and --with-malloc-conf=abort_conf:false. Additionally, --enable-debug is enabled in development versions of FreeBSD (controlled by the MK_MALLOC_PRODUCTION make variable). SYNOPSIS #include <stdlib.h> #include <malloc_np.h> Standard API void *malloc(size_t size); void *calloc(size_t number, size_t size); int posix_memalign(void **ptr, size_t alignment, size_t size); void *aligned_alloc(size_t alignment, size_t size); void *realloc(void *ptr, size_t size); void free(void *ptr); Non-standard API void *mallocx(size_t size, int flags); void *rallocx(void *ptr, size_t size, int flags); size_t xallocx(void *ptr, size_t size, size_t extra, int flags); size_t sallocx(void *ptr, int flags); void dallocx(void *ptr, int flags); void sdallocx(void *ptr, size_t size, int flags); size_t nallocx(size_t size, int flags); int mallctl(const char *name, void *oldp, size_t *oldlenp, void *newp, size_t newlen); int mallctlnametomib(const char *name, size_t *mibp, size_t *miblenp); int mallctlbymib(const size_t *mib, size_t miblen, void *oldp, size_t *oldlenp, void *newp, size_t newlen); void malloc_stats_print(void (*write_cb) (void *, const char *), void *cbopaque, const char *opts); size_t malloc_usable_size(const void *ptr); void (*malloc_message)(void *cbopaque, const char *s); const char *malloc_conf; DESCRIPTION Standard API The malloc() function allocates size bytes of uninitialized memory. The al- located space is suitably aligned (after possible pointer coercion) for storage of any type of object. The calloc() function allocates space for number objects, each size bytes in length. The result is identical to calling malloc() with an argument of number * size, with the exception that the allocated memory is explicitly initialized to zero bytes. The posix_memalign() function allocates size bytes of memory such that the allocation's base address is a multiple of alignment, and returns the allo- cation in the value pointed to by ptr. The requested alignment must be a power of 2 at least as large as sizeof(void *). The aligned_alloc() function allocates size bytes of memory such that the allocation's base address is a multiple of alignment. The requested align- ment must be a power of 2. Behavior is undefined if size is not an integral multiple of alignment. The realloc() function changes the size of the previously allocated memory referenced by ptr to size bytes. The contents of the memory are unchanged up to the lesser of the new and old sizes. If the new size is larger, the contents of the newly allocated portion of the memory are undefined. Upon success, the memory referenced by ptr is freed and a pointer to the newly allocated memory is returned. Note that realloc() may move the memory allo- cation, resulting in a different return value than ptr. If ptr is NULL, the realloc() function behaves identically to malloc() for the specified size. The free() function causes the allocated memory referenced by ptr to be made available for future allocations. If ptr is NULL, no action occurs. Non-standard API The mallocx(), rallocx(), xallocx(), sallocx(), dallocx(), sdallocx(), and nallocx() functions all have a flags argument that can be used to specify options. The functions only check the options that are contextually rele- vant. Use bitwise or (|) operations to specify one or more of the follow- ing: MALLOCX_LG_ALIGN(la) Align the memory allocation to start at an address that is a multiple of (1 << la). This macro does not validate that la is within the valid range. MALLOCX_ALIGN(a) Align the memory allocation to start at an address that is a multiple of a, where a is a power of two. This macro does not validate that a is a power of 2. MALLOCX_ZERO Initialize newly allocated memory to contain zero bytes. In the growing reallocation case, the real size prior to reallocation defines the boundary between untouched bytes and those that are initialized to con- tain zero bytes. If this macro is absent, newly allocated memory is uninitialized. MALLOCX_TCACHE(tc) Use the thread-specific cache (tcache) specified by the identifier tc, which must have been acquired via the tcache.create mallctl. This macro does not validate that tc specifies a valid identifier. MALLOCX_TCACHE_NONE Do not use a thread-specific cache (tcache). Unless MALLOCX_TCACHE(tc) or MALLOCX_TCACHE_NONE is specified, an automatically managed tcache will be used under many circumstances. This macro cannot be used in the same flags argument as MALLOCX_TCACHE(tc). MALLOCX_ARENA(a) Use the arena specified by the index a. This macro has no effect for regions that were allocated via an arena other than the one specified. This macro does not validate that a specifies an arena index in the valid range. The mallocx() function allocates at least size bytes of memory, and returns a pointer to the base address of the allocation. Behavior is undefined if size is 0. The rallocx() function resizes the allocation at ptr to be at least size bytes, and returns a pointer to the base address of the resulting alloca- tion, which may or may not have moved from its original location. Behavior is undefined if size is 0. The xallocx() function resizes the allocation at ptr in place to be at least size bytes, and returns the real size of the allocation. If extra is non-zero, an attempt is made to resize the allocation to be at least (size + extra) bytes, though inability to allocate the extra byte(s) will not by itself result in failure to resize. Behavior is undefined if size is 0, or if (size + extra > SIZE_T_MAX). The sallocx() function returns the real size of the allocation at ptr. The dallocx() function causes the memory referenced by ptr to be made available for future allocations. The sdallocx() function is an extension of dallocx() with a size parameter to allow the caller to pass in the allocation size as an optimization. The minimum valid input size is the original requested size of the allocation, and the maximum valid input size is the corresponding value returned by nallocx() or sallocx(). The nallocx() function allocates no memory, but it performs the same size computation as the mallocx() function, and returns the real size of the al- location that would result from the equivalent mallocx() function call, or 0 if the inputs exceed the maximum supported size class and/or alignment. Behavior is undefined if size is 0. The mallctl() function provides a general interface for introspecting the memory allocator, as well as setting modifiable parameters and triggering actions. The period-separated name argument specifies a location in a tree-structured namespace; see the MALLCTL NAMESPACE section for documenta- tion on the tree contents. To read a value, pass a pointer via oldp to ade- quate space to contain the value, and a pointer to its length via oldlenp; otherwise pass NULL and NULL. Similarly, to write a value, pass a pointer to the value via newp, and its length via newlen; otherwise pass NULL and 0. The mallctlnametomib() function provides a way to avoid repeated name lookups for applications that repeatedly query the same portion of the namespace, by translating a name to a "Management Information Base" (MIB) that can be passed repeatedly to mallctlbymib(). Upon successful return from mallctlnametomib(), mibp contains an array of *miblenp integers, where *miblenp is the lesser of the number of components in name and the input value of *miblenp. Thus it is possible to pass a *miblenp that is smaller than the number of period-separated name components, which results in a partial MIB that can be used as the basis for constructing a complete MIB. For name components that are integers (e.g. the 2 in arenas.bin.2.size), the corresponding MIB component will always be that integer. Therefore, it is legitimate to construct code like the following: unsigned nbins, i; size_t mib[4]; size_t len, miblen; len = sizeof(nbins); mallctl("arenas.nbins", &nbins, &len, NULL, 0); miblen = 4; mallctlnametomib("arenas.bin.0.size", mib, &miblen); for (i = 0; i < nbins; i++) { size_t bin_size; mib[2] = i; len = sizeof(bin_size); mallctlbymib(mib, miblen, (void *)&bin_size, &len, NULL, 0); /* Do something with bin_size... */ } The malloc_stats_print() function writes summary statistics via the write_cb callback function pointer and cbopaque data passed to write_cb, or malloc_message() if write_cb is NULL. The statistics are presented in hu- man-readable form unless "J" is specified as a character within the opts string, in which case the statistics are presented in JSON format[2]. This function can be called repeatedly. General information that never changes during execution can be omitted by specifying "g" as a character within the opts string. Note that malloc_stats_print() uses the mallctl*() functions internally, so inconsistent statistics can be reported if multiple threads use these functions simultaneously. If --enable-stats is specified during configuration, "m", "d", and "a" can be specified to omit merged arena, de- stroyed merged arena, and per arena statistics, respectively; "b" and "l" can be specified to omit per size class statistics for bins and large ob- jects, respectively; "x" can be specified to omit all mutex statistics; "e" can be used to omit extent statistics. Unrecognized characters are silently ignored. Note that thread caching may prevent some statistics from being completely up to date, since extra locking would be required to merge coun- ters that track thread cache operations. The malloc_usable_size() function returns the usable size of the allocation pointed to by ptr. The return value may be larger than the size that was requested during allocation. The malloc_usable_size() function is not a mechanism for in-place realloc(); rather it is provided solely as a tool for introspection purposes. Any discrepancy between the requested alloca- tion size and the size reported by malloc_usable_size() should not be de- pended on, since such behavior is entirely implementation-dependent. TUNING Once, when the first call is made to one of the memory allocation routines, the allocator initializes its internals based in part on various options that can be specified at compile- or run-time. The string specified via --with-malloc-conf, the string pointed to by the global variable malloc_conf, the "name" of the file referenced by the sym- bolic link named /etc/malloc.conf, and the value of the environment vari- able MALLOC_CONF, will be interpreted, in that order, from left to right as options. Note that malloc_conf may be read before main() is entered, so the declaration of malloc_conf should specify an initializer that contains the final value to be read by jemalloc. --with-malloc-conf and malloc_conf are compile-time mechanisms, whereas /etc/malloc.conf and MALLOC_CONF can be safely set any time prior to program invocation. An options string is a comma-separated list of option:value pairs. There is one key corresponding to each opt.* mallctl (see the MALLCTL NAMESPACE section for options documentation). For example, abort:true,narenas:1 sets the opt.abort and opt.narenas options. Some options have boolean values (true/false), others have integer values (base 8, 10, or 16, depending on prefix), and yet others have raw string values. IMPLEMENTATION NOTES Traditionally, allocators have used sbrk(2) to obtain memory, which is sub- optimal for several reasons, including race conditions, increased fragmen- tation, and artificial limitations on maximum usable memory. If sbrk(2) is supported by the operating system, this allocator uses both mmap(2) and sbrk(2), in that order of preference; otherwise only mmap(2) is used. This allocator uses multiple arenas in order to reduce lock contention for threaded programs on multi-processor systems. This works well with regard to threading scalability, but incurs some costs. There is a small fixed per-arena overhead, and additionally, arenas manage memory completely inde- pendently of each other, which means a small fixed increase in overall mem- ory fragmentation. These overheads are not generally an issue, given the number of arenas normally used. Note that using substantially more arenas than the default is not likely to improve performance, mainly due to re- duced cache performance. However, it may make sense to reduce the number of arenas if an application does not make much use of the allocation func- tions. In addition to multiple arenas, this allocator supports thread-specific caching, in order to make it possible to completely avoid synchronization for most allocation requests. Such caching allows very fast allocation in the common case, but it increases memory usage and fragmentation, since a bounded number of objects can remain allocated in each thread cache. Memory is conceptually broken into extents. Extents are always aligned to multiples of the page size. This alignment makes it possible to find meta- data for user objects quickly. User objects are broken into two categories according to size: small and large. Contiguous small objects comprise a slab, which resides within a single extent, whereas large objects each have their own extents backing them. Small objects are managed in groups by slabs. Each slab maintains a bitmap to track which regions are in use. Allocation requests that are no more than half the quantum (8 or 16, depending on architecture) are rounded up to the nearest power of two that is at least sizeof(double). All other ob- ject size classes are multiples of the quantum, spaced such that there are four size classes for each doubling in size, which limits internal fragmen- tation to approximately 20% for all but the smallest size classes. Small size classes are smaller than four times the page size, and large size classes extend from four times the page size up to the largest size class that does not exceed PTRDIFF_MAX. Allocations are packed tightly together, which can be an issue for multi-threaded applications. If you need to assure that allocations do not suffer from cacheline sharing, round your allocation requests up to the nearest multiple of the cacheline size, or specify cacheline alignment when allocating. The realloc(), rallocx(), and xallocx() functions may resize allocations without moving them under limited circumstances. Unlike the *allocx() API, the standard API does not officially round up the usable size of an alloca- tion to the nearest size class, so technically it is necessary to call re- alloc() to grow e.g. a 9-byte allocation to 16 bytes, or shrink a 16-byte allocation to 9 bytes. Growth and shrinkage trivially succeeds in place as long as the pre-size and post-size both round up to the same size class. No other API guarantees are made regarding in-place resizing, but the current implementation also tries to resize large allocations in place, as long as the pre-size and post-size are both large. For shrinkage to succeed, the extent allocator must support splitting (see arena.<i>.extent_hooks). Growth only succeeds if the trailing memory is currently available, and the extent allocator supports merging. Assuming 4 KiB pages and a 16-byte quantum on a 64-bit system, the size classes in each category are as shown in Table 1. Table 1. Size classes +----------+---------+----------------------+ | Category | Spacing | Size | +----------+---------+----------------------+ | | lg | [8] | | +---------+----------------------+ | | 16 | [16, 32, 48, 64, 80, | | | | 96, 112, 128] | | +---------+----------------------+ | | 32 | [160, 192, 224, 256] | | +---------+----------------------+ | | 64 | [320, 384, 448, 512] | | +---------+----------------------+ | | 128 | [640, 768, 896, | | | | 1024] | | Small +---------+----------------------+ | | 256 | [1280, 1536, 1792, | | | | 2048] | | +---------+----------------------+ | | 512 | [2560, 3072, 3584, | | | | 4096] | | +---------+----------------------+ | | 1 KiB | [5 KiB, 6 KiB, 7 | | | | KiB, 8 KiB] | | +---------+----------------------+ | | 2 KiB | [10 KiB, 12 KiB, 14 | | | | KiB] | +----------+---------+----------------------+ | | 2 KiB | [16 KiB] | | +---------+----------------------+ | | 4 KiB | [20 KiB, 24 KiB, 28 | | | | KiB, 32 KiB] | | +---------+----------------------+ | | 8 KiB | [40 KiB, 48 KiB, 56 | | | | KiB, 64 KiB] | | +---------+----------------------+ | | 16 KiB | [80 KiB, 96 KiB, 112 | | | | KiB, 128 KiB] | | +---------+----------------------+ | | 32 KiB | [160 KiB, 192 KiB, | | | | 224 KiB, 256 KiB] | | +---------+----------------------+ | | 64 KiB | [320 KiB, 384 KiB, | | | | 448 KiB, 512 KiB] | | +---------+----------------------+ | | 128 KiB | [640 KiB, 768 KiB, | | | | 896 KiB, 1 MiB] | | +---------+----------------------+ | | 256 KiB | [1280 KiB, 1536 KiB, | | | | 1792 KiB, 2 MiB] | | Large +---------+----------------------+ | | 512 KiB | [2560 KiB, 3 MiB, | | | | 3584 KiB, 4 MiB] | | +---------+----------------------+ | | 1 MiB | [5 MiB, 6 MiB, 7 | | | | MiB, 8 MiB] | | +---------+----------------------+ | | 2 MiB | [10 MiB, 12 MiB, 14 | | | | MiB, 16 MiB] | | +---------+----------------------+ | | 4 MiB | [20 MiB, 24 MiB, 28 | | | | MiB, 32 MiB] | | +---------+----------------------+ | | 8 MiB | [40 MiB, 48 MiB, 56 | | | | MiB, 64 MiB] | | +---------+----------------------+ | | ... | ... | | +---------+----------------------+ | | 512 PiB | [2560 PiB, 3 EiB, | | | | 3584 PiB, 4 EiB] | | +---------+----------------------+ | | 1 EiB | [5 EiB, 6 EiB, 7 | | | | EiB] | +----------+---------+----------------------+ MALLCTL NAMESPACE The following names are defined in the namespace accessible via the mallctl*() functions. Value types are specified in parentheses, their read- able/writable statuses are encoded as rw, r-, -w, or --, and required build configuration flags follow, if any. A name element encoded as <i> or <j> indicates an integer component, where the integer varies from 0 to some up- per value that must be determined via introspection. In the case of stats.arenas.<i>.* and arena.<i>.{initialized,purge,decay,dss}, <i> equal to MALLCTL_ARENAS_ALL can be used to operate on all arenas or access the summation of statistics from all arenas; similarly <i> equal to MALLCTL_ARENAS_DESTROYED can be used to access the summation of statistics from all destroyed arenas. These constants can be utilized either via mallctlnametomib() followed by mallctlbymib(), or via code such as the fol- lowing: #define STRINGIFY_HELPER(x) #x #define STRINGIFY(x) STRINGIFY_HELPER(x) mallctl("arena." STRINGIFY(MALLCTL_ARENAS_ALL) ".decay", NULL, NULL, NULL, 0); Take special note of the epoch mallctl, which controls refreshing of cached dynamic statistics. version (const char *) r- Return the jemalloc version string. epoch (uint64_t) rw If a value is passed in, refresh the data from which the mallctl*() functions report values, and increment the epoch. Return the current epoch. This is useful for detecting whether another thread caused a re- fresh. background_thread (bool) rw Enable/disable internal background worker threads. When set to true, background threads are created on demand (the number of background threads will be no more than the number of CPUs or active arenas). Threads run periodically, and handle purging asynchronously. When switching off, background threads are terminated synchronously. Note that after fork(2) function, the state in the child process will be disabled regardless the state in parent process. See stats.back- ground_thread for related stats. opt.background_thread can be used to set the default option. This option is only available on selected pthread-based platforms. max_background_threads (size_t) rw Maximum number of background worker threads that will be created. This value is capped at opt.max_background_threads at startup. config.cache_oblivious (bool) r- --enable-cache-oblivious was specified during build configuration. config.debug (bool) r- --enable-debug was specified during build configuration. config.fill (bool) r- --enable-fill was specified during build configuration. config.lazy_lock (bool) r- --enable-lazy-lock was specified during build configuration. config.malloc_conf (const char *) r- Embedded configure-time-specified run-time options string, empty unless --with-malloc-conf was specified during build configuration. config.prof (bool) r- --enable-prof was specified during build configuration. config.prof_libgcc (bool) r- --disable-prof-libgcc was not specified during build configuration. config.prof_libunwind (bool) r- --enable-prof-libunwind was specified during build configuration. config.stats (bool) r- --enable-stats was specified during build configuration. config.utrace (bool) r- --enable-utrace was specified during build configuration. config.xmalloc (bool) r- --enable-xmalloc was specified during build configuration. opt.abort (bool) r- Abort-on-warning enabled/disabled. If true, most warnings are fatal. Note that runtime option warnings are not included (see opt.abort_conf for that). The process will call abort(3) in these cases. This option is disabled by default unless --enable-debug is specified during con- figuration, in which case it is enabled by default. opt.confirm_conf (bool) r- Confirm-runtime-options-when-program-starts enabled/disabled. If true, the string specified via --with-malloc-conf, the string pointed to by the global variable malloc_conf, the "name" of the file referenced by the symbolic link named /etc/malloc.conf, and the value of the environ- ment variable MALLOC_CONF, will be printed in order. Then, each option being set will be individually printed. This option is disabled by de- fault. opt.abort_conf (bool) r- Abort-on-invalid-configuration enabled/disabled. If true, invalid run- time options are fatal. The process will call abort(3) in these cases. This option is disabled by default unless --enable-debug is specified during configuration, in which case it is enabled by default. opt.cache_oblivious (bool) r- Enable / Disable cache-oblivious large allocation alignment, for large requests with no alignment constraints. If this feature is disabled, all large allocations are page-aligned as an implementation artifact, which can severely harm CPU cache utilization. However, the cache-oblivious layout comes at the cost of one extra page per large allocation, which in the most extreme case increases physical memory usage for the 16 KiB size class to 20 KiB. This option is enabled by default. opt.metadata_thp (const char *) r- Controls whether to allow jemalloc to use transparent huge page (THP) for internal metadata (see stats.metadata). "always" allows such us- age. "auto" uses no THP initially, but may begin to do so when meta- data usage reaches certain level. The default is "disabled". opt.trust_madvise (bool) r- If true, do not perform runtime check for MADV_DONTNEED, to check that it actually zeros pages. The default is disabled on Linux and enabled elsewhere. opt.retain (bool) r- If true, retain unused virtual memory for later reuse rather than dis- carding it by calling munmap(2) or equivalent (see stats.retained for related details). It also makes jemalloc use mmap(2) or equivalent in a more greedy way, mapping larger chunks in one go. This option is dis- abled by default unless discarding virtual memory is known to trigger platform-specific performance problems, namely 1) for [64-bit] Linux, which has a quirk in its virtual memory allocation algorithm that causes semi-permanent VM map holes under normal jemalloc operation; and 2) for [64-bit] Windows, which disallows split / merged regions with MEM_RELEASE. Although the same issues may present on 32-bit platforms as well, retaining virtual memory for 32-bit Linux and Windows is dis- abled by default due to the practical possibility of address space ex- haustion. opt.dss (const char *) r- dss (sbrk(2)) allocation precedence as related to mmap(2) allocation. The following settings are supported if sbrk(2) is supported by the op- erating system: "disabled", "primary", and "secondary"; otherwise only "disabled" is supported. The default is "secondary" if sbrk(2) is sup- ported by the operating system; "disabled" otherwise. opt.narenas (unsigned) r- Maximum number of arenas to use for automatic multiplexing of threads and arenas. The default is four times the number of CPUs, or one if there is a single CPU. opt.oversize_threshold (size_t) r- The threshold in bytes of which requests are considered oversize. Allo- cation requests with greater sizes are fulfilled from a dedicated arena (automatically managed, however not within narenas), in order to reduce fragmentation by not mixing huge allocations with small ones. In addi- tion, the decay API guarantees on the extents greater than the speci- fied threshold may be overridden. Note that requests with arena index specified via MALLOCX_ARENA, or threads associated with explicit arenas will not be considered. The default threshold is 8MiB. Values not within large size classes disables this feature. opt.percpu_arena (const char *) r- Per CPU arena mode. Use the "percpu" setting to enable this feature, which uses number of CPUs to determine number of arenas, and bind threads to arenas dynamically based on the CPU the thread runs on cur- rently. "phycpu" setting uses one arena per physical CPU, which means the two hyper threads on the same CPU share one arena. Note that no runtime checking regarding the availability of hyper threading is done at the moment. When set to "disabled", narenas and thread to arena as- sociation will not be impacted by this option. The default is "dis- abled". opt.background_thread (bool) r- Internal background worker threads enabled/disabled. Because of poten- tial circular dependencies, enabling background thread using this op- tion may cause crash or deadlock during initialization. For a reliable way to use this feature, see background_thread for dynamic control op- tions and details. This option is disabled by default. opt.max_background_threads (size_t) r- Maximum number of background threads that will be created if back- ground_thread is set. Defaults to number of cpus. opt.dirty_decay_ms (ssize_t) r- Approximate time in milliseconds from the creation of a set of unused dirty pages until an equivalent set of unused dirty pages is purged (i.e. converted to muzzy via e.g. madvise(...MADV_FREE) if supported by the operating system, or converted to clean otherwise) and/or reused. Dirty pages are defined as previously having been potentially written to by the application, and therefore consuming physical memory, yet having no current use. The pages are incrementally purged according to a sigmoidal decay curve that starts and ends with zero purge rate. A decay time of 0 causes all unused dirty pages to be purged immediately upon creation. A decay time of -1 disables purging. The default decay time is 10 seconds. See arenas.dirty_decay_ms and arena.<i>.dirty_de- cay_ms for related dynamic control options. See opt.muzzy_decay_ms for a description of muzzy pages.for a description of muzzy pages. Note that when the oversize_threshold feature is enabled, the arenas re- served for oversize requests may have its own default decay settings. opt.muzzy_decay_ms (ssize_t) r- Approximate time in milliseconds from the creation of a set of unused muzzy pages until an equivalent set of unused muzzy pages is purged (i.e. converted to clean) and/or reused. Muzzy pages are defined as previously having been unused dirty pages that were subsequently purged in a manner that left them subject to the reclamation whims of the op- erating system (e.g. madvise(...MADV_FREE)), and therefore in an inde- terminate state. The pages are incrementally purged according to a sig- moidal decay curve that starts and ends with zero purge rate. A decay time of 0 causes all unused muzzy pages to be purged immediately upon creation. A decay time of -1 disables purging. The default decay time is 10 seconds. See arenas.muzzy_decay_ms and arena.<i>.muzzy_decay_ms for related dynamic control options. opt.lg_extent_max_active_fit (size_t) r- When reusing dirty extents, this determines the (log base 2 of the) maximum ratio between the size of the active extent selected (to split off from) and the size of the requested allocation. This prevents the splitting of large active extents for smaller allocations, which can reduce fragmentation over the long run (especially for non-active ex- tents). Lower value may reduce fragmentation, at the cost of extra ac- tive extents. The default value is 6, which gives a maximum ratio of 64 (2^6). opt.stats_print (bool) r- Enable/disable statistics printing at exit. If enabled, the mal- loc_stats_print() function is called at program exit via an atexit(3) function. opt.stats_print_opts can be combined to specify output op- tions. If --enable-stats is specified during configuration, this has the potential to cause deadlock for a multi-threaded process that exits while one or more threads are executing in the memory allocation func- tions. Furthermore, atexit() may allocate memory during application initialization and then deadlock internally when jemalloc in turn calls atexit(), so this option is not universally usable (though the applica- tion can register its own atexit() function with equivalent functional- ity). Therefore, this option should only be used with care; it is pri- marily intended as a performance tuning aid during application develop- ment. This option is disabled by default. opt.stats_print_opts (const char *) r- Options (the opts string) to pass to the malloc_stats_print() at exit (enabled through opt.stats_print). See available options in mal- loc_stats_print(). Has no effect unless opt.stats_print is enabled. The default is "". opt.stats_interval (int64_t) r- Average interval between statistics outputs, as measured in bytes of allocation activity. The actual interval may be sporadic because decen- tralized event counters are used to avoid synchronization bottlenecks. The output may be triggered on any thread, which then calls mal- loc_stats_print(). opt.stats_interval_opts can be combined to specify output options. By default, interval-triggered stats output is disabled (encoded as -1). opt.stats_interval_opts (const char *) r- Options (the opts string) to pass to the malloc_stats_print() for in- terval based statistics printing (enabled through opt.stats_interval). See available options in malloc_stats_print(). Has no effect unless opt.stats_interval is enabled. The default is "". opt.junk (const char *) r- [--enable-fill] Junk filling. If set to "alloc", each byte of uninitialized allocated memory will be initialized to 0xa5. If set to "free", all deallocated memory will be initialized to 0x5a. If set to "true", both allocated and deallocated memory will be initialized, and if set to "false", junk filling be disabled entirely. This is intended for debugging and will impact performance negatively. This option is "false" by default unless --enable-debug is specified during configuration, in which case it is "true" by default. opt.zero (bool) r- [--enable-fill] Zero filling enabled/disabled. If enabled, each byte of uninitialized allocated memory will be initialized to 0. Note that this initializa- tion only happens once for each byte, so realloc() and rallocx() calls do not zero memory that was previously allocated. This is intended for debugging and will impact performance negatively. This option is dis- abled by default. opt.utrace (bool) r- [--enable-utrace] Allocation tracing based on utrace(2) enabled/disabled. This option is disabled by default. opt.xmalloc (bool) r- [--enable-xmalloc] Abort-on-out-of-memory enabled/disabled. If enabled, rather than re- turning failure for any allocation function, display a diagnostic mes- sage on STDERR_FILENO and cause the program to drop core (using abort(3)). If an application is designed to depend on this behavior, set the option at compile time by including the following in the source code: malloc_conf = "xmalloc:true"; This option is disabled by default. opt.tcache (bool) r- Thread-specific caching (tcache) enabled/disabled. When there are mul- tiple threads, each thread uses a tcache for objects up to a certain size. Thread-specific caching allows many allocations to be satisfied without performing any thread synchronization, at the cost of increased memory use. See the opt.tcache_max option for related tuning informa- tion. This option is enabled by default. opt.tcache_max (size_t) r- Maximum size class to cache in the thread-specific cache (tcache). At a minimum, the first size class is cached; and at a maximum, size classes up to 8 MiB can be cached. The default maximum is 32 KiB (2^15). As a convenience, this may also be set by specifying lg_tcache_max, which will be taken to be the base-2 logarithm of the setting of tcache_max. opt.thp (const char *) r- Transparent hugepage (THP) mode. Settings "always", "never" and "de- fault" are available if THP is supported by the operating system. The "always" setting enables transparent hugepage for all user memory map- pings with MADV_HUGEPAGE; "never" ensures no transparent hugepage with MADV_NOHUGEPAGE; the default setting "default" makes no changes. Note that: this option does not affect THP for jemalloc internal metadata (see opt.metadata_thp); in addition, for arenas with customized ex- tent_hooks, this option is bypassed as it is implemented as part of the default extent hooks. opt.prof (bool) r- [--enable-prof] Memory profiling enabled/disabled. If enabled, profile memory alloca- tion activity. See the opt.prof_active option for on-the-fly activa- tion/deactivation. See the opt.lg_prof_sample option for probabilistic sampling control. See the opt.prof_accum option for control of cumula- tive sample reporting. See the opt.lg_prof_interval option for informa- tion on interval-triggered profile dumping, the opt.prof_gdump option for information on high-water-triggered profile dumping, and the opt.prof_final option for final profile dumping. Profile output is com- patible with the jeprof command, which is based on the pprof that is developed as part of the gperftools package[3]. See HEAP PROFILE FORMAT for heap profile format documentation. opt.prof_prefix (const char *) r- [--enable-prof] Filename prefix for profile dumps. If the prefix is set to the empty string, no automatic dumps will occur; this is primarily useful for disabling the automatic final heap dump (which also disables leak re- porting, if enabled). The default prefix is jeprof. This prefix value can be overridden by prof.prefix. opt.prof_active (bool) r- [--enable-prof] Profiling activated/deactivated. This is a secondary control mechanism that makes it possible to start the application with profiling enabled (see the opt.prof option) but inactive, then toggle profiling at any time during program execution with the prof.active mallctl. This option is enabled by default. opt.prof_thread_active_init (bool) r- [--enable-prof] Initial setting for thread.prof.active in newly created threads. The initial setting for newly created threads can also be changed during execution via the prof.thread_active_init mallctl. This option is en- abled by default. opt.lg_prof_sample (size_t) r- [--enable-prof] Average interval (log base 2) between allocation samples, as measured in bytes of allocation activity. Increasing the sampling interval de- creases profile fidelity, but also decreases the computational over- head. The default sample interval is 512 KiB (2^19 B). opt.prof_accum (bool) r- [--enable-prof] Reporting of cumulative object/byte counts in profile dumps en- abled/disabled. If this option is enabled, every unique backtrace must be stored for the duration of execution. Depending on the application, this can impose a large memory overhead, and the cumulative counts are not always of interest. This option is disabled by default. opt.lg_prof_interval (ssize_t) r- [--enable-prof] Average interval (log base 2) between memory profile dumps, as measured in bytes of allocation activity. The actual interval between dumps may be sporadic because decentralized allocation counters are used to avoid synchronization bottlenecks. Profiles are dumped to files named accord- ing to the pattern <prefix>.<pid>.<seq>.i<iseq>.heap, where <prefix> is controlled by the opt.prof_prefix and prof.prefix options. By default, interval-triggered profile dumping is disabled (encoded as -1). opt.prof_gdump (bool) r- [--enable-prof] Set the initial state of prof.gdump, which when enabled triggers a mem- ory profile dump every time the total virtual memory exceeds the previ- ous maximum. This option is disabled by default. opt.prof_final (bool) r- [--enable-prof] Use an atexit(3) function to dump final memory usage to a file named according to the pattern <prefix>.<pid>.<seq>.f.heap, where <prefix> is controlled by the opt.prof_prefix and prof.prefix options. Note that atexit() may allocate memory during application initialization and then deadlock internally when jemalloc in turn calls atexit(), so this op- tion is not universally usable (though the application can register its own atexit() function with equivalent functionality). This option is disabled by default. opt.prof_leak (bool) r- [--enable-prof] Leak reporting enabled/disabled. If enabled, use an atexit(3) function to report memory leaks detected by allocation sampling. See the opt.prof option for information on analyzing heap profile output. Works only when combined with opt.prof_final, otherwise does nothing. This option is disabled by default. opt.prof_leak_error (bool) r- [--enable-prof] Similar to opt.prof_leak, but makes the process exit with error code 1 if a memory leak is detected. This option supersedes opt.prof_leak, meaning that if both are specified, this option takes precedence. When enabled, also enables opt.prof_leak. Works only when combined with opt.prof_final, otherwise does nothing. This option is disabled by de- fault. opt.zero_realloc (const char *) r- Determines the behavior of realloc() when passed a value of zero for the new size. "alloc" treats this as an allocation of size zero (and returns a non-null result except in case of resource exhaustion). "free" treats this as a deallocation of the pointer, and returns NULL without setting errno. "abort" aborts the process if zero is passed. The default is "free" on Linux and Windows, and "alloc" elsewhere. There is considerable divergence of behaviors across implementations in handling this case. Many have the behavior of "free". This can intro- duce security vulnerabilities, since a NULL return value indicates failure, and the continued validity of the passed-in pointer (per POSIX and C11). "alloc" is safe, but can cause leaks in programs that expect the common behavior. Programs intended to be portable and leak-free cannot assume either behavior, and must therefore never call realloc with a size of 0. The "abort" option enables these testing this behav- ior. thread.arena (unsigned) rw Get or set the arena associated with the calling thread. If the speci- fied arena was not initialized beforehand (see the arena.i.initialized mallctl), it will be automatically initialized as a side effect of calling this interface. thread.allocated (uint64_t) r- [--enable-stats] Get the total number of bytes ever allocated by the calling thread. This counter has the potential to wrap around; it is up to the applica- tion to appropriately interpret the counter in such cases. thread.allocatedp (uint64_t *) r- [--enable-stats] Get a pointer to the the value that is returned by the thread.allocated mallctl. This is useful for avoiding the overhead of repeated mallctl*() calls. Note that the underlying counter should not be modi- fied by the application. thread.deallocated (uint64_t) r- [--enable-stats] Get the total number of bytes ever deallocated by the calling thread. This counter has the potential to wrap around; it is up to the applica- tion to appropriately interpret the counter in such cases. thread.deallocatedp (uint64_t *) r- [--enable-stats] Get a pointer to the the value that is returned by the thread.deallo- cated mallctl. This is useful for avoiding the overhead of repeated mallctl*() calls. Note that the underlying counter should not be modi- fied by the application. thread.peak.read (uint64_t) r- [--enable-stats] Get an approximation of the maximum value of the difference between the number of bytes allocated and the number of bytes deallocated by the calling thread since the last call to thread.peak.reset, or since the thread's creation if it has not called thread.peak.reset. No guarantees are made about the quality of the approximation, but jemalloc currently endeavors to maintain accuracy to within one hundred kilobytes. thread.peak.reset (void) -- [--enable-stats] Resets the counter for net bytes allocated in the calling thread to zero. This affects subsequent calls to thread.peak.read, but not the values returned by thread.allocated or thread.deallocated. thread.tcache.enabled (bool) rw Enable/disable calling thread's tcache. The tcache is implicitly flushed as a side effect of becoming disabled (see thread.tcache.flush). thread.tcache.flush (void) -- Flush calling thread's thread-specific cache (tcache). This interface releases all cached objects and internal data structures associated with the calling thread's tcache. Ordinarily, this interface need not be called, since automatic periodic incremental garbage collection oc- curs, and the thread cache is automatically discarded when a thread ex- its. However, garbage collection is triggered by allocation activity, so it is possible for a thread that stops allocating/deallocating to retain its cache indefinitely, in which case the developer may find manual flushing useful. thread.prof.name (const char *) r- or -w [--enable-prof] Get/set the descriptive name associated with the calling thread in mem- ory profile dumps. An internal copy of the name string is created, so the input string need not be maintained after this interface completes execution. The output string of this interface should be copied for non-ephemeral uses, because multiple implementation details can cause asynchronous string deallocation. Furthermore, each invocation of this interface can only read or write; simultaneous read/write is not sup- ported due to string lifetime limitations. The name string must be nil-terminated and comprised only of characters in the sets recognized by isgraph(3) and isblank(3). thread.prof.active (bool) rw [--enable-prof] Control whether sampling is currently active for the calling thread. This is an activation mechanism in addition to prof.active; both must be active for the calling thread to sample. This flag is enabled by de- fault. thread.idle (void) -- Hints to jemalloc that the calling thread will be idle for some non- trivial period of time (say, on the order of seconds), and that doing some cleanup operations may be beneficial. There are no guarantees as to what specific operations will be performed; currently this flushes the caller's tcache and may (according to some heuristic) purge its as- sociated arena. This is not intended to be a general-purpose background activity mecha- nism, and threads should not wake up multiple times solely to call it. Rather, a thread waiting for a task should do a timed wait first, call thread.idle if no task appears in the timeout interval, and then do an untimed wait. For such a background activity mechanism, see back- ground_thread. tcache.create (unsigned) r- Create an explicit thread-specific cache (tcache) and return an identi- fier that can be passed to the MALLOCX_TCACHE(tc) macro to explicitly use the specified cache rather than the automatically managed one that is used by default. Each explicit cache can be used by only one thread at a time; the application must assure that this constraint holds. If the amount of space supplied for storing the thread-specific cache identifier does not equal sizeof(unsigned), no thread-specific cache will be created, no data will be written to the space pointed by oldp, and *oldlenp will be set to 0. tcache.flush (unsigned) -w Flush the specified thread-specific cache (tcache). The same considera- tions apply to this interface as to thread.tcache.flush, except that the tcache will never be automatically discarded. tcache.destroy (unsigned) -w Flush the specified thread-specific cache (tcache) and make the identi- fier available for use during a future tcache creation. arena.<i>.initialized (bool) r- Get whether the specified arena's statistics are initialized (i.e. the arena was initialized prior to the current epoch). This interface can also be nominally used to query whether the merged statistics corre- sponding to MALLCTL_ARENAS_ALL are initialized (always true). arena.<i>.decay (void) -- Trigger decay-based purging of unused dirty/muzzy pages for arena <i>, or for all arenas if <i> equals MALLCTL_ARENAS_ALL. The proportion of unused dirty/muzzy pages to be purged depends on the current time; see opt.dirty_decay_ms and opt.muzy_decay_ms for details. arena.<i>.purge (void) -- Purge all unused dirty pages for arena <i>, or for all arenas if <i> equals MALLCTL_ARENAS_ALL. arena.<i>.reset (void) -- Discard all of the arena's extant allocations. This interface can only be used with arenas explicitly created via arenas.create. None of the arena's discarded/cached allocations may accessed afterward. As part of this requirement, all thread caches which were used to allocate/deallo- cate in conjunction with the arena must be flushed beforehand. arena.<i>.destroy (void) -- Destroy the arena. Discard all of the arena's extant allocations using the same mechanism as for arena.<i>.reset (with all the same con- straints and side effects), merge the arena stats into those accessible at arena index MALLCTL_ARENAS_DESTROYED, and then completely discard all metadata associated with the arena. Future calls to arenas.create may recycle the arena index. Destruction will fail if any threads are currently associated with the arena as a result of calls to thread.arena. arena.<i>.dss (const char *) rw Set the precedence of dss allocation as related to mmap allocation for arena <i>, or for all arenas if <i> equals MALLCTL_ARENAS_ALL. See opt.dss for supported settings. arena.<i>.dirty_decay_ms (ssize_t) rw Current per-arena approximate time in milliseconds from the creation of a set of unused dirty pages until an equivalent set of unused dirty pages is purged and/or reused. Each time this interface is set, all currently unused dirty pages are considered to have fully decayed, which causes immediate purging of all unused dirty pages unless the de- cay time is set to -1 (i.e. purging disabled). See opt.dirty_decay_ms for additional information. arena.<i>.muzzy_decay_ms (ssize_t) rw Current per-arena approximate time in milliseconds from the creation of a set of unused muzzy pages until an equivalent set of unused muzzy pages is purged and/or reused. Each time this interface is set, all currently unused muzzy pages are considered to have fully decayed, which causes immediate purging of all unused muzzy pages unless the de- cay time is set to -1 (i.e. purging disabled). See opt.muzzy_decay_ms for additional information. arena.<i>.retain_grow_limit (size_t) rw Maximum size to grow retained region (only relevant when opt.retain is enabled). This controls the maximum increment to expand virtual memory, or allocation through arena.<i>extent_hooks. In particular, if cus- tomized extent hooks reserve physical memory (e.g. 1G huge pages), this is useful to control the allocation hook's input size. The default is no limit. arena.<i>.extent_hooks (extent_hooks_t *) rw Get or set the extent management hook functions for arena <i>. The functions must be capable of operating on all extant extents associated with arena <i>, usually by passing unknown extents to the replaced functions. In practice, it is feasible to control allocation for arenas explicitly created via arenas.create such that all extents originate from an application-supplied extent allocator (by specifying the custom extent hook functions during arena creation). However, the API guaran- tees for the automatically created arenas may be relaxed -- hooks set there may be called in a "best effort" fashion; in addition there may be extents created prior to the application having an opportunity to take over extent allocation. typedef extent_hooks_s extent_hooks_t; struct extent_hooks_s { extent_alloc_t *alloc; extent_dalloc_t *dalloc; extent_destroy_t *destroy; extent_commit_t *commit; extent_decommit_t *decommit; extent_purge_t *purge_lazy; extent_purge_t *purge_forced; extent_split_t *split; extent_merge_t *merge; }; The extent_hooks_t structure comprises function pointers which are de- scribed individually below. jemalloc uses these functions to manage ex- tent lifetime, which starts off with allocation of mapped committed memory, in the simplest case followed by deallocation. However, there are performance and platform reasons to retain extents for later reuse. Cleanup attempts cascade from deallocation to decommit to forced purg- ing to lazy purging, which gives the extent management functions oppor- tunities to reject the most permanent cleanup operations in favor of less permanent (and often less costly) operations. All operations ex- cept allocation can be universally opted out of by setting the hook pointers to NULL, or selectively opted out of by returning failure. Note that once the extent hook is set, the structure is accessed di- rectly by the associated arenas, so it must remain valid for the entire lifetime of the arenas. typedef void *(extent_alloc_t)(extent_hooks_t *extent_hooks, void *new_addr, size_t size, size_t alignment, bool *zero, bool *com- mit, unsigned arena_ind); An extent allocation function conforms to the extent_alloc_t type and upon success returns a pointer to size bytes of mapped memory on behalf of arena arena_ind such that the extent's base address is a multiple of alignment, as well as setting *zero to indicate whether the extent is zeroed and *commit to indicate whether the extent is committed. Upon error the function returns NULL and leaves *zero and *commit unmodi- fied. The size parameter is always a multiple of the page size. The alignment parameter is always a power of two at least as large as the page size. Zeroing is mandatory if *zero is true upon function entry. Committing is mandatory if *commit is true upon function entry. If new_addr is not NULL, the returned pointer must be new_addr on success or NULL on error. Committed memory may be committed in absolute terms as on a system that does not overcommit, or in implicit terms as on a system that overcommits and satisfies physical memory needs on demand via soft page faults. Note that replacing the default extent allocation function makes the arena's arena.<i>.dss setting irrelevant. typedef bool (extent_dalloc_t)(extent_hooks_t *extent_hooks, void *addr, size_t size, bool committed, unsigned arena_ind); An extent deallocation function conforms to the extent_dalloc_t type and deallocates an extent at given addr and size with committed/decom- mited memory as indicated, on behalf of arena arena_ind, returning false upon success. If the function returns true, this indicates opt-out from deallocation; the virtual memory mapping associated with the extent remains mapped, in the same commit state, and available for future use, in which case it will be automatically retained for later reuse. typedef void (extent_destroy_t)(extent_hooks_t *extent_hooks, void *addr, size_t size, bool commit- ted, unsigned arena_ind); An extent destruction function conforms to the extent_destroy_t type and unconditionally destroys an extent at given addr and size with com- mitted/decommited memory as indicated, on behalf of arena arena_ind. This function may be called to destroy retained extents during arena destruction (see arena.<i>.destroy). typedef bool (extent_commit_t)(extent_hooks_t *extent_hooks, void *addr, size_t size, size_t offset, size_t length, unsigned arena_ind); An extent commit function conforms to the extent_commit_t type and com- mits zeroed physical memory to back pages within an extent at given addr and size at offset bytes, extending for length on behalf of arena arena_ind, returning false upon success. Committed memory may be com- mitted in absolute terms as on a system that does not overcommit, or in implicit terms as on a system that overcommits and satisfies physical memory needs on demand via soft page faults. If the function returns true, this indicates insufficient physical memory to satisfy the re- quest. typedef bool (extent_decommit_t)(extent_hooks_t *extent_hooks, void *addr, size_t size, size_t off- set, size_t length, un- signed arena_ind); An extent decommit function conforms to the extent_decommit_t type and decommits any physical memory that is backing pages within an extent at given addr and size at offset bytes, extending for length on behalf of arena arena_ind, returning false upon success, in which case the pages will be committed via the extent commit function before being reused. If the function returns true, this indicates opt-out from decommit; the memory remains committed and available for future use, in which case it will be automatically retained for later reuse. typedef bool (extent_purge_t)(extent_hooks_t *extent_hooks, void *addr, size_t size, size_t offset, size_t length, unsigned arena_ind); An extent purge function conforms to the extent_purge_t type and dis- cards physical pages within the virtual memory mapping associated with an extent at given addr and size at offset bytes, extending for length on behalf of arena arena_ind. A lazy extent purge function (e.g. imple- mented via madvise(...MADV_FREE)) can delay purging indefinitely and leave the pages within the purged virtual memory range in an indetermi- nite state, whereas a forced extent purge function immediately purges, and the pages within the virtual memory range will be zero-filled the next time they are accessed. If the function returns true, this indi- cates failure to purge. typedef bool (extent_split_t)(extent_hooks_t *extent_hooks, void *addr, size_t size, size_t size_a, size_t size_b, bool committed, un- signed arena_ind); An extent split function conforms to the extent_split_t type and op- tionally splits an extent at given addr and size into two adjacent ex- tents, the first of size_a bytes, and the second of size_b bytes, oper- ating on committed/decommitted memory as indicated, on behalf of arena arena_ind, returning false upon success. If the function returns true, this indicates that the extent remains unsplit and therefore should continue to be operated on as a whole. typedef bool (extent_merge_t)(extent_hooks_t *extent_hooks, void *addr_a, size_t size_a, void *addr_b, size_t size_b, bool commit- ted, unsigned arena_ind); An extent merge function conforms to the extent_merge_t type and op- tionally merges adjacent extents, at given addr_a and size_a with given addr_b and size_b into one contiguous extent, operating on commit- ted/decommitted memory as indicated, on behalf of arena arena_ind, re- turning false upon success. If the function returns true, this indi- cates that the extents remain distinct mappings and therefore should continue to be operated on independently. arenas.narenas (unsigned) r- Current limit on number of arenas. arenas.dirty_decay_ms (ssize_t) rw Current default per-arena approximate time in milliseconds from the creation of a set of unused dirty pages until an equivalent set of un- used dirty pages is purged and/or reused, used to initialize arena.<i>.dirty_decay_ms during arena creation. See opt.dirty_decay_ms for additional information. arenas.muzzy_decay_ms (ssize_t) rw Current default per-arena approximate time in milliseconds from the creation of a set of unused muzzy pages until an equivalent set of un- used muzzy pages is purged and/or reused, used to initialize arena.<i>.muzzy_decay_ms during arena creation. See opt.muzzy_decay_ms for additional information. arenas.quantum (size_t) r- Quantum size. arenas.page (size_t) r- Page size. arenas.tcache_max (size_t) r- Maximum thread-cached size class. arenas.nbins (unsigned) r- Number of bin size classes. arenas.nhbins (unsigned) r- Total number of thread cache bin size classes. arenas.bin.<i>.size (size_t) r- Maximum size supported by size class. arenas.bin.<i>.nregs (uint32_t) r- Number of regions per slab. arenas.bin.<i>.slab_size (size_t) r- Number of bytes per slab. arenas.nlextents (unsigned) r- Total number of large size classes. arenas.lextent.<i>.size (size_t) r- Maximum size supported by this large size class. arenas.create (unsigned, extent_hooks_t *) rw Explicitly create a new arena outside the range of automatically man- aged arenas, with optionally specified extent hooks, and return the new arena index. If the amount of space supplied for storing the arena index does not equal sizeof(unsigned), no arena will be created, no data will be writ- ten to the space pointed by oldp, and *oldlenp will be set to 0. arenas.lookup (unsigned, void*) rw Index of the arena to which an allocation belongs to. prof.thread_active_init (bool) rw [--enable-prof] Control the initial setting for thread.prof.active in newly created threads. See the opt.prof_thread_active_init option for additional in- formation. prof.active (bool) rw [--enable-prof] Control whether sampling is currently active. See the opt.prof_active option for additional information, as well as the interrelated thread.prof.active mallctl. prof.dump (const char *) -w [--enable-prof] Dump a memory profile to the specified file, or if NULL is specified, to a file according to the pattern <prefix>.<pid>.<seq>.m<mseq>.heap, where <prefix> is controlled by the opt.prof_prefix and prof.prefix op- tions. prof.prefix (const char *) -w [--enable-prof] Set the filename prefix for profile dumps. See opt.prof_prefix for the default setting. This can be useful to differentiate profile dumps such as from forked processes. prof.gdump (bool) rw [--enable-prof] When enabled, trigger a memory profile dump every time the total vir- tual memory exceeds the previous maximum. Profiles are dumped to files named according to the pattern <prefix>.<pid>.<seq>.u<useq>.heap, where <prefix> is controlled by the opt.prof_prefix and prof.prefix options. prof.reset (size_t) -w [--enable-prof] Reset all memory profile statistics, and optionally update the sample rate (see opt.lg_prof_sample and prof.lg_sample). prof.lg_sample (size_t) r- [--enable-prof] Get the current sample rate (see opt.lg_prof_sample). prof.interval (uint64_t) r- [--enable-prof] Average number of bytes allocated between interval-based profile dumps. See the opt.lg_prof_interval option for additional information. stats.allocated (size_t) r- [--enable-stats] Total number of bytes allocated by the application. stats.active (size_t) r- [--enable-stats] Total number of bytes in active pages allocated by the application. This is a multiple of the page size, and greater than or equal to stats.allocated. This does not include stats.arenas.<i>.pdirty, stats.arenas.<i>.pmuzzy, nor pages entirely devoted to allocator meta- data. stats.metadata (size_t) r- [--enable-stats] Total number of bytes dedicated to metadata, which comprise base allo- cations used for bootstrap-sensitive allocator metadata structures (see stats.arenas.<i>.base) and internal allocations (see stats.are- nas.<i>.internal). Transparent huge page (enabled with opt.meta- data_thp) usage is not considered. stats.metadata_thp (size_t) r- [--enable-stats] Number of transparent huge pages (THP) used for metadata. See stats.metadata and opt.metadata_thp) for details. stats.resident (size_t) r- [--enable-stats] Maximum number of bytes in physically resident data pages mapped by the allocator, comprising all pages dedicated to allocator metadata, pages backing active allocations, and unused dirty pages. This is a maximum rather than precise because pages may not actually be physically resi- dent if they correspond to demand-zeroed virtual memory that has not yet been touched. This is a multiple of the page size, and is larger than stats.active. stats.mapped (size_t) r- [--enable-stats] Total number of bytes in active extents mapped by the allocator. This is larger than stats.active. This does not include inactive extents, even those that contain unused dirty pages, which means that there is no strict ordering between this and stats.resident. stats.retained (size_t) r- [--enable-stats] Total number of bytes in virtual memory mappings that were retained rather than being returned to the operating system via e.g. munmap(2) or similar. Retained virtual memory is typically untouched, decommit- ted, or purged, so it has no strongly associated physical memory (see extent hooks for details). Retained memory is excluded from mapped mem- ory statistics, e.g. stats.mapped. stats.zero_reallocs (size_t) r- [--enable-stats] Number of times that the realloc() was called with a non-NULL pointer argument and a 0 size argument. This is a fundamentally unsafe pattern in portable programs; see opt.zero_realloc for details. stats.background_thread.num_threads (size_t) r- [--enable-stats] Number of background threads running currently. stats.background_thread.num_runs (uint64_t) r- [--enable-stats] Total number of runs from all background threads. stats.background_thread.run_interval (uint64_t) r- [--enable-stats] Average run interval in nanoseconds of background threads. stats.mutexes.ctl.{counter}; (counter specific type) r- [--enable-stats] Statistics on ctl mutex (global scope; mallctl related). {counter} is one of the counters below: num_ops (uint64_t): Total number of lock acquisition operations on this mutex. num_spin_acq (uint64_t): Number of times the mutex was spin-ac- quired. When the mutex is currently locked and cannot be acquired immediately, a short period of spin-retry within jemalloc will be performed. Acquired through spin generally means the contention was lightweight and not causing context switches. num_wait (uint64_t): Number of times the mutex was wait-acquired, which means the mutex contention was not solved by spin-retry, and blocking operation was likely involved in order to acquire the mu- tex. This event generally implies higher cost / longer delay, and should be investigated if it happens often. max_wait_time (uint64_t): Maximum length of time in nanoseconds spent on a single wait-acquired lock operation. Note that to avoid profiling overhead on the common path, this does not consider spin-acquired cases. total_wait_time (uint64_t): Cumulative time in nanoseconds spent on wait-acquired lock operations. Similarly, spin-acquired cases are not considered. max_num_thds (uint32_t): Maximum number of threads waiting on this mutex simultaneously. Similarly, spin-acquired cases are not con- sidered. num_owner_switch (uint64_t): Number of times the current mutex owner is different from the previous one. This event does not gen- erally imply an issue; rather it is an indicator of how often the protected data are accessed by different threads. stats.mutexes.background_thread.{counter} (counter specific type) r- [--en- able-stats] Statistics on background_thread mutex (global scope; background_thread related). {counter} is one of the counters in mutex profiling coun- ters. stats.mutexes.prof.{counter} (counter specific type) r- [--enable-stats] Statistics on prof mutex (global scope; profiling related). {counter} is one of the counters in mutex profiling counters. stats.mutexes.prof_thds_data.{counter} (counter specific type) r- [--en- able-stats] Statistics on prof threads data mutex (global scope; profiling re- lated). {counter} is one of the counters in mutex profiling counters. stats.mutexes.prof_dump.{counter} (counter specific type) r- [--en- able-stats] Statistics on prof dumping mutex (global scope; profiling related). {counter} is one of the counters in mutex profiling counters. stats.mutexes.reset (void) -- [--enable-stats] Reset all mutex profile statistics, including global mutexes, arena mu- texes and bin mutexes. stats.arenas.<i>.dss (const char *) r- dss (sbrk(2)) allocation precedence as related to mmap(2) allocation. See opt.dss for details. stats.arenas.<i>.dirty_decay_ms (ssize_t) r- Approximate time in milliseconds from the creation of a set of unused dirty pages until an equivalent set of unused dirty pages is purged and/or reused. See opt.dirty_decay_ms for details. stats.arenas.<i>.muzzy_decay_ms (ssize_t) r- Approximate time in milliseconds from the creation of a set of unused muzzy pages until an equivalent set of unused muzzy pages is purged and/or reused. See opt.muzzy_decay_ms for details. stats.arenas.<i>.nthreads (unsigned) r- Number of threads currently assigned to arena. stats.arenas.<i>.uptime (uint64_t) r- Time elapsed (in nanoseconds) since the arena was created. If <i> equals 0 or MALLCTL_ARENAS_ALL, this is the uptime since malloc ini- tialization. stats.arenas.<i>.pactive (size_t) r- Number of pages in active extents. stats.arenas.<i>.pdirty (size_t) r- Number of pages within unused extents that are potentially dirty, and for which madvise() or similar has not been called. See opt.dirty_de- cay_ms for a description of dirty pages. stats.arenas.<i>.pmuzzy (size_t) r- Number of pages within unused extents that are muzzy. See opt.muzzy_de- cay_ms for a description of muzzy pages. stats.arenas.<i>.mapped (size_t) r- [--enable-stats] Number of mapped bytes. stats.arenas.<i>.retained (size_t) r- [--enable-stats] Number of retained bytes. See stats.retained for details. stats.arenas.<i>.extent_avail (size_t) r- [--enable-stats] Number of allocated (but unused) extent structs in this arena. stats.arenas.<i>.base (size_t) r- [--enable-stats] Number of bytes dedicated to bootstrap-sensitive allocator metadata structures. stats.arenas.<i>.internal (size_t) r- [--enable-stats] Number of bytes dedicated to internal allocations. Internal allocations differ from application-originated allocations in that they are for in- ternal use, and that they are omitted from heap profiles. stats.arenas.<i>.metadata_thp (size_t) r- [--enable-stats] Number of transparent huge pages (THP) used for metadata. See opt.meta- data_thp for details. stats.arenas.<i>.resident (size_t) r- [--enable-stats] Maximum number of bytes in physically resident data pages mapped by the arena, comprising all pages dedicated to allocator metadata, pages backing active allocations, and unused dirty pages. This is a maximum rather than precise because pages may not actually be physically resi- dent if they correspond to demand-zeroed virtual memory that has not yet been touched. This is a multiple of the page size. stats.arenas.<i>.dirty_npurge (uint64_t) r- [--enable-stats] Number of dirty page purge sweeps performed. stats.arenas.<i>.dirty_nmadvise (uint64_t) r- [--enable-stats] Number of madvise() or similar calls made to purge dirty pages. stats.arenas.<i>.dirty_purged (uint64_t) r- [--enable-stats] Number of dirty pages purged. stats.arenas.<i>.muzzy_npurge (uint64_t) r- [--enable-stats] Number of muzzy page purge sweeps performed. stats.arenas.<i>.muzzy_nmadvise (uint64_t) r- [--enable-stats] Number of madvise() or similar calls made to purge muzzy pages. stats.arenas.<i>.muzzy_purged (uint64_t) r- [--enable-stats] Number of muzzy pages purged. stats.arenas.<i>.small.allocated (size_t) r- [--enable-stats] Number of bytes currently allocated by small objects. stats.arenas.<i>.small.nmalloc (uint64_t) r- [--enable-stats] Cumulative number of times a small allocation was requested from the arena's bins, whether to fill the relevant tcache if opt.tcache is en- abled, or to directly satisfy an allocation request otherwise. stats.arenas.<i>.small.ndalloc (uint64_t) r- [--enable-stats] Cumulative number of times a small allocation was returned to the arena's bins, whether to flush the relevant tcache if opt.tcache is en- abled, or to directly deallocate an allocation otherwise. stats.arenas.<i>.small.nrequests (uint64_t) r- [--enable-stats] Cumulative number of allocation requests satisfied by all bin size classes. stats.arenas.<i>.small.nfills (uint64_t) r- [--enable-stats] Cumulative number of tcache fills by all small size classes. stats.arenas.<i>.small.nflushes (uint64_t) r- [--enable-stats] Cumulative number of tcache flushes by all small size classes. stats.arenas.<i>.large.allocated (size_t) r- [--enable-stats] Number of bytes currently allocated by large objects. stats.arenas.<i>.large.nmalloc (uint64_t) r- [--enable-stats] Cumulative number of times a large extent was allocated from the arena, whether to fill the relevant tcache if opt.tcache is enabled and the size class is within the range being cached, or to directly satisfy an allocation request otherwise. stats.arenas.<i>.large.ndalloc (uint64_t) r- [--enable-stats] Cumulative number of times a large extent was returned to the arena, whether to flush the relevant tcache if opt.tcache is enabled and the size class is within the range being cached, or to directly deallocate an allocation otherwise. stats.arenas.<i>.large.nrequests (uint64_t) r- [--enable-stats] Cumulative number of allocation requests satisfied by all large size classes. stats.arenas.<i>.large.nfills (uint64_t) r- [--enable-stats] Cumulative number of tcache fills by all large size classes. stats.arenas.<i>.large.nflushes (uint64_t) r- [--enable-stats] Cumulative number of tcache flushes by all large size classes. stats.arenas.<i>.bins.<j>.nmalloc (uint64_t) r- [--enable-stats] Cumulative number of times a bin region of the corresponding size class was allocated from the arena, whether to fill the relevant tcache if opt.tcache is enabled, or to directly satisfy an allocation request otherwise. stats.arenas.<i>.bins.<j>.ndalloc (uint64_t) r- [--enable-stats] Cumulative number of times a bin region of the corresponding size class was returned to the arena, whether to flush the relevant tcache if opt.tcache is enabled, or to directly deallocate an allocation other- wise. stats.arenas.<i>.bins.<j>.nrequests (uint64_t) r- [--enable-stats] Cumulative number of allocation requests satisfied by bin regions of the corresponding size class. stats.arenas.<i>.bins.<j>.curregs (size_t) r- [--enable-stats] Current number of regions for this size class. stats.arenas.<i>.bins.<j>.nfills (uint64_t) r- Cumulative number of tcache fills. stats.arenas.<i>.bins.<j>.nflushes (uint64_t) r- Cumulative number of tcache flushes. stats.arenas.<i>.bins.<j>.nslabs (uint64_t) r- [--enable-stats] Cumulative number of slabs created. stats.arenas.<i>.bins.<j>.nreslabs (uint64_t) r- [--enable-stats] Cumulative number of times the current slab from which to allocate changed. stats.arenas.<i>.bins.<j>.curslabs (size_t) r- [--enable-stats] Current number of slabs. stats.arenas.<i>.bins.<j>.nonfull_slabs (size_t) r- [--enable-stats] Current number of nonfull slabs. stats.arenas.<i>.bins.<j>.mutex.{counter} (counter specific type) r- [--en- able-stats] Statistics on arena.<i>.bins.<j> mutex (arena bin scope; bin operation related). {counter} is one of the counters in mutex profiling coun- ters. stats.arenas.<i>.extents.<j>.n{extent_type} (size_t) r- [--enable-stats] Number of extents of the given type in this arena in the bucket corre- sponding to page size index <j>. The extent type is one of dirty, muzzy, or retained. stats.arenas.<i>.extents.<j>.{extent_type}_bytes (size_t) r- [--en- able-stats] Sum of the bytes managed by extents of the given type in this arena in the bucket corresponding to page size index <j>. The extent type is one of dirty, muzzy, or retained. stats.arenas.<i>.lextents.<j>.nmalloc (uint64_t) r- [--enable-stats] Cumulative number of times a large extent of the corresponding size class was allocated from the arena, whether to fill the relevant tcache if opt.tcache is enabled and the size class is within the range being cached, or to directly satisfy an allocation request otherwise. stats.arenas.<i>.lextents.<j>.ndalloc (uint64_t) r- [--enable-stats] Cumulative number of times a large extent of the corresponding size class was returned to the arena, whether to flush the relevant tcache if opt.tcache is enabled and the size class is within the range being cached, or to directly deallocate an allocation otherwise. stats.arenas.<i>.lextents.<j>.nrequests (uint64_t) r- [--enable-stats] Cumulative number of allocation requests satisfied by large extents of the corresponding size class. stats.arenas.<i>.lextents.<j>.curlextents (size_t) r- [--enable-stats] Current number of large allocations for this size class. stats.arenas.<i>.mutexes.large.{counter} (counter specific type) r- [--en- able-stats] Statistics on arena.<i>.large mutex (arena scope; large allocation re- lated). {counter} is one of the counters in mutex profiling counters. stats.arenas.<i>.mutexes.extent_avail.{counter} (counter specific type) r- [--enable-stats] Statistics on arena.<i>.extent_avail mutex (arena scope; extent avail related). {counter} is one of the counters in mutex profiling coun- ters. stats.arenas.<i>.mutexes.extents_dirty.{counter} (counter specific type) r- [--enable-stats] Statistics on arena.<i>.extents_dirty mutex (arena scope; dirty extents related). {counter} is one of the counters in mutex profiling coun- ters. stats.arenas.<i>.mutexes.extents_muzzy.{counter} (counter specific type) r- [--enable-stats] Statistics on arena.<i>.extents_muzzy mutex (arena scope; muzzy extents related). {counter} is one of the counters in mutex profiling coun- ters. stats.arenas.<i>.mutexes.extents_retained.{counter} (counter specific type) r- [--enable-stats] Statistics on arena.<i>.extents_retained mutex (arena scope; retained extents related). {counter} is one of the counters in mutex profiling counters. stats.arenas.<i>.mutexes.decay_dirty.{counter} (counter specific type) r- [--enable-stats] Statistics on arena.<i>.decay_dirty mutex (arena scope; decay for dirty pages related). {counter} is one of the counters in mutex profiling counters. stats.arenas.<i>.mutexes.decay_muzzy.{counter} (counter specific type) r- [--enable-stats] Statistics on arena.<i>.decay_muzzy mutex (arena scope; decay for muzzy pages related). {counter} is one of the counters in mutex profiling counters. stats.arenas.<i>.mutexes.base.{counter} (counter specific type) r- [--en- able-stats] Statistics on arena.<i>.base mutex (arena scope; base allocator re- lated). {counter} is one of the counters in mutex profiling counters. stats.arenas.<i>.mutexes.tcache_list.{counter} (counter specific type) r- [--enable-stats] Statistics on arena.<i>.tcache_list mutex (arena scope; tcache to arena association related). This mutex is expected to be accessed less often. {counter} is one of the counters in mutex profiling counters. HEAP PROFILE FORMAT Although the heap profiling functionality was originally designed to be compatible with the pprof command that is developed as part of the gperftools package[3], the addition of per thread heap profiling function- ality required a different heap profile format. The jeprof command is de- rived from pprof, with enhancements to support the heap profile format de- scribed here. In the following hypothetical heap profile, [...] indicates elision for the sake of compactness. heap_v2/524288 t*: 28106: 56637512 [0: 0] [...] t3: 352: 16777344 [0: 0] [...] t99: 17754: 29341640 [0: 0] [...] @ 0x5f86da8 0x5f5a1dc [...] 0x29e4d4e 0xa200316 0xabb2988 [...] t*: 13: 6688 [0: 0] t3: 12: 6496 [0: 0] t99: 1: 192 [0: 0] [...] MAPPED_LIBRARIES: [...] The following matches the above heap profile, but most tokens are replaced with <description> to indicate descriptions of the corresponding fields. <heap_profile_format_version>/<mean_sample_interval> <aggregate>: <curobjs>: <curbytes> [<cumobjs>: <cumbytes>] [...] <thread_3_aggregate>: <curobjs>: <curbytes> [<cumobjs>: <cumbytes>] [...] <thread_99_aggregate>: <curobjs>: <curbytes> [<cumobjs>: <cumbytes>] [...] @ <top_frame> <frame> [...] <frame> <frame> <frame> [...] <backtrace_aggregate>: <curobjs>: <curbytes> [<cumobjs>: <cumbytes>] <backtrace_thread_3>: <curobjs>: <curbytes> [<cumobjs>: <cumbytes>] <backtrace_thread_99>: <curobjs>: <curbytes> [<cumobjs>: <cumbytes>] [...] MAPPED_LIBRARIES: </proc/<pid>/maps> DEBUGGING MALLOC PROBLEMS When debugging, it is a good idea to configure/build jemalloc with the --enable-debug and --enable-fill options, and recompile the program with suitable options and symbols for debugger support. When so configured, je- malloc incorporates a wide variety of run-time assertions that catch appli- cation errors such as double-free, write-after-free, etc. Programs often accidentally depend on "uninitialized" memory actually being filled with zero bytes. Junk filling (see the opt.junk option) tends to ex- pose such bugs in the form of obviously incorrect results and/or coredumps. Conversely, zero filling (see the opt.zero option) eliminates the symptoms of such bugs. Between these two options, it is usually possible to quickly detect, diagnose, and eliminate such bugs. This implementation does not provide much detail about the problems it de- tects, because the performance impact for storing such information would be prohibitive. DIAGNOSTIC MESSAGES If any of the memory allocation/deallocation functions detect an error or warning condition, a message will be printed to file descriptor STDERR_FILENO. Errors will result in the process dumping core. If the opt.abort option is set, most warnings are treated as errors. The malloc_message variable allows the programmer to override the function which emits the text strings forming the errors and warnings if for some reason the STDERR_FILENO file descriptor is not suitable for this. mal- loc_message() takes the cbopaque pointer argument that is NULL unless over- ridden by the arguments in a call to malloc_stats_print(), followed by a string pointer. Please note that doing anything which tries to allocate memory in this function is likely to result in a crash or deadlock. All messages are prefixed by "<jemalloc>: ". RETURN VALUES Standard API The malloc() and calloc() functions return a pointer to the allocated mem- ory if successful; otherwise a NULL pointer is returned and errno is set to ENOMEM. The posix_memalign() function returns the value 0 if successful; otherwise it returns an error value. The posix_memalign() function will fail if: EINVAL The alignment parameter is not a power of 2 at least as large as sizeof(void *). ENOMEM Memory allocation error. The aligned_alloc() function returns a pointer to the allocated memory if successful; otherwise a NULL pointer is returned and errno is set. The aligned_alloc() function will fail if: EINVAL The alignment parameter is not a power of 2. ENOMEM Memory allocation error. The realloc() function returns a pointer, possibly identical to ptr, to the allocated memory if successful; otherwise a NULL pointer is returned, and errno is set to ENOMEM if the error was the result of an allocation fail- ure. The realloc() function always leaves the original buffer intact when an error occurs. The free() function returns no value. Non-standard API The mallocx() and rallocx() functions return a pointer to the allocated memory if successful; otherwise a NULL pointer is returned to indicate in- sufficient contiguous memory was available to service the allocation re- quest. The xallocx() function returns the real size of the resulting resized allo- cation pointed to by ptr, which is a value less than size if the allocation could not be adequately grown in place. The sallocx() function returns the real size of the allocation pointed to by ptr. The nallocx() returns the real size that would result from a successful equivalent mallocx() function call, or zero if insufficient memory is available to perform the size computation. The mallctl(), mallctlnametomib(), and mallctlbymib() functions return 0 on success; otherwise they return an error value. The functions will fail if: EINVAL newp is not NULL, and newlen is too large or too small. Alternatively, *oldlenp is too large or too small; when it happens, except for a very few cases explicitly documented otherwise, as much data as possible are read despite the error, with the amount of data read being recorded in *oldlenp. ENOENT name or mib specifies an unknown/invalid value. EPERM Attempt to read or write void value, or attempt to write read-only value. EAGAIN A memory allocation failure occurred. EFAULT An interface with side effects failed in some way not directly related to mallctl*() read/write processing. The malloc_usable_size() function returns the usable size of the allocation pointed to by ptr. ENVIRONMENT The following environment variable affects the execution of the allocation functions: MALLOC_CONF If the environment variable MALLOC_CONF is set, the characters it con- tains will be interpreted as options. EXAMPLES To dump core whenever a problem occurs: ln -s 'abort:true' /etc/malloc.conf To specify in the source that only one arena should be automatically cre- ated: malloc_conf = "narenas:1"; SEE ALSO madvise(2), mmap(2), sbrk(2), utrace(2), alloca(3), atexit(3), getpage- size(3) STANDARDS The malloc(), calloc(), realloc(), and free() functions conform to ISO/IEC 9899:1990 ("ISO C90"). The posix_memalign() function conforms to IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 ("POSIX.1"). HISTORY The malloc_usable_size() and posix_memalign() functions first appeared in FreeBSD 7.0. The aligned_alloc(), malloc_stats_print(), and mallctl*() functions first appeared in FreeBSD 10.0. The *allocx() functions first appeared in FreeBSD 11.0. AUTHOR Jason Evans NOTES 1. jemalloc website http://jemalloc.net/ 2. JSON format http://www.json.org/ 3. gperftools package http://code.google.com/p/gperftools/ jemalloc 5.3.0-0-g54eaed1d8b56 05/06/2022 JEMALLOC(3)
NAME | LIBRARY | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | TUNING | IMPLEMENTATION NOTES | MALLCTL NAMESPACE | HEAP PROFILE FORMAT | DEBUGGING MALLOC PROBLEMS | DIAGNOSTIC MESSAGES | RETURN VALUES | ENVIRONMENT | EXAMPLES | SEE ALSO | STANDARDS | HISTORY | AUTHOR | NOTES
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