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samtools-view(1) Bioinformatics tools samtools-view(1) NAME samtools view - views and converts SAM/BAM/CRAM files SYNOPSIS samtools view [options] in.sam|in.bam|in.cram [region...] DESCRIPTION With no options or regions specified, prints all alignments in the speci- fied input alignment file (in SAM, BAM, or CRAM format) to standard output in SAM format (with no header). You may specify one or more space-separated region specifications after the input filename to restrict output to only those alignments which overlap the specified region(s). Use of region specifications requires a coordi- nate-sorted and indexed input file (in BAM or CRAM format). The -b, -C, -1, -u, -h, -H, and -c options change the output format from the default of headerless SAM, and the -o and -U options set the output file name(s). The -t and -T options provide additional reference data. One of these two options is required when SAM input does not contain @SQ headers, and the -T option is required whenever writing CRAM output. The -L, -M, -N, -r, -R, -n, -d, -D, -s, -q, -l, -m, -f, -F, -G, and --rf options filter the alignments that will be included in the output to only those alignments that match certain criteria. The -p, option sets the UNMAP flag on filtered alignments then writes them to the output file. The -x, -B, --add-flags, and --remove-flags options modify the data which is contained in each alignment. The -X option can be used to allow user to specify customized index file location(s) if the data folder does not contain any index file. See EXAM- PLES section for sample of usage. Finally, the -@ option can be used to allocate additional threads to be used for compression, and the -? option requests a long help message. REGIONS: Regions can be specified as: RNAME[:STARTPOS[-ENDPOS]] and all posi- tion coordinates are 1-based. Important note: when multiple regions are given, some alignments may be output multiple times if they overlap more than one of the speci- fied regions. Examples of region specifications: chr1 Output all alignments mapped to the reference sequence named `chr1' (i.e. @SQ SN:chr1). chr2:1000000 The region on chr2 beginning at base position 1,000,000 and ending at the end of the chromosome. chr3:1000-2000 The 1001bp region on chr3 beginning at base position 1,000 and ending at base position 2,000 (including both end po- sitions). '*' Output the unmapped reads at the end of the file. (This does not include any unmapped reads placed on a reference sequence alongside their mapped mates.) . Output all alignments. (Mostly unnecessary as not speci- fying a region at all has the same effect.) OPTIONS -b, --bam Output in the BAM format. -C, --cram Output in the CRAM format (requires -T). -1, --fast Enable fast compression. This also changes the default output format to BAM, but this can be overridden by the explicit format options or using a filename with a known suffix. -u, --uncompressed Output uncompressed data. This also changes the default output format to BAM, but this can be overridden by the explicit format options or using a filename with a known suffix. This option saves time spent on compression/decompression and is thus preferred when the output is piped to another samtools com- mand. -h, --with-header Include the header in the output. -H, --header-only Output the header only. --no-header When producing SAM format, output alignment records but not head- ers. This is the default; the option can be used to reset the effect of -h/-H. -c, --count Instead of printing the alignments, only count them and print the total number. All filter options, such as -f, -F, and -q, are taken into account. The -p option is ignored in this mode. --save-counts FILE Save data on the number of records processed, accepted and re- jected by any filter options to FILE. The data is stored in JSON format. The counts only include records that are processed through the filtering options. Any records skipped while iterat- ing over regions will not be included, so the number processed may be less than the total number of records in the file. If used with the --fetch-pairs option, counts will be given for records processed during the second pass over the data. -?, --help Output long help and exit immediately. -o FILE, --output FILE Output to FILE [stdout]. -U FILE, --unoutput FILE, --output-unselected FILE Write alignments that are not selected by the various filter op- tions to FILE. When this option is used, all alignments (or all alignments intersecting the regions specified) are written to ei- ther the output file or this file, but never both. -p, --unmap Set the UNMAP flag on alignments that are not selected by the filter options. These alignments are then written to the normal output. This is not compatible with -U. -t FILE, --fai-reference FILE A tab-delimited FILE. Each line must contain the reference name in the first column and the length of the reference in the second column, with one line for each distinct reference. Any addi- tional fields beyond the second column are ignored. This file also defines the order of the reference sequences in sorting. If you run: `samtools faidx <ref.fa>', the resulting index file <ref.fa>.fai can be used as this FILE. -T FILE, --reference FILE A FASTA format reference FILE, optionally compressed by bgzip and ideally indexed by samtools faidx. If an index is not present one will be generated for you, if the reference file is local. If the reference file is not local, but is accessed instead via an https://, s3:// or other URL, the index file will need to be supplied by the server alongside the reference. It is possible to have the reference and index files in different locations by supplying both to this option separated by the string "##idx##", for example: -T ftp://x.com/ref.fa##idx##ftp://y.com/index.fa.fai However, note that only the location of the reference will be stored in the output file header. If this method is used to make CRAM files, the cram reader may not be able to find the index, and may not be able to decode the file unless it can get the ref- erences it needs using a different method. -L FILE, --target-file FILE, --targets-file FILE Only output alignments overlapping the input BED FILE [null]. -M, --use-index Use the multi-region iterator on the union of a BED file and com- mand-line region arguments. This avoids re-reading the same re- gions of files so can sometimes be much faster. Note this also removes duplicate sequences. Without this a sequence that over- laps multiple regions specified on the command line will be re- ported multiple times. The usage of a BED file is optional and its path has to be preceded by -L option. --region-file FILE, --regions-file FILE Use an index and multi-region iterator to only output alignments overlapping the input BED FILE. Equivalent to -M -L FILE or --use-index --target-file FILE. -N FILE, --qname-file FILE Output only alignments with read names listed in FILE. If FILE starts with ^ then the operation is negated and only outputs alignment with read groups not listed in FILE. It is not permis- sible to mix both the filter-in and filter-out style syntax in the same command. -r STR, --read-group STR Output alignments in read group STR [null]. Note that records with no RG tag will also be output when using this option. This behaviour may change in a future release. -R FILE, --read-group-file FILE Output alignments in read groups listed in FILE [null]. If FILE starts with ^ then the operation is negated and only outputs alignment with read names not listed in FILE. It is not permis- sible to mix both the filter-in and filter-out style syntax in the same command. Note that records with no RG tag will also be output when using this option. This behaviour may change in a future release. -n, --exclude-no-read-group Do not output alignments that have no read group. -d STR1[:STR2], --tag STR1[:STR2] Only output alignments with tag STR1 and associated value STR2, which can be a string or an integer [null]. The value can be omitted, in which case only the tag is considered. Note that this option does not specify a tag type. For example, use -d XX:42 to select alignments with an XX:i:42 field, not -d XX:i:42. -D STR:FILE, --tag-file STR:FILE Only output alignments with tag STR and associated values listed in FILE [null]. -q INT, --min-MQ INT Skip alignments with MAPQ smaller than INT [0]. -l STR, --library STR Only output alignments in library STR [null]. -m INT, --min-qlen INT Only output alignments with number of CIGAR bases consuming query sequence >= INT [0] -e STR, --expr STR Only include alignments that match the filter expression STR. The syntax for these expressions is described in the main sam- tools(1) man page under the FILTER EXPRESSIONS heading. -f FLAG, --require-flags FLAG Only output alignments with all bits set in FLAG present in the FLAG field. FLAG can be specified in hex by beginning with `0x' (i.e. /^0x[0-9A-F]+/), in octal by beginning with `0' (i.e. /^0[0-7]+/), as a decimal number not beginning with '0' or as a comma-separated list of flag names. For a list of flag names see samtools-flags(1). -F FLAG, --excl-flags FLAG, --exclude-flags FLAG Do not output alignments with any bits set in FLAG present in the FLAG field. FLAG can be specified in hex by beginning with `0x' (i.e. /^0x[0-9A-F]+/), in octal by beginning with `0' (i.e. /^0[0-7]+/), as a decimal number not beginning with '0' or as a comma-separated list of flag names. --rf FLAG , --incl-flags FLAG, --include-flags FLAG Only output alignments with any bit set in FLAG present in the FLAG field. FLAG can be specified in hex by beginning with `0x' (i.e. /^0x[0-9A-F]+/), in octal by beginning with `0' (i.e. /^0[0-7]+/), as a decimal number not beginning with '0' or as a comma-separated list of flag names. -G FLAG Do not output alignments with all bits set in INT present in the FLAG field. This is the opposite of -f such that -f12 -G12 is the same as no filtering at all. FLAG can be specified in hex by beginning with `0x' (i.e. /^0x[0-9A-F]+/), in octal by beginning with `0' (i.e. /^0[0-7]+/), as a decimal number not beginning with '0' or as a comma-separated list of flag names. -x STR, --remove-tag STR Read tag(s) to exclude from output (repeatable) [null]. This can be a single tag or a comma separated list. Alternatively the op- tion itself can be repeated multiple times. If the list starts with a `^' then it is negated and treated as a request to remove all tags except those in STR. The list may be empty, so -x ^ will remove all tags. Note that tags will only be removed from reads that pass filter- ing. --keep-tag STR This keeps only tags listed in STR and is directly equivalent to --remove-tag ^STR. Specifying an empty list will remove all tags. If both --keep-tag and --remove-tag are specified then --keep-tag has precedence. Note that tags will only be removed from reads that pass filter- ing. -B, --remove-B Collapse the backward CIGAR operation. --add-flags FLAG Adds flag(s) to read. FLAG can be specified in hex by beginning with `0x' (i.e. /^0x[0-9A-F]+/), in octal by beginning with `0' (i.e. /^0[0-7]+/), as a decimal number not beginning with '0' or as a comma-separated list of flag names. --remove-flags FLAG Remove flag(s) from read. FLAG is specified in the same way as with the --add-flags option. --subsample FLOAT Output only a proportion of the input alignments, as specified by 0.0 <= FLOAT <= 1.0, which gives the fraction of templates/pairs to be kept. This subsampling acts in the same way on all of the alignment records in the same template or read pair, so it never keeps a read but not its mate. --subsample-seed INT Subsampling seed used to influence which subset of reads is kept. When subsampling data that has previously been subsampled, be sure to use a different seed value from those used previously; otherwise more reads will be retained than expected. [0] -s FLOAT Subsampling shorthand option: -s INT.FRAC is equivalent to --sub- sample-seed INT --subsample 0.FRAC. -@ INT, --threads INT Number of BAM compression threads to use in addition to main thread [0]. -P, --fetch-pairs Retrieve pairs even when the mate is outside of the requested re- gion. Enabling this option also turns on the multi-region itera- tor (-M). A region to search must be specified, either on the command-line, or using the -L option. The input file must be an indexed regular file. This option first scans the requested region, using the RNEXT and PNEXT fields of the records that have the PAIRED flag set and pass other filtering options to find where paired reads are lo- cated. These locations are used to build an expanded region list, and a set of QNAMEs to allow from the new regions. It will then make a second pass, collecting all reads from the origi- nally-specified region list together with reads from additional locations that match the allowed set of QNAMEs. Any other fil- tering options used will be applied to all reads found during this second pass. As this option links reads using RNEXT and PNEXT, it is important that these fields are set accurately. Use 'samtools fixmate' to correct them if necessary. Note that this option does not work with the -c, --count; -U, --output-unselected; or -p, --unmap options. -S Ignored for compatibility with previous samtools versions. Pre- viously this option was required if input was in SAM format, but now the correct format is automatically detected by examining the first few characters of input. -X, --customized-index Include customized index file as a part of arguments. See EXAM- PLES section for sample of usage. -z FLAGs, --sanitize FLAGs Perform some sanity checks on the state of SAM record fields, fixing up common mistakes made by aligners. These include soft- clipping alignments when they extend beyond the end of the refer- ence, marking records as unmapped when they have reference * or position 0, and ensuring unmapped alignments have no CIGAR or mapping quality for unmapped alignments and no MD, NM, CG or SM tags. FLAGs is a comma-separated list of keywords chosen from the fol- lowing list. unmap The UNMAPPED BAM flag. This is set for reads with position <= 0, reference name "*" or reads starting beyond the end of the reference. Note CIGAR "*" is permitted for mapped data so does not trigger this. pos Position and reference name fields. These may be cleared when a sequence is unmapped due to the coordinates being beyond the end of the reference. Selecting this may change the sort order of the file, so it is not a part of the on compound argument. mqual Mapping quality. This is set to zero for unmapped reads. cigar Modifies CIGAR fields, either by adding soft-clips for reads that overlap the end of the reference or by clearing it for unmapped reads. cigdup Canonicalises CIGAR by collapsing neighbouring elements with identical opcodes (provided the length field does not extend beyond 28-bits which is problematic for BAM). So for example 2M 3M becomes 5M, with spaces added for clar- ity only. cigarx Replaces CIGAR "=" and "X" codes with "M". While "=" and "X" are valid codes, they are not supported by CRAM so this can aid validation and also improve support by some third party tools that do not cope with "=" and "X". Note this implicitly also enables cigdup so 10=1X9= becomes 10M1M9M which then becomes 20M. aux For unmapped data, some auxiliary fields are meaningless and will be removed. These include NM, MD, CG and SM. off Perform no sanity fixing. This is the default on Sanitize data in a way that guarantees the same sort or- der. This is everything except for pos as it cannot be checked and cigarx as it is not erroneous data. all All sanitizing options except cigarx, including pos. Com- bine with all,cigarx to perform the "=" and "X" replace- ment too. --no-PG Do not add a @PG line to the header of the output file. EXAMPLES o Import SAM to BAM when @SQ lines are present in the header: samtools view -bo aln.bam aln.sam If @SQ lines are absent: samtools faidx ref.fa samtools view -bt ref.fa.fai -o aln.bam aln.sam where ref.fa.fai is generated automatically by the faidx command. o Convert a BAM file to a CRAM file using a local reference sequence. samtools view -C -T ref.fa -o aln.cram aln.bam o Convert a BAM file to a CRAM with NM and MD tags stored verbatim rather than calculating on the fly during CRAM decode, so that mixed data sets with MD/NM only on some records, or NM calculated using different defini- tions of mismatch, can be decoded without change. The second command demonstrates how to decode such a file. The request to not decode MD here is turning off auto-generation of both MD and NM; it will still emit the MD/NM tags on records that had these stored verbatim. samtools view -C --output-fmt-option store_md=1 --output-fmt-option store_nm=1 -o aln.cram aln.bam samtools view --input-fmt-option decode_md=0 -o aln.new.bam aln.cram o An alternative way of achieving the above is listing multiple options af- ter the --output-fmt or -O option. The commands below are equivalent to the two above. samtools view -O cram,store_md=1,store_nm=1 -o aln.cram aln.bam samtools view --input-fmt cram,decode_md=0 -o aln.new.bam aln.cram o Include customized index file as a part of arguments. samtools view [options] -X /data_folder/data.bam /index_folder/data.bai chrM:1-10 o Output alignments in read group grp2 (records with no RG tag will also be in the output). samtools view -r grp2 -o /data_folder/data.rg2.bam /data_folder/data.bam o Only keep reads with tag BC and were the barcode matches the barcodes listed in the barcode file. samtools view -D BC:barcodes.txt -o /data_folder/data.barcodes.bam /data_folder/data.bam o Only keep reads with tag RG and read group grp2. This does almost the same than -r grp2 but will not keep records without the RG tag. samtools view -d RG:grp2 -o /data_folder/data.rg2_only.bam /data_folder/data.bam o Remove the actions of samtools markdup. Clear the duplicate flag and re- move the dt tag, keep the header. samtools view -h --remove-flags DUP -x dt -o /data_folder/dat.no_dup_markings.bam /data_folder/data.bam AUTHOR Written by Heng Li from the Sanger Institute. SEE ALSO samtools(1), samtools-tview(1), sam(5) Samtools website: <http://www.htslib.org/> samtools-1.23.1 18 March 2026 samtools-view(1)
NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | OPTIONS | EXAMPLES | AUTHOR | SEE ALSO
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